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e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:06/Issue:04/April-2024 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMER WITH CUT OFF SYSTEM
Gaurav D Barhate*1, Ritesh N Chaudhari*2, Rohit T Thakre*3, Arun S Yeole*4,
Ritesh D Nemade*5, Prof. J. R. Hanumant*6
*1,2,3,4,5Student, Department of Electrical Engineering Padm. Dr. V. B. Kolte College of Engineering, Malkapur Dist.
Buldhana, 443101, India.
*6Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering Padm. Dr. V. B. Kolte College of Engineering, Malkapur Dist.
Buldhana, 443101, India.
DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS54426
ABSTRACT
The objective of this project is to safeguard transformers from overload conditions by implementing load
sharing. Overloading can lead to decreased efficiency and overheating of transformer windings, potentially
causing damage. To mitigate this risk, a parallel connection with another transformer controlled by a
microcontroller is proposed.
The microcontroller monitors the load on the primary transformer, comparing it to a predetermined reference
value. If the load exceeds this value, the secondary transformer assists in sharing the extra load. This
arrangement ensures both transformers operate efficiently, preventing damage. The project comprises three
main modules: a sensing unit to monitor load currents, a control unit, and a microcontroller unit responsible
for signal processing and relay control.
Additionally, a GSM modem is integrated to notify the control station of switching events. The project offers
several benefits, including transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection. In
low-voltage power systems serving high-load currents, employing paralleled lower-current modules is often
preferred over a single large converter. This approach offers advantages such as easier design and
manufacturing of standard modular converters, which can be combined as needed to meet specific load
requirements, as well as increased reliability through redundancy.
Keywords: Transformer, Micro-Controller, Heat Sink, Relay, Rectifier.
I. INTRODUCTION
Transformers are vital in electric power transmission, yet face issues like overload and overheating, requiring
costly repairs. Our goal is to safeguard transformers during peak hours by sharing the load and reducing strain.
This involves parallel operation of transformers with temperature sensors for automatic load distribution.
Rising residential electricity demand in China necessitates innovative solutions to manage peak loads without
overburdening the system. Load management, or demand side management (DSM), is crucial for balancing
supply and demand.
Implementing alternative tariffs discourages excessive usage, benefiting suppliers by reducing peak load
demand and costs. Additionally, load management promotes environmental safety and efficiency
improvements. Advanced technologies are pivotal in designing intelligent load management systems to
optimize efficiency and ease customer burdens.
The aim of this project is to develop an automatic transformer distribution and load sharing system. It will also
have sensor to sense the temperature of transformer and share the load. Parallel operation is used to reduce
the extra load; the transformer is protected.
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Our project, “Automatic load sharing of transformer” is divided in three parts i.e., Monitoring, Controlling and
Displaying.
2.1 Monitoring
For monitoring system, we have used Arduino and current sensor through which monitoring of the load that
the transformer is handling is done. The Arduino will calculate the load using current calculated by current
sensor and display it on LCD display.
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2.2 Controlling
In controlling system Arduino control the status (i.e., ON/OFF) of the transformer by relays. If load on the main
transformer increases by its rated capacity, then Arduino senses it by current sensor and connects the second
transformer to it in parallel. Further if the load increases by the rated capacity of both the transformer the
Arduino sends the signal to the relays and switch OFF’s both the transformer till the load is not balanced.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
III. METHODOLOGY
1) Transformer
A transformer is an electrical apparatus facilitating the transfer of electrical energy across multiple circuits via
electromagnetic induction. It efficiently converts AC voltage from one level to another with minimal power loss.
Operating on the principles of electromagnetic induction, transformers ensure mutual induction. In this study, a
one-to-one transformer is employed, allowing direct connection to measuring devices through rectification.
Successful parallel operation of transformers relies on fulfilling various conditions.
2) Power Supply
The power supply is an electrical apparatus responsible for delivering electrical power to an electrical load. Its
primary role involves converting electrical current from a source into the appropriate voltage, current, and
frequency required by the load. This involves the conversion of mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power
and facilitating wireless energy transfer to power loads via wired connections.
3) Voltage Regulator
Voltage regulators generate a stable DC output voltage from fluctuating DC input (which may contain a small
amount of AC). This stable output is achieved by connecting the voltage regulator to the output of the filtered
DC. Additionally, they can be utilized within circuits to step down high DC voltage to lower levels (e.g.,
employing a 7805 regulator to obtain 5V from a 12V source). There are two main categories of voltage
regulators:
• Fixed voltage regulators (such as 78xx and 79xx).
• Variable voltage regulators (like LM317).
IV. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Hardware Implementation
Arduino Uno is an 8-bit ATmega328P microcontroller-based microcontroller board. It includes extra
components to assist the ATmega328P microcontroller, such as a crystal oscillator, serial communication,
voltage regulator, and so on. There are 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analogue input pins, a USB connection
and Power barrel connector, an ICSP header, and a reset button on the Arduino Uno. Arduino is capable of
communicating with a computer, another Arduino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328P
microcontroller supports UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is accessed by digital pins 0 (Rx) and 1

