area between curves

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Integral calculus is a fundamental branch of mathematics focused on the

concept of integration, which is essentially the process of finding the whole
from the sum of its parts. It complements differential calculus, which deals with
the concept of differentiation, or finding the rate of change. Together, these
branches form the core of calculus, providing essential tools for analyzing and
solving problems involving continuous change.
Historical Background
Integral calculus has a rich history, with roots tracing back to ancient
civilizations that used geometric methods to find areas and volumes. However,
it was not until the 17th century that the formalization of integral calculus
began with the work of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Their
independent development of the fundamental theorem of calculus established
a profound connection between differentiation and integration, laying the
groundwork for modern calculus.
Basic Concepts
The integral is often introduced through the concept of the area under a curve.
For a function f(x), the definite integral from a to b, denoted as ∫(ab)f(x) dx,
represents the total area under the curve f(x)f(x)f(x) from x=a to x=b This area
can be thought of as the limit of a sum of the areas of rectangles under the
curve, as the width of the rectangles approaches zero.
Applications
Integral calculus has extensive applications across various fields. In physics, it is
used to compute quantities such as work, energy, and center of mass. In
engineering, integrals are employed in analyzing forces, designing systems, and
understanding fluid dynamics. In economics, integrals help in calculating
consumer and producer surplus, as well as in determining cost and revenue
functions. In probability and statistics, integrals are used to find probabilities
and expected values for continuous random variables.
In summary, integral calculus is a powerful mathematical tool that allows for
the precise calculation of areas, volumes, and accumulated quantities,
providing crucial insights and solutions in a wide range of disciplines.
Area Under the Curve
Finding areas and volumes using integration is a fundamental application of
calculus that extends the concept of summation to continuous functions. This
process is essential in various scientific and engineering fields, allowing precise
calculation of areas under curves and volumes of complex shapes.
Area under the curve is calculated by different methods, of which the
antiderivative method of finding the area is most popular. The area under the
curve can be found by knowing the equation of the curve, the boundaries of
the curve, and the axis enclosing the curve. Generally, we have formulas for
finding the areas of regular figures such as square, rectangle, quadrilateral,
polygon, circle, but there is no defined formula to find the area under the
curve. The process of integration helps to solve the equation and find the
required area.
For finding the areas of irregular plane surfaces the methods of antiderivatives
are very helpful. Here we shall learn how to find the area under the curve with
respect to the axis, to find the area between a curve and a line, and to find the
area between two curves.
To find the area under a curve defined by a function f(x)f(x)f(x) over an interval
[a,b], we use the definite integral:
Area=a∫bf(x) dx
This integral sums up infinitely small rectangles under the curve, providing the
exact area. For instance, consider finding the area under f(x)=x2 from x=0 to
x=1:
This result represents the exact area under the curve from x=0x = 0x=0 to x=1x
= 1x=1.
To find the area between two curves, f(x) and g(x), where f(x) is above g(x) over
the interval [a,b], we use:
Area=∫ab[f(x)−g(x)] dx
This integral calculates the area by subtracting the lower curve from the upper
curve at each point.
How to Find Area Under The Curve?
The area under the curve can be calculated through three simple steps. First,
we need to know the equation of the curve(y = f(x)), the limits across which the
area is to be calculated, and the axis enclosing the area. Secondly, we have to
find the integration (antiderivative) of the curve. Finally, we need to apply the
upper limit and lower limit to the integral answer and take the difference to
obtain the area under the curve .

