Amity T.

a,v School
- Hindu-law
Sources of hindu law
I.Ancient Sources 2.Modern Sources

a. Shruti(vedas) a. Judicial decisions

b. Smritis (precedents)
c. Commentaries and b. Legislations/statutes
digest c. Justice, equity and good
•
d. Custotns conscience
..-i AMITY ,~
~ UNJVERSITYA N GI E-N-"F-S-00 RG-E-v-
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1. SHRUTl(Vedas)- shruti means ''what is

heard''.
it is believed that the Rishis and Munis had
reached the height of sprilituality where they
were revealed the knwledge of vedas.
Thus,shrutis include four vedas- Rig veda,
Y ajur veda, Sham veda, and Atharva .
Vedas primarily contain theories about
sacrifices,rituals and customs. ~
 ,a-i AMITY
~ UNJVERSlTY ~- ~ ~ ~ Amity La,v Sch ool
2. SMRITIS- Smritis means ''what is remembe1·ed''.
With s1mitis, a systematic sh1dy and teaching of
vedas started. Many sages, from time to time, have
written down the concept given in vedas.

So it can be said that Smritis are the written memories

of the knowledge of sages.Innnediately after tl1e
vedic period, a need for the reg11lation of society
arose.
~ UNlVERSITY
l..._y} AMITY Am ity T"aw Sc hool

3. COMMENTARIES AND DIGESTS- After the

SMRITIES ,the next step in the development of
hindu law was the composition of a number of
comrnentaries(tika) and digest(nibandha) based
upon the smirities. The commentaries are to
interpret the law as laid down in the smrities.

4. CUSTOMS- Most of the hindu law is based on

the customs and practices followed by the people
all
•
across the country.even smritis have given
1D1portance to customs.
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. Local custo1n s- These are the customs that are

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. Guild customs- These are the customs that are
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• islf"'t 1. JUDICIAL DECISIONS(Precedents)-The

doctrine of stare decis is sta rted in iodia from the
MSW british ruJe. All cases are now r.e.c.or_ded and new
cases are decided based on existing case
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binding on all courts across india and the
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3. JUSTJCE,EOUlTY AND GOOD CONSCJENCE:-

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system greatly rely upon on being impartial. True
justice can only be delivered through equity and
good conscience. In a situation where no rule is
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SCHOOLS OF HINDU LAW

11,ere are nvo 111ai11 schools of Hi11tlu Lalv

1. 1l1e Mitakshara School

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 · _ r -~ ITAKSHARA-SC~QQI :- Ani.il) La"~Scl1uol

The Mitakshara school is based upon the code of

yagnavalkya corrunented by vigneshwara, a
great thinker and a law maker from
gul barg,kamatka.
The school is followed throught india except
Bengal state.
The inheritance is bas,e d on the principal i.e. the
nearest in blood relationship will get the
property. The rights to hindu joint family propety
is by birth.So, a son immediately after birth gets
a right to property.
It l1as four sub -schools.
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Meeting
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~ YABHAGA SCHOOL:- Amity Law School

The Dayabhaga school based upon the code of

yagnavalkya conunented by jimutuvahana~ under
the title of Dayabhaga.
This school is followed in Bengal state only. f rjNiQUS

Inheritance is based on the priciple of spritual !>HAJl~lides

benefitss. It arises by pinda offering i.e. rice ball Zoom In

offering to deceased ancestors. Show Pteseolef View

The right of hindu joint family property is not by b ::,Op_ ,

but on ly on the death of the father. Start:Sul>lltlcs

Subtitlec Sett1ng~ >

It has no any sub schools.

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Da ya bhag a schools
MITAKSHARA DAYABAHAGA
1. It prevails all over the india 1. It prevails only in Bengal.
except in Bengal. 2. It has no sub schools.
2. It has four sub schools. 3. Small fraction of Hindus
3.Majoirity of Hindus follow this follow this school.
school. 4.Jimutavahana wrote this
4. Vijnaneswara wrote the commentary explain about
commentary w hich explain Dayabhaga school.
about school of mitakshara. 5.Son get no rights by birth so
5.Son gets the right by birth can not demand partition so
long as the father alive.

