TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT ONE: INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW-------------------------------------1
1.1 The Modern Welfare State and Evolution of Administrative Law--------------------------2

1.2 Definition, Purpose, Scope and Sources of Administrative Law---------------------------6
1.3 Theoretical Perspectives-----------------------------------------------------------------------14
1.4 The Relationship of Administrative Law to Constitutional Law and Other Concepts--17
1.4.1 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law-------------------------------------17
1.4.2 Administrative Law and Human Rights-------------------------------------------19
1.4.3 Administrative Law and Good Governance-------------------------------------21
1.4.4 Administrative Law and Democracy----------------------------------------------27
1.5 Administrative Law in Civil Law and Common Law Countries--------------------------29
1.5.1 Administrative Law in Common Law Countries---------------------------------31
1.5.2 Droit Administratif-----------------------------------------------------------------32
1.6 Development of Administrative Law----------------------------------------------------------42
1.6.1 In General -----------------------------------------------------------------------------42
1.6.2 Ethiopia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------44
1.7 The Present State and Future Prospects of Administrative Law in Ethiopia-------------47
UNIT SUMMARY-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
UNIT TWO: CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATION AND LIMITATION OF

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW--------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
2.1 Rule of Law as a Basis of Administrative Law-----------------------------------------------53
2.1.1 Procedural Elements---------------------------------------------------------------------53
2.1.2 Substantive Elements--------------------------------------------------------------------56
2.1.3 Rule of Law as a Foundation of Administrative Law-------------------------------56
2.2 Separation of Powers as a Limitation on Administrative Law-----------------------------62
i
2.2.1 Nature and Meaning of the Principle ------------------------------------------------62
2.2.2 The Principle of Separation of Powers as a Limitation on
Administrative Law………………………………………………………….64
UNIT SUMMARY-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------67
UNIT THREE: ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES: SUBJECTS
OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW…………………………………………………………..69
3.1 Nature, Meaning, and Classification of Administrative Agencies-------------------------70
3.1.1 Nature of agencies-----------------------------------------------------------------------70
3.1.2 The Meaning of Administrative Agency----------------------------------------------71
3.1.3 Classification of Administrative Agencies-------------------------------------------74
3.2. Formation of Administrative Agencies----------------------------------------------------76
3.2.1 Mode of Creating an Agency--------------------------------------------------------76
3.2.2 Reasons for the Creation of Agencies-------------------------------------------------77
3.3 Structure and Organization---------------------------------------------------------------------80
3.4 Purpose of Administrative Agencies---------------------------------------------------------80
3.5 Powers of Administrative Agencies ---------------------------------------------------------83
3.5.1 Nature and Source of Power of Administrative Agencies------------------------83
3.5.2 Meaning and Significance of the Enabling (Establishment) Act……………...84
3.6 Classification of Powers of Administrative Agencies---------------------------------------86
ii
3.6.1 Legislative (Rule Making) Power-----------------------------------------------------87
3.6.2 Judicial (Decision – Making) Power---------------------------------------------------88
3.6.3 Administrative Power----------------------------------------------------------------------89
UNIT SUMMARY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
101
UNIT FOUR: RULE-MAKING (QUASI-LEGISLATIVE) POWER OF ADMINISTRATIVE

AGENCIES (DELEGATED LEGISLATION) ---------------------------------------------------------------103
4.1 The Nature and Definition of Delegated Legislation--------------------------------------------------104
4.2 The Need for Delegated Legislation --------------------------------------------------------------------106
4.3. Theoretical Objections against Delegated Legislation-----------------------------------------------110
4.4 Scope of Delegated Legisation…………………………………………………………………111
4.5 Form and Classification of Administrative Rule Making--------------------------------------------114
4.6. Rule Making Procedure-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
UNIT SUMMARY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------123
UNIT FIVE: JUDICIAL POWER OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES--------------------127
5.1 The Meaning and Nature of Administrative Adjudication-------------------------------127

5.2 Forms of Administrative Adjudication-----------------------------------------------------134
5.2.1 Informal Adjudication-------------------------------------------------------------134
5.2.2 Formal Adjudication---------------------------------------------------------------137
5.3 Tribunals and the Tribunal System ---------------------------------------------------------140

5.3.1 Meaning and Nature of Tribunals -----------------------------------------------140
5.3.2 5.3.2 Jurisdictional Issues---------------------------------------------------------143
5.4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative Adjudication------------------148
iii
5.5 The Organizational Structure of Administrative Tribunals ------------------------------150
5.5.1 France ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------150
5.5.2 Britain and Australia ----------------------------------------------------------------151
5.5.3 Ethiopia--------------------------------------------------------------------------------152
5.6 Qualification, Appointment and Dismissal of Administrative Judges-----------------153
5.7 Inquiries -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------157
UNIT SIX CONTROLING MECHANISAMS OF GOVERNMENTAL POWERS------------160

6.1 The Need for Controlling the Powers of Government----------------------------------161
6.2 Controlling Mechanisms -------------------------------------------------------------------163
6.2.1 Internal control---------------------------------------------------------------------164