The area under the curve can be computed using three methods. Also, the
method used to find the area under the curve depends on the need and the
available data inputs, to find the area under the curve. Here we shall look into
the below three methods to find the area under the curve.
Method - I: Here the area under the curve is broken down into the smallest
possible rectangles. The summation of the area of these rectangles gives the
area under the curve. For a curve y = f(x), it is broken into numerous rectangles
of width δx. Here we limit the number of rectangles up to infinity.
Method - II: This method also uses a similar procedure as the above to find the
area under the curve. Here the area under the curve is divided into a few
rectangles. Further, the areas of these rectangles are added to get the area
under the curve. This method is an easy method to find the area under the
curve, but it only provides an approximate value of the area under the curve.
Method - III: This method makes use of the integration process to find the area
under the curve. To find the area under the curve by this method integration
we need the equation of the curve, the knowledge of the bounding lines or
axis, and the boundary limiting points. For a curve having an equation y = f(x),
and bounded by the x-axis and with limit values of a and b respectively, the
formula for the area under the curve is A = a∫bf(x).dx
Formula For Area Under the Curve
The area of the curve can be calculated with respect to the different axes, as
the boundary for the given curve. The area under the curve can be calculated
with respect to the x-axis or y-axis. For special cases, the curve is below the
axes, and partly below the axes. For all these cases we have the derived
formula to find the area under the curve.
Area with respect to the x-axis: Here we shall first look at the area enclosed by
the curve y = f(x) and the x-axis. The below figures presents the area enclosed
by the curve and the x-axis. The bounding values for the curve with respect to
the x-axis are a and b respectively. The formula to find the area under the
curve with respect to the x-axis is
A = a∫bf(x).dx
Area with respect to the y-axis: The area of the curve bounded by the curve x
= f(y), the y-axis, across the lines y = a and y = b is given by the following below
expression. Further, the area between the curve and the y-axis can be
understood from the below graph.
A = a∫bx.dy = a∫bf(y).dy
Area below the axis: The area of the curve below the axis is a negative value
and hence the modulus of the area is taken. The area of the curve y = f(x)
below the x-axis and bounded by the x-axis is obtained by taking the limits a
and b. The formula for the area above the curve and the x-axis is as follows.
A = |a∫bf(x).dx|
Area above and below the axis: The area of the curve which is partly below
the axis and partly above the axis is divided into two areas and separately
calculated. The area under the axis is negative, and hence a modulus of the
area is taken. Therefore the overall area is equal to the sum of the two
areas(A=|A1|+A2).
A = |a∫bf(x).dx| + b∫cf(x).dx
Area Under The Curve – Circle
The area of the circle is calculated by first calculating the area of the part of
the circle in the first quadrant. Here the equation of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is
changed to an equation of a curve as y = √(a2 - x2). This equation of the curve is
used to find the area with respect to the x-axis and the limits from 0 to a.
The area of the circle is four times the area of the quadrant of the circle. The
area of the quadrant is calculated by integrating the equation of the curve
across the limits in the first quadrant.
A = 40 ∫ay.dx
= 40 ∫a√(a2−x2).dx
= 4 [x/2 √(a2−x2)+(a2 /2)Sin−1(x/a)]a0
= 4 [( (a/2)× 0 + (a2/2)Sin-11) - 0]
= 4 (a2/2)(π/2)
= πa2 sq.unit
Hence the area of the circle is πa2 square units.
Area Under a Curve - Parabola
A parabola has an axis that divides the parabola into two symmetric parts. Here
we take a parabola that is symmetric along the x-axis and has an equation y2 =
4ax. This can be transformed as y = √(4ax). We first find the area of the
parabola in the first quadrant with respect to the x-axis and along the limits
from 0 to a. Here we integrate the equation within the boundary and double it,
to obtain the area of the whole parabola. The derivations for the area of the
parabola is as follows.
A = 2 0∫a √(4ax).dx
=4√a 0∫a √x.dx
=4√a [(2/3).x(3/2)]0a
=4√a( (2/3).a(3/2)−0)
=8a2/3
Therefore the area under the curve enclosed by the parabola is 8a2/3 square
units.
AREA BETWEEN A CIRCLE AND A PARABOLA
Consider the circle x2+y2=25 and the parabola y=x2−5
Step 1: Determine the Equations
 Circle: x2+y2 =25
 Parabola: y =x2−5
Step 2: Find the Intersection Points
Substitute y=x2−5y into the circle’s equation:
x2+(x2−5)2 25
Expand and simplify:
x2+(x4−10x2+25) =25
x4−9x2 =0
Factorize the quadratic equation:
x2(x2−9) =0
This gives us two solutions for x2:
x2 = 0 or x2=9x2 = 0
Thus, the intersection points are:
X=0
x =±3x
Step 3: Set Up the Integral
The area A between the circle and the parabola is:
A=-3∫3 (√(25−x2)−(x2−5))dx
Step 4: Compute the Integral
Evaluate the integral by splitting it into two parts:
A = 3∫3 √(25−x 2) dx−3∫3 (x2−5) dx
Since the integrands are even functions, we can simplify by integrating from 0
to 3 and multiplying by 2:
A=2(0∫3 √(25−x 2) dx− 0∫3 (x2−5) dx)
1. Evaluate 0∫3 √(25−x 2) dx
This is the area of a quarter circle of radius 5:
0 ∫3 √(25−x 2) dx
= (1/4) π⋅52
= 25π/4
2. Evaluate 0∫3 (x2−5) dx
0 ∫3 (x2) dx
= [x3/3]30
=9
0 ∫3 (5) dx
=15
Combine these results:
0 ∫3 (x2−5) = 9 – 15 = -6
Therefore:
A = 2(25π/4+6) = 25π/2+12
In this example, we have found the exact area between circle x2+y2=25 and the
parabola y=x2−5 using integration.
Consider the circle x2+y2=4 and the parabola y=x2−2
Step 1: Determine the Equations
 Circle: x2+y2=4
 Parabola: y=x2−2
Step 2: Find the Intersection Points
Substitute y=x2−2 into the circle’s equation:
X2+(x2−2)2=4
Expand and simplify:
x2+(x4−4x2+4)=4
x4 – 32= 0
Factorize the equation:
x2(x2−3)=0
This gives us two solutions for x2:
x2=0 or x2=3
Thus, the intersection points are:
x=0
x=±√3
Step 3: Set Up the Integral
The area A between the circle and the parabola is:
A = -√3∫√3 (√(4−x2) − ( x2−2))dx
Step 4: Compute the Integral
Evaluate the integral by splitting it into two parts:
A = √3∫√3 (√(4−x2) dx - √3∫√3 (x2−2) dx
Since the integrands are even functions, we can simplify by integrating from 0
to √3 and multiplying by 2:
A=2 (0∫√3 (√(4−x2) dx - 0∫√3 (x2−2) dx)
1. Evaluate 0∫√3 (√(4−x2) dx
This integral represents a quarter circle of radius 2:
0 ∫√3(√(4−x2)
= (1/4) π(2)2
=π
2 . Evaluate 0∫√3 (x2−2) dx:
∫0∫√3 (2) dx = 2x∣0√3
=2√3
0 ∫√3 (x2) dx = [x3 /3] √30
= √3
Combine these results:
= -√3
Therefore:
A= 2(2π/3+√3)
In this example, we have found the exact area between the circle x2+y2=4 and
the parabola y=x2−2 using integration.

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INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Integral calculus is a fundamental branch of mathematics focused on the

obtain the area under the curve .

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