Procedures Paper Making

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In preparation for the paper-making process, 200 grams of old newspaper were shredded into

tiny pieces. The torn newspaper pieces were submerged in water for at least 24 hours to soften

the fibers in time for the next lab session. The pulp was then heated during the subsequent lab

session to separate the fibers further and attain the required wet paste consistency. To reach the

highest level of fiber separation, 10 milliliters of sodium hydroxide solution was added. Before

proceeding to the next step, the pulp was allowed to cool until it was safe to handle.

To get rid of the pigments of the newspaper, it was repeatedly washed under running water

using stockings and bleach to make the pulp white. After that, the fiber was placed aside. In the

meantime, 500 milliliters of tap water and 60 grams of starch were combined to create a starch

solution. The solution was then heated to cause gelatinization, which produced a binding and

thickening agent. After that, the pulp was continuously stirred into the heated mixture. The

starch-pulp mix was added to a large basin filled with an arbitrary amount of water. Before

screening, the diluted pulp-starch water was free of visible clumps.

The paper-making process was then started by submerging a screen mesh into the pulp-starch

water. The screen was then taken out of the water with the wet-formed paper. The initially made

wet paper was then returned to the pulp-starch water to screen it further and to ensure the

evenness of the pulp along the screen. The screen containing the pulp was then placed facing

the cloth so that the sponge could easily absorb all the excess water for a more effortless transfer

of the wet paper to the fabric. The semi-wet pulp that had been screened was smoothly moved

to the cloth after a significant amount of water had been removed and allowed to dry. The

paper-making process was mainly similar to the alternative material, banana peel, but it differed

in raw material preparation. Two hundred grams of banana peel was cleaned, washed, and then

soaked in water using the 1-liter beaker for approximately 48 hrs. After soaking, it was drained

again to remove the banana peel soak water. Then, the banana peel was again soaked in water
using the beaker and heated. After heating, 10 mL of sodium hydroxide was added and

thoroughly mixed to help separate the cellulose fibers in the banana.

The sodium hydroxide solution was drained, and the separated banana fibers were rinsed to

remove the residual solution. The banana fibers were placed in a clean beaker, stirred

continuously for 1 hour with a gradual addition of sodium hypochlorite or bleach, then drained

and rinsed with water. Once the pulp was white enough, the process continued, beginning with

preparing the pulp-starch mixture.

After that, the mixture was put in a basin and mixed with an arbitrary volume of water. Before

screening, the liquid was stirred by hand to ensure no lumps were evident. Submerging a screen

mesh into the pulp-starch water was the first stage, and the subsequent procedures were

essentially the same as in the paper pulp screening. The screen was then taken out of the water

with the wet-formed paper. To thoroughly screen the paper and guarantee that the pulp was

uniform across the screen, the first created wet paper was subsequently put back into the pulp-

starch water. The pulp-containing screen was then positioned in front of the cloth, allowing the

sponge to readily absorb all the extra water and facilitate the transfer of the wet paper to the

fabric. After removing a considerable amount of water and letting it dry, the semi-wet pulp that

had been screened was transported smoothly to the fabric, and then it was dried for 24 hours.

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