Lab7

Eguin, Treshia Jazmin E.
BSCpE – II E21 12 / 4 / 24
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 7
“DC and AC GENERATORS”
OBJECTIVE:
To study the behaviour of generators with the application of DC and AC and to measure
the voltages and current..
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT:
Quantity Apparatus
1 EDIBON M-16
1 Power Supply FACO or EBC-100
1 Oscilloscope
4-6 Connectors
1 Multimeter
INTRODUCTION
The generator is the element that creates the current, impelling the electrons along the
conductors. Without a generator there cannot be current permanently in a circuit; there
may be a momentary discharge of current from a capacitor, etc., but to maintain the
current, a generator is necessary.
In practice, the generators used are batteries that supply small e.m.f, connected in
parallel, which can give some tens of volts.
To increase the e.m.f. we can connect several batteries or accumulators in series or

in parallel, connecting the positive pole to the negative pole of the next one, and thus
successively, connecting the free extreme poles to the circuit.
That is, in the assembly of batteries in series, the resulting e.m.f. is equal to the sum of
the e.m.f. of all the batteries that form the line.
As for the internal resistance, as the batteries are in series, the total internal resistance
of the association will be:
In conclusion, when several generators are connected in series, their e.m.f. and internal
resistances are added. A particular case of generators connected in series is the dual
power supplies.
They are circuits made up of two power supplies or batteries that are capable of supplying
a continuous positive voltage and another negative one, as a connection to a neutral point
or bulk (voltage zero) is placed between the power supplies according to figure 4.2.2:
Generators connection in opposition

Two generators are in opposition when the negative pole of one is connected to the
negative pole of the other, as shown in figure 4.3.1:
In generator (2) the current is going from the negative pole to the positive one within the
generator; thus, its e.m.f. is positive and acts as a real generator: E 2. In (1) the current
crosses from the positive pole to the negative; instead of producing energy, it consumes
it; it conducts like a receiver whose opposing e.m.f. (electromotive force) is equal to the
e.m.f. E1.
In conclusion, when two generators are associated in opposition, the e.m.f. are
subtracted and the sense of the current is that which corresponds to the generator with
a greater e.m.f.; their internal resistances are added.
Parallel connection of equal generators
A set of “n” equal generators associated in parallel is equivalent to a single generator

with e.m.f. “E” (that of one of them) and of internal resistance “n” times less than that of
one of them (r/n).
In parallel association of generators in a greater current is obtained than that produced
by one generator alone, though the e.m.f. does not increase; in the association in
series, on the other hand, the e.m.f. increases, but the current cannot surpass the
maximum current that one of the generators separately can supply. If a great current
and a considerable value of e.m.f. are needed at the same time, several series of “n”
generators are associated in "m" lines in parallel thus joining “mn” elements.
DC + AC assembly
The Circuit 2 of the board is an assembly made up of several power supplies

(continuous and alternating) and resistances. The objective of this practice is to set
several circuits where two continuous power supplies or batteries will be coupled in series,
and to study or to analyze the behavior of this association.
The necessary material to carry out this practice is:
⚫ A voltmeter.
⚫ An ammeter.
⚫ Wiring.
PROCEDURE:
1. With Circuit 2 of the board, carry out the following assembly:
QUESTIONS:
Which is the expected voltage at the output?

A. 12V
B. 0V
C. 24V
D 23.8V
2. In this assembly the internal resistances of the power supplies: A.

are added.
B. are subtracted.
C. are null.
D. are infinite.
3. Calculate the drop in voltage in each resistor and prove that the same is given by
the equation:
Measured Value: 10kohm Resistor = 24.23V

1kohm Resistor = 12.22V
V Ri = (24.23) ( 1.2 / 10 + 1 ) = 2.64V
V Ri = (12.22) ( 1.2 / 10 + 1 ) = 1.33V
The sum of the voltage drops in each resistor will be approximately equal to the
total voltage supplied by the two batteries associated in series, that is to say, 24
volts.
4.Carry out the assembly indicated below, differentiating the currents that flow through
each branch of the circuit, and measure the voltage drop in the resistors.
VR2.1 = 12.20 V
VR2.2 = -12.02 V
5. Check how the output voltage must be approximately equal to the sum of the
voltages supplied by each one of these power supplies. What is the reason for this?
A. The two power supplies are in opposition.
B. The two power supplies are connected to ground.
C. The two power supplies are in series.
D. It has just happened that way.
6. Complete the table with the current that flows through each branch using the
Multimeter.
I = 0.88mA
I1 + I = 0.88 + 0.88 = 1.76mA
I1 – I2 = 0.88 – ( - 0.35 ) = 1.23mA
I2 + I = ( - 0.35 ) + 0.88 = 0.53mA
CONCLUSION:
The lab activity confirmed the basic rules of electricity, like how voltage and
current behave in series and parallel circuits. This helps us understand how
electrical circuits work and can be used to design and troubleshoot electronic
devices.

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Eguin, Treshia Jazmin E.

To increase the e.m.f. we can connect several batteries or accumulators in series or

the e.m.f. of all the batteries that form the line.

Generators connection in opposition

Parallel connection of equal generators

A set of “n” equal generators associated in parallel is equivalent to a single generator

The Circuit 2 of the board is an assembly made up of several power supplies

1. With Circuit 2 of the board, carry out the following assembly:

Which is the expected voltage at the output?

2. In this assembly the internal resistances of the power supplies: A.

Measured Value: 10kohm Resistor = 24.23V

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