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(Tx) (Tx). An ATmega16U2 on the board transmits serial data over USB, appearing to apps on the computer as a
virtual com port. The ATmega16U2 firmware uses normal USB COM drivers and does not require an extra
driver. A.inf file is necessary on Windows, however. You may transmit and receive simple textual data to and
from the Arduino device using the serial monitor included in the Arduino software. When data is transferred
through USB to seria chip and USB connection to the PC, two RX and TX LED on the Arduino board will flash
(not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). To communicate serially on any of the Uno digital pins, you'll
need a Software Serial library. I2C (TWI) and SPI communication are also available on the ATmega328p. The
Arduino software comes with a Wire library that makes using the I2C bus a breeze.
4.2 Software Requirement
It underpins both C and C++ programming dialects. Arduino supplies the product library, which gives some
normal information and yield system. This is an open-source board which permits simple coding and transfer.
Software Implementation Coding or Programming, Program utilized in the project, developed in C language
with the Arduino linguistic structure in the Arduino IDE. The programming is likewise utilized for stacking the
program code in to Arduino board. In this task, the Arduino IDE was utilized to program, create, debug, and
transfer the coding into the microcontroller.
V. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1. Transformer load sharing is automated using Arduino. The use of two identical transformers connected in
parallel using a changeover relay.
2. Transformer 1 is the primary transformer, also known as the master transformer, while Transformer 2 is
the auxiliary transformer, also known as the slave transformer.
3. A circuit breaker and a relay are connected in parallel by a standby transformer. The load current is
continually measured by the current sensor and fed to the comparator. The primary transformer is
switched on and the reserve transformer is switched off in normal operation.
4. There are different conditions would apply while connecting the load which are discussed below.Under
Normal
Condition
In the proposed system only one transformer is operating to feed the loads. A standby transformer is connected
in parallel a circuit breaker and relay. The current sensor continuously measures the load current and feeds it
to the comparator. Under normal condition the main transformer is in ON condition and the reserve
transformer is in OFF condition. The user enters the reference value or maximum load limit, and the priority
level of the load is also determined by the user or the responsible authority. During the normal the single
transformer can able to feed the entire load.
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5.1 Under Abnormal Condition
As the load requirement increases, during peak, a single transformer will not be able to feed the entire load.
When the load demand exceeds the reference value, the Arduino will send a control signal to the relay coil to
energise it. Because the transformers have the same ratings, the standby transformer will be connected in
parallel and will share the load equally. Thus, all the loads are feed efficiently providing uninterrupted power
supply. If load limits exceed the main transformer is in ON condition and the reserve transformer is in ON
condition.
5.2 Shutdown Condition
When the load increases further to a value which is greater that the capacity of the two transforms, priority-
based load shading will be implemented. The loads which have the lowest priority will be shut down by
opening the respective circuit breakers. If the load limit exceeds the both the transformer. The main
transformer and the reserve transformer will be in OFF condition.
VI. RESULTS
VII. FUTURE SCOPE

• The load sharing by transformers occurs automatically.
• No manual errors occur in the process.
• This prevents damage to the main transformer from issues like overload and overheating.
• Uninterrupted power supply is ensured to consumers.
• Improved outcomes are observed.
• Power can be transferred over long distances at a lower cost.
• It enhances system efficiency, flexibility, and reliability. However, it also increases the risk of transformer
short circuits.
VIII. CONCLUSION
In our implemented hardware system, we safeguard our power transformer during periods of peak loads by
redistributing the workload to other slave transformers. Monitoring of transformer conditions and load
distribution is conducted from a centralized control room. However, a notable drawback emerges when an
overloaded transformer transfers its load; once unloaded, it cannot retrieve it, highlighting a research flaw that
merits further exploration. Our numerical findings demonstrate the efficacy of our load sharing method in
detecting abnormal states, revealing vulnerabilities within load sharing systems. This underscores the critical
need for robust load management and monitoring facilitated by modern communication devices. Furthermore,
it is imperative to explore the characteristics of load management and develop contemporary methodologies to
enhance efficiency.
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IX. REFERENCES
[1] Hassan Abniki, H. Afsharirad, A. Mohseni, F. Khoshkhati, Has-san Monsef, Pourya Sahmsi ‘Effective
On-line Parameters for Transformer Monitoring and Protection’, on Northern American Power
Symposium (NAPS), pp 1-5, September 2010.Sayali R. Tirpude, Dr. Harikumar Naidu, Pratik Ghutke Dept.
of Electrical Engg, TGPCE, Nagpur, India HOD, Dept. of Electrical Engg, TGPCE, Nagpur, India Assistant
Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engg, TGPCE, Nagpur, India.
[2] Rekha. T,BinduPrakash, Asna. S, Dinesh.S and Nandana.S.Prasad, “An Intelligent Method for Load Sharing
of Transformers With Temperature Monitoring and Automatic Correction of Power Factor”, International
Journal Of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, Volume 4, Issue3, pp. 416-421, 2015.
[3] Ashish R. Ambalkar, Nitesh M. Bhoyar, Vivek V. Badarkhe and Vivek B. Bathe, “Automatic Load Sharing of
Transformers”, International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, Volume 2, Issue 12, pp. 739-
741,2015.
[4] D.M.M. Ahmad, 2010. Evaluation of the Localised Loss Transformer Core Lamination. Journal of Applied
Sciences, 10: 2917-2922.
[5] Transformer over Pre-trained Transformer for Neural Text Segmentation with Enhanced Topic
Coherence Kelvin Lo, Yuan Jin1 Weicong Tan, Ming Liu, Lan Du1 Findings of the Association for
Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021, pages 3334–3340 November 7–11, 2021. ©2021 Association
for Computational Linguistics.

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e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

VII. FUTURE SCOPE

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