CVAS NAVANIA, VALLABHNAGAR, UDAIPUR

Department of veterinary anatomy

Microscopic structures of digestive,
respiratory,urinary, circulatory,nervous,
lymphatic, endocrine,male and female genital
system and mammary glands of domestic
animals
Submitted by:-
Submitted to:-
Pooja kasniyan
Dr.Balwant N.Meshram sir
B.V.Sc.& A.H.
Associate professor &Head
1st Year 2019-20
 HISTOLOGY
• A tissue is an aggregation of cells that are similar in structure and function
to perform a specific function.
• Intercellular substance and fibres are the non-living parts of a tissue.
• Different types of fundamental tissues are evolved in the body based on
the basic property of the protoplasm to perform a specific function.
• There are four types of elementary or fundamental tissues in the animal
body in the adult and the organ systems are made up of one or more of
these varieties of tissues arranged in a specific and characteristic way in
each organ.
• Epithelium
• Connective tissue
• Muscular tissue
• Nervous tissue
 MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• The digestive system consists of the alimentary tract and other associated
structures like the tongue, teeth, salivary gland, liver and pancreas.
• Starting from esophagus to anus the wall of the G.I.tract present a common
architectural design which consists of four layers .
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Tunica muscularis
4. Serosa/adventitia
• The mucosa lines the lumen and composed of an epithelial
lining,a lamina propria and a thin smooth muscle layer.
• The sub mucosa is the connective tissue between the mucosa and
tunica muscularis.
• The tunica muscularis is composed of an inner circular layer and
and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscles.
• The tunica serosa or adventitia is the outermost layer.
 ORAL CAVITY
• The major structures of the oral cavity
are the lips, teeth, tongue, oral mucosa
and salivary glands.
• The oral mucosa (labial and gingival)
offers protection during mastication
and deglutition, and is composed of
stratified squamous epithelium that
may be keratinized.
• Below the mucosa is a dense layer of
vascular collagen-rich stroma, the
lamina propria.
• Mobile regions of the oral cavity, such
as the soft palate, may also contain
skeletal muscle that aids in
mastication and deglutition
 TONGUE

• The tongue is covered by typical oral mucosa (stratified

squamous epithelium) overlying a lamina propria and
large amounts of organized skeletal muscle.
• The dorsal surface of the tongue is decorated by
specialized structures called papillae.
• The core of the tongue is composed of abundant
skeletal muscle that is arranged in three distinct
layers of alternating orientations/planes (vertical,
horizontal, and longitudinal). This robust
musculature facilitates the extreme mobility of the
tongue.
 OESOPHAGUS
• Consist of 4 layers:-
1. Mucosa
• Lined by stratified squamous epithelium • Lamina propria made up of
closely woven ollegenous fibres
• Muscularis mucosae is made up of longitudinal smooth muscle fibres.
2. Submucosa
• Composed of loose connective tissue
• Mucous gland present in submucosa .
3. Tunica muscularis
• Made up of striated muscle .
4. Tunica fibrosa
• Composed of loose connective
tissue .
• In thoracic region there is
serosa, covering the muscular
coat.
 SPECIES DIFFERENCES

• The muscularis mucosae is complete in man but in ruminants, solipeds and cat it
consists at first only of isolated bundles.
• In the dog and pig it is entirely lacking in the initial portion in the caudal half,
muscle bundles made their appearance but form a continuous layer only in the vicinity of
the stomach.
• The submucosal glands are present only in the pharyangeo-oesophageal junction in the
horse, ruminants and cat.
• In the dog, the glands form a continuous stratum up to the stomach and in pigs the
glands extend to about middle of the oesophagus.
• In the pig numerous lymph nodules are present adjacent to the glands.
 STOMACH
• Stomach of men and carnivorus are lined by
gastric mucosa.
• In solipeds, swine the oesophageal portion of
the stomach bears a cuteneous mucosa
stratified squamous epithelium.
• Ruminant’s stomach consists of 4 parts:-
1. Rumen
2. Reticulum
3. Omasum
4. Abomasum
 RUMEN
• Tunica serosa-This outermost covering is composed of collagen and elastic
fibers, covered by simple epethelium (mesothelium).
• Tunica muscularis-This layer comprises of two layers of smooth muscle
fibers.
• Although basically iner and outer muscles are arranged in circular and
longitudinal manner respectively.
• In this layer nerve fibres and ganglia are present.
• Tunica submucosa-This is continuous with the lamina propria, which extend
into the core of the papillae. It is composed of collagen, elastic fibers and
reticular fibers along with plenty capillariesMuscularis mueesae and glands
• Mucosa: form large tongue shaped or conical papillae not having lymph
node and glands.
 RETICULUM