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~~rx SUB SCHOOLS OF Amiry LawScbool

MITAKSHARA
The Mitaksbara school is sub divided into fo ur minor schools.
These differ in some matters perticularly related to adoption and
Na li01a:1GfuSubtJii~ lprevailiifgrlacio@E~VtaU&ars areas
1. Banaras School Banaras

2. Mithila School Mithila

3. Bombay School Maharastra

4. Dravid or Madras Southern India

School
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Amity Law School

MUSLIM LAW-
soURcEs OF MUSLIM LA w

I.Ancient Sources 2. Modern Sources •••

..
• The Quran . Judicial Decisions J DIVYA... ~
. Sunna (Precedents)
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. lj1na . Legislations/Statutes

·•
. Qyias . Justice,equity And
Good Conscience
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OI . I Amiry Law School

1. THE QURAN:-
The Qur'an is the first and most important source of
Islam ic law. Believed to be the direct word of God as
revealed to Muhammad through angel Gabriel in
Mecca and Medina, the scripture specifies the moral,
philosophical, social, political and economic basis on
which a society should be constructed. The verses
revealed in Mecca deal with philosophical and
theological issues, whereas those revealed in Medina
are concerned with socio-economic laws. The Qur'an
was written and preserved during the life of
Muhammad, and compiled soon after his death.

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~ k - ~A+U-RES-Of-QURAN Amity Law School

1) Divine Origin: The religious book has a divine
origin. It is believed that these were the words
of God himself and the Prophet mere uttered
these words. Thus, it is unchangeable and its
authority is beyond reproach. The Quran is the
Al-furqan, the one that shows the tn1th from
falsehood and the right from the wrong.
2) First Source: It is the first and fundamental
source of Muslim law and Islamic principles. It
is ultimate source of laws.

HIT. .. ~ ANMOL ... ~ PALLAVI ... ~

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~ ~Tix Amiry Law School

3) Structure: It is in form of verses, each verse is

called an ' Ayat'. There are 623 7 ayats in 114
chapters, each called ' Sura'. The holy book is
arranged topic wise with respective titles. The
first chapter praises the almighty God.

4) Mixture of religion, law and morality:- It is

believed that the verses relating to law were
revealed at Medina while the ones relating to
religion and morality were revealed at Mecca.
Cont..

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5) Unchangeable: The Quran can be in no way

altered or changed, thus, even the courts of law
have no authority to change the apparent meaning
of the verses as it does not have an earthly origin.

Further, on many issues, the Quran is silent.

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2. THE SUNNA(practice of prophet):-

The Sunnah is the next important source, and is
commonly defined as "the traditions and customs
of Muhammad" or "the words, actions and silent
assertions of him". It includes the everyday
sayings and utterances of Muhammad, his acts,
his tacit consent, and acknowledgments of
statement and activities.

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1n the pre-Islam Arabia, Sunna meant an ancient

and continuous usage that has been established in
the society. Sunna literally means the " trodden
path".
Sunna or Ahadis means the traditions or practice
of the Prophet. It means that whatever the
Prophet said or did with the reference to God is
his tradition.

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Amity Low School

3) IJMA:-( Consensus of Opinion)

Ijma means the opinion of the learned. When
persons knowledgeable in law would agree upon
a point, such consensual opinion was referred to
as Ijma. Thus, Ij1na is the unanimous decision of
jurists for a particular question with reference to
that age or communal legislation. It is through
the tradition of the Prophet that Ijma derives its
validity and authority as a source of law. The
Prophet is believed to have said that, 'God will
not allow his people to agree on an error' .

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~~IX _____________ Am
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_ L_aw
_ S_ch_ool

FORMATION OF IJMA

Whenever law needed a new principle, the jurists

used to give a consensual opinion so as to enable
a solution. To be a jurist or Mujtahid, it was
essential that a person was a Muslim with
adequate knowledge of law and competent to
form logical decision. Ijtihad refers to the process
of creating law through consensus on the basis of
'exercise of one's reasoning so as to create a new
rule of law'.

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KINDS OF IJMA

(1) Ijma of the Companions: the consensual

opinion of the Companions is believed to be most
authoritative and accurate. It cannot be overruled
or modified by subsequent ljmas.

(ii) ljma of the Jurists: the opinion of learned

scholars was believed to be the next best Ijma
after the ljma of the Con1panions.

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DEFECTS OF IJMA

The Ijma lead to various reading versions or

interpretation of the Quran, Sunna, custom etc. As
a result, different sub-sects were formed. The
choice of unanimous opinion or majority opinion is
another bone of contention. The Ijma of the jurists
and the people could be overruled at any time;
thus, they were not able to contribute substantially
to certainty in law.
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IMPORTANCE OF IJMA
A 111ajor chunk of the fiqh (Theory) or actual
Muslim law came through Ijma. It explained the
Quran and traditions in terms of actual
applicability as well as laid down new principles
of law so as to help the society to cope up with
growth and progress. It was through Ijma that the
real opportunities for interpretation of the rigid
Quran and Traditions came up.

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