6.2.2 External control--------------------------------------------------------------------165
6.2.3 Parliamentary Control ------------------------------------------------------------165
6.2.4 Executive Control-----------------------------------------------------------------174
6.2.5 Control by Administrative Tribunals-------------------------------------------175
6.2.6 Judicial Control--------------------------------------------------------------------176
6.2.7 Control by Human Rights Commission and Ombudsman ------------------179
6.2.8 Mass Media Control---------------------------------------------------------------186
UNIT SEVEN: JUDICAL REVIEW--------------------------------------------------------------------188

7.1 The Meaning and Nature of Judicial Review --------------------------------------------189
7.2. Judicial review Vs. Merits Review ------------------------------------------------------190
7.3 The Bases of the Power of Courts to Supervise Administrative Action------------192

7.4 Grounds of Judicial Review ---------------------------------------------------------------199
7.4.1 Simple (Narrow) Ultra Vires-----------------------------------------------------202
7.4.2 Abuse of Power (Broad Ultra Vires)--------------------------------------------206
7.5 Limitations on Judicial Review--------------------------------------------------------------217
7.5.1 Standing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------218
7.5.2 Justiciability------------------------------------------------------------------------222
iv
7.5.3 Exhaustion and Ripeness --------------------------------------------------------224
7.5.4 Finality Clause --------------------------------------------------------------------225
UNIT EIGHT: REMEDIES ANS GOVERMENT (ADMINISTRATIVE) LIABILITY--------230

8.1 Remedies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------231
8.1.1. Public Law Remedies----------------------------------------------------------------232
8.1.2 Private (Ordinary) Law Remedies --------------------------------------------------237
REFERENCE MATERIALS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------247

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT ONE: INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW-------------------------------------1

1.1 The Modern Welfare State and Evolution of Administrative Law--------------------------2

UNIT TWO: CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATION AND LIMITATION OF

2.1 Rule of Law as a Basis of Administrative Law-----------------------------------------------53

2.1.1 Procedural Elements---------------------------------------------------------------------53

2.1.2 Substantive Elements--------------------------------------------------------------------56

2.1.3 Rule of Law as a Foundation of Administrative Law-------------------------------56

2.2 Separation of Powers as a Limitation on Administrative Law-----------------------------62

2.2.2 The Principle of Separation of Powers as a Limitation on

UNIT THREE: ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES: SUBJECTS

3.1 Nature, Meaning, and Classification of Administrative Agencies-------------------------70

3.1.1 Nature of agencies-----------------------------------------------------------------------70

3.1.2 The Meaning of Administrative Agency----------------------------------------------71

3.1.3 Classification of Administrative Agencies-------------------------------------------74

3.2. Formation of Administrative Agencies----------------------------------------------------76

3.2.1 Mode of Creating an Agency--------------------------------------------------------76

3.2.2 Reasons for the Creation of Agencies-------------------------------------------------77

3.3 Structure and Organization---------------------------------------------------------------------80

3.4 Purpose of Administrative Agencies---------------------------------------------------------80

3.5 Powers of Administrative Agencies ---------------------------------------------------------83

3.5.1 Nature and Source of Power of Administrative Agencies------------------------83

3.5.2 Meaning and Significance of the Enabling (Establishment) Act……………...84

3.6 Classification of Powers of Administrative Agencies---------------------------------------86

3.6.2 Judicial (Decision – Making) Power---------------------------------------------------88

3.6.3 Administrative Power----------------------------------------------------------------------89

UNIT FOUR: RULE-MAKING (QUASI-LEGISLATIVE) POWER OF ADMINISTRATIVE

4.1 The Nature and Definition of Delegated Legislation--------------------------------------------------104

4.2 The Need for Delegated Legislation --------------------------------------------------------------------106

4.3. Theoretical Objections against Delegated Legislation-----------------------------------------------110

4.4 Scope of Delegated Legisation…………………………………………………………………111

4.5 Form and Classification of Administrative Rule Making--------------------------------------------114

4.6. Rule Making Procedure-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16

UNIT FIVE: JUDICIAL POWER OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES--------------------127

5.1 The Meaning and Nature of Administrative Adjudication-------------------------------127

5.3 Tribunals and the Tribunal System ---------------------------------------------------------140

5.5.1 France ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------150

5.5.2 Britain and Australia ----------------------------------------------------------------151

5.6 Qualification, Appointment and Dismissal of Administrative Judges-----------------153

5.7 Inquiries -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------157

UNIT SIX CONTROLING MECHANISAMS OF GOVERNMENTAL POWERS------------160

6.2 Controlling Mechanisms -------------------------------------------------------------------163

6.2.1 Internal control---------------------------------------------------------------------164

UNIT SEVEN: JUDICAL REVIEW--------------------------------------------------------------------188

7.3 The Bases of the Power of Courts to Supervise Administrative Action------------192

UNIT EIGHT: REMEDIES ANS GOVERMENT (ADMINISTRATIVE) LIABILITY--------230

8.1.1. Public Law Remedies----------------------------------------------------------------232

8.1.2 Private (Ordinary) Law Remedies --------------------------------------------------237

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