• Macroscopically the mucous membrane forms permanent folds enclosing

4 or 6 sided spaces or cells.
• Smaller folds subdivide the cells.
• These folds bear microscopic papillae on their sides.
• The folds and the papillae have a central core of connective tissue and
are lined by stratified squamous cornified type of epithelium.
• A dense layer of stratum corneum covers the tip of the papillae and the
folds.
• In very large fold a band of smooth muscle fibres occurs
running in the same direction as the fold itself.
• Muscularis mucosae are otherwise absent.
• The two layers of muscular tunic (of plain muscle) follow an
oblique course and cross at right angles.
• A tunica serosa is present.
 OMASUM

• The mucosa forms numerous folds or Omasal laminae of different sizes.

• These folds or laminae are studded with numerous papillae.
• Each lamina includes the entire mucosa, muscularis mucosae and
submucosa.
• The mucous membrane is lined by stratified squamous epithelium and
dense capillary nets are found under the epithelium.
• The muscularis mucosae are distinct and extend into the folds and
may occasionally send fibres into the papillae on the laminae.
• The larger folds are composed of tissue, which resembles mucous
connective tissue.
• The muscular coat consists of two layers of plain muscle .
• an outer thin longitudinal layer and inner thick circular layer.
• From the inner layer, bundles extend into the folds so that the large
folds show on section, epithelium on both sides deeper to which lies the
muscularis mucosae on each side.
• A thin stratum of submucosa separate the muscularis mucosae on each
side form the central band of muscular layer derived form the inner
circular layer of muscularis.
• At the free edge of the folds the central layer of muscle fibres fuses
with the marginal thickening of muscularis mucosae.
• A serosa is present.
 ABOMASUM
• The histological structure of abomasum is similar to that of simple
glandular stomach.
• Tunica serosa and tunica muscularis similar to those of other
compartments.
• The muscular layer is relatively thick.
• The submucosa is composed of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers.
• In addition to blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics the submucosa contains
adipose tissue and loose connective tissue.
• Lamina propria contains loose connective tissue.
• It is thick and accommodates gastric glands.
• Lamina muscularis mucosae is present.
 SPECIES DIFFERENCES

• Anterior oesophageal region of the stomach in horse is lined by a

cornified stratified squamous epithelium.
• Behind this there is fundic gland area and then pyloric gland area.
Between the oesophageal region and fundic area, there is a narrow
cardiac area.
• The abomasum of ruminant consists of cardiac, fundic and posterior
pyloric gland areas.
• In the carnivores there is a fundic and pyloric area.
• Near the cardia there is a narrow zone of cardiac gland area.
• A lamina subglandularis intervenes between muscularis
• Mucosae and the blind ends of the glands.
• In old animals, it becomes stratified into
an inner stratum granulosum rich in cells
and an outer stratum compactum consisting
of network of dense, hyaline collagenous
substance.
 SMALL INTESTINE
• The wall of small intestine is composed of serous , muscularis, submucosa
and mucous coat.
• The submucosal coat accomodates the vessels nerves,dudenol glands and
solitary and aggregated lymph nodes.
• The muscular coat is composed of inner circular and outer longitudinal
muscles.
• The circular muscles are thicker.
• The mucousal coat presents permanent folds and villi.
• The aggregated lymph nodes are about 20-35 in number that called
Payer’s patches.
 SPECIES DIFFERENCES
• In the Ox and pig, numerous renal pyramids are present with the
formation of minor and major calyces.
• In the horse, sheep and dog the apices of the pyramids do not appear
separate and the inner part of medulla forms the renal crest (results of
fusion of papillae in the embryo), which shows numerous openings the
area cribrosa.
• The renal crest projects into the renal pelvis the dilated origin ureter.
• No minor and major calyces are formed.
• In the cat the cells in the proximal convoluted tubules contain many fat
droplets and a similar condition is also terminal portions of the tubule in
the dog.
• The Excretory Passages are renal calyces pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder
and urethra.
 LARGE INTESTINE
• There are no villi.
• Intestinal glands or crypts of Lieberkuhn are present throughout and
they are longer and straighter.
• The surface epithelium consists of tall columnar cells but the Goblet cells
far exceed in number than the columnar cells.
• The crypts of Lieberkuhn also contain numerous goblet cells and
towards the distal portions of the intestine the crypts appear to be lined
entirely by goblet cells.
• The mucous membrane of the rectum is usually thrown into a number of
longitudinal folds.
• At the anus, the simple columnar epithelium is replaced by
stratified squamous epithelium, which becomes continuous with
the epidermis beyond the anal orifice.
• Ate submucosa and muscularis do not present any special
features.
• The serous coat is absent in the terminal portion of the rectum and
is replaced by a fibrous coat.
 SPECIES DIFFERENCE
• The large intestine of man, solipeds and pigs, possess flat bands of
longitudinal muscle known as taeniae.
• the dog and pig at recto-anal junction, tubulo-alveolar anal glands
are present.
• In pigs, it produces a mucous secretion and in dogs it produces a fatty
secretion.
• In the dog, circumanal glands occur at the site where anal mucosa
becomes continuous with the skin.
• These consists of a sebaceous portion, which opens through a patent
duct into an adjacent hair-follicle and a non-sebaceous portion, which
exhibits no evidence of any secretory activity.
• Lateral and ventral to the anus in carnivores are the anal sacs.
• The wall of anal sac is covered by stratified squamous epithelium.
• In the loose subepithelial layer are apocrine tubular glands in the
dog and in the cat, sebaceous glands are present in addition.
• The excretory ducts of anal sacs also contain tubular and sebaceous
glands.
 LIVER

• The organ is invested with a connective tissue sheath called the

Glisson’s capsule most of which is covered by peritoneal serous
membrane.
• From the connective tissue sheath fibrous bands or septa arises and
enter into the substance of the gland and divide the gland into
numerous hexagonal or polygonal units, the hepatic lobules.
• The interlobular connective tissue in all domestic animals and men,
except in the pig and camel.
• In the liver of pig and camel, the lobular is very well seen, as each
hexagonal or polygonal lobule is distinctly circumscribed by
connective tissue
.
• At the hilus of the liver, the Glisson’s capsule forms a sheath for the hepatic artery
and portal vein which enter the liver and the hepatic duct which comes out of the
liver.
• Liver cells (hepatocytes) are polyhedral in shape and have a large round nucleus,
which is vesicular and show a few chromatin and one or more prominent nucleoli,
cytoplasm presents a variable appearance, depending upon the functional status.
• Glycogen and fat are both dissolved in the usual preparations.
• Some cells have two nuclei.

Blood Supply:-nutritional-Hepatic artery(20%)

Functional-Portal vein(80%)

Nerve supply-Hepatic plexus

 SPECIES DIFFERENCE

• Gall bladder is absent in horse.

• An extra left lateral ligament found in horse which connects the left
lobe with tha diaphragm.
• Dog and rabbit has 5 lobes and pig has 2 lobes.
• In the dog the liver is larger with respect to other domestic animals.
• In the fowl right lobe has a larger gall bladder.and the left lobe has no
gall bladder.
 PANCREAS
• This is a compound (serous and tubulo acinar )gland.
• Each lobule consists of numerous acini which are the ultimate
ramifications of pancreatic duct.
• Each acinus is connected to a duct known as intercalated duct .
• The islets of Langerhans are the endocrine part of the gland.
• This islets contain peripherally placed glucagon secreting alpha cells,
centrally placed insulin secreting beta cells and somatostatin and
gestrin secreting delta cells.
Blood supply:-Branches of Nerve supply:-Celiaco-mesentric
celiac ,hepatic and ruminal plexus
arteries.
URINARY SYSTEM
 Capsule

• The surface of kidney is covered by a fibrous capsule.

• Capsule is mainly comprised of 1. collagen fibers 2. Smooth
muscles 3. Blood vessels
• Outer layer - fibroblasts and collagen fibers
• Inner layer - myofibroblasts
 JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS

• Three types make up the apparatus

1. Macula densa
2. 2. Juxtaglomerular cells
3. 3. extraglomerular mesangial cells
• It maintains necessary Blood Pressure in kidney for glomerular
filtration.
 BOWMAN’S CAPSULE

• It is a cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of

a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step
in the filtration of blood to form urine.“
• Bowman's Capsule has 2 layers:
1. Visceral Layer-Inner Contains podocytes
2. Parietal Layer-Contains parietal epithelial cells.
 GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES

• Glomerular endothelium has numerous fenestrations.

• 1. Fenestrations- larger
• 2. more numerous
• 3. more irregular
• • Endothelial cells in glomerular capillaries has large number of
aquaporin.
• Onewater channels that allows fast movement of water through
epithelium.
 PCT= PROXIMAL CONVULATED TUBULE

• Longer and are more numerous in cortex.

• Have small and uneven lumen.
• Contains single layer of cuboidal cells with eosinophilic granular
cytoplasm.
• Cells have microvilli on their luminal surface.
 DCT=DISTAL CONVULATED TUBULE

• Shorter in length, therefore are few in number in cortex.

• Have larger lumen.
• Lined by small, cuboidal cells.
• Cytoplasm stains less intensely.
• Cells lack microvilli.
 LOOP OF HENLE

• Thin limbs – simple squamous epithelium.

• Descends into medulla.
• Thick limbs – cuboidal epithelium.
• Ascends through medulla into cortex.
• No brush border
 COLLECTING TUBULES

• Drain urine from nephron to renal pelvis.

• Lie on medullary ray within cortex.
• Progressively increase in diameter towards medulla.
• Simple epithelium - Squamous to cuboidal.
• Cell boundaries are seen
Blood Supply:-Renal arteries,order
arteries (interlober,arcuate)

Nerve Supply:-Renal plexus

 SPECIES DIFFERENCE
• In the Ox and pig, numerous renal pyramids are present with the
formation of minor and major calyces. In the horse, sheep and dog
the apices of the pyramids do not appear separate and the inner part
of medulla forms the renal crest (results of fusion of papillae in the
embryo), which shows numerous openings the area cribrosa.
• The renal crest projects into the renal pelvis the dilated origin ureter.
No minor and major calyces are formed.
• In the cat the cells in the proximal convoluted tubules contain many
fat droplets and a similar condition is also terminal portions of the
tubule in the dog.
•
• The excretory passages are renal calyces, pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder
and urethra.
• From the renal papillae urine passes into the renal pelvis of the renal
pelvis of the kidney, hence it flows through the ureter into the urinary
bladder and leaves the body by way of urethra.
 URETER

• It has connective tissue coat externally.

• The muscular coat consists of an outer
circular and an inner longitudinal layer
of plain muscle fibres.
• In the lower third there is an additional
external longitudinal layer.
• The mucous membrane is thrown into
folds and is lined by transitional
epithelium.
 URINARY BLADDER

• The anterior part of the bladder is covered by serous membrane.

• The muscular coat is very thick and consists of three layers, an outer longitudinal, middle circular and inner longitud inal
layers made up of plain muscle.
• The mucous membrane is lined by transitional epithelium, which is thick when the bladder contracted and thin when
distended with urine.
• In the distended condition, the cells are thin, flattened and stretched parallel to the wall resemble narrow spindle.
• There is no distinct submucosa.
• The deeper layers of propria have a looser arrangement and so help to form thick folds.
 URETHRA
• Transitional epithelium/Membranous-pseudo stratified columnar
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Circulatory system
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Cardiovascular system consists of :-
• A central propelling organ- the heart .
• A series of efferent tubes - the arteries, which by branching constantly
increase in number and decrease in caliber and which serve to carry the
blood form heart to the tissues.
• Minute anastamosing tubules - the capillaries into which the arteries
empty and through the walls of which the interchange of elements
between blood and the other tissue takes place.
• A system of converging tubes (the efferent tubes) - the veins which receive
blood form the capillaries, unite to form large vessels as they approach the
heart; and serve for draining the blood from that organ.
 BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM

• The entire system the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries has a

common lining, which consists of a single layer of cells forming
the endothelium.
• In the capillaries this single layer of cells forms the entire wall.
• nIn the heart, arteries and veins the endothelium is invested
with accessory coat of muscle and connective tissue.
 CAPILLARIES

• The wall of a capillary consists of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells

(simple squamous epithelium) separated by narrow intercellular spaces,
which are filled with a little intercellular cement.
• On surface view the cells appear as a delicate mosaic, which can be
demonstrated by precipitation of silver in the intercellular clefts.
• The cell borders are usually serrated or wavy.
• In fixed preparation, there is pronounced bulging of nuclei into the
lumen, due to shrinking of cytoplasm.
• Two endothelial cells and occasionally even one sufficient to form the
circumference of a small capillary.
• The capillary walls furnish the membrane for diffusion, filtration and
osmosis of fluids to and from the blood stream.
• The passage of fluid through the walls of the capillary is partially
dependent on the blood pressure within the capillaries and on the colloid
osmotic pressure of the blood.
• Recent play a significant role in increasing capillary permeability.
 ARTERIES&VEINS

• The wall of an artery is composed of three tunics or coats which are :-

• Innermost coat - the Tunica intima consisting of endothelium continuous with
that of capillaries.
• The middle coat - Tunica media consisting mainly of smooth muscle with
varying amounts of elastic and collagenous tissue.
• The outer coat - Tunica adventitia or externa composed of loose connective
tissue.
• The structure of these coats varies according to the artery and it is convenient
to distingarterie.

The venous wall is also composed of all three layers but is much thinner
due to reduction of muscular and elastic tissue components and lack of
limiting membranes.
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• Lymph capillaries:-
• These are like blood capillaries but are larger.
• Lymphatic capillaries are present in most tissues.
• Lymph vessels :-
• These are like veins in structure but their walls are thinner than veins
of corresponding caliber.
• They contain numerous valves, which are directed in the direction
of lymph flow.
Nervous system
• Nervous tissue is thus composed of two structural elements:
• nerve cells or neurons .
• glial cells, or neuroglia.

Nerve cells (neuron, neurocytus)

Nerve cells have elongated processes (dendrites and axons) that form complex
connections (synapses) with other cells.
Dendrites detect changes in their environment and transfer these signals to
the cell body (perikaryon), from which the stimulus is transmitted along the
axon.
• The perikaryon, comprising the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm, and
the numerous dendrites constitute the receptive portion of the neuron.
• Dendrites are extensively branched, elongated processes.
• At their extremities, they feature specific sensory receptors or form
synapses with other neurons, from which they receive stimuli.
• Each neuron has only one axon that transmits the signal away from the
cell body.
• Axons may divide in the periphery, sending out collateral branches.
• At the target organ, axons typically exhibit terminal branching, forming
the telodendritic zone.
 CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE CELLS

• Based on the number

of cell processes,
neurons are classified
as:-
• Unipolar
• Pseudo-unipolar
• Bipolar
• Multipolar
 Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium
Dense collagenous Dense connective tissue Loose connective tissue
connective tissue Layers of epithilioids Regulation of
Thick elastic fibres Form blood nerve barrier microenvironment of
Prevent damage by over neRve fibres
straching
 NEUROGLIAL CELLS
• Metabolic and mechanical support of neuron.
• Have phagocytosis function.
• CNS include the following neuroglial cells:-
1. Oligodendrocytes
2. Astrocytes
3. Ependymal cell
4. Microglial cell

• PNS include following neuroglial cells:-

1. Schwan cell
2. Satelite cell
1.Oligodendrocyte
• Produce myelin sheath in CNS
• Form node of ranvier
• Hetero chromatic nucleus

2.Astrocytes
• Form cellular scar tissue
• Form blood brain barrier
• Controlling the ionic and chemical
environment of neuron
3.Ependymal cell
• Formation of choroid plexus to
produce CSF
• Facillates the movement of CSF
• Columnar cilliated epithelial cells
;lines the cavity of brain and spinal
cord

4.Microglial cell
• Scattered through out the CNS
• Clearing debris
• Act as APC
1. Schwan cells
• Creat myelin sheath around most part of Axon
• The inner layers of the wrapping, which
are predominantly membrane material,
form the myelin sheath, while the
outermost layer of nucleated cytoplasm
forms the neurilemma.

2.Satellite cell
• Support group of cell bodies of neuron within
ganglia of PNS.
 GANGLIA
• Ovoid structure containing neuronal cell bodies, glial cells supported by
connective tissue.
1:-Sensoryy Ganglia (cell bodies of sensory neuron).
• Unipolar cell bodies enveloped by cuboidal capsule cells.
• Cranial ganglia : Associated with the cranial nerve.
• Spinal ganglia: Associated with the spinal nerve
2:-utonomicc Ganglia (cell bodies of postganglionic autonomic nerves)
• Multipolar neuron enveloped by satellite cells
• Some are located within certain organ (intramural)
 MENINGES

• 1.Duramater
• Dense collagenous connective tissue.
• 2.Arachnoid
• Fibroblast ,collagen and elastic fibre.
• Arachnoid villi formation
• 3.Piamater
• Loose connective tissue
• Blood vessels found
 CEREBELLAR CORTEX
• Surface cerebellum show transverse fissures which divide the
cerebellum into a number of lobules .
• Section of cerebellar cortex shows three layers, from out to inside
are:
• 1- Molecular Layer:-
• • Outer most layer mainly consists of cell processes.
• •These cell process may be dendrites or unmyelinated axon.
• •In this layer make the profuse synapses
• 2 - Purkinje Cell layer :
• •This layer contains the cell bodies of large multipalar neurons
called Purkinje cells.
• The purkinje cell consists large flask shaped
body.
• cytoplasm contains large number nissl
granules.
• 3- Granular Layer :
• •This layer consists of thickly populated
small cells called granule cells.
• •This layer shows irregular scattered lighter
staining area called as glomeruli or island
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS

• Pituitary gland
• Pineal gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid gland
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Adrenal gland
• Ovary
• Testis
 PITUITARY GLAND
• (A) Adenohypophysis
• (B) Neurohypophysis

(A)Adenohypophysis:-
1. Pars distalis
2. Pars intermedia
3. Pars tuberlais
Pars distalis:-
(a)Stroma
• Capsule
• Lobules
(b) Parenchyma
• Parenchyma
• Chromophobes:-50%,small cells :-Chromophills
• Acidophill
• Chromophill:-50% • Basophill

a. Acidophils: i- Somatotrope cells: (STH-cells) Small - rounded - (Yellow).

ii- Lactotrope cells: (LTH cells). Large - oval - (Orange).

b. Basophils: i- Thyrotrope cells: (TSH-cells) Large - polyhedral - (Blue).

ii- Gonadotrope cells: (GTH-cells) a) FSH cells: Small - polyhedral -
(Violet). b) LH cells: Large - polyhedral - (Violet).
iii- Corticotrope cells: (ACTH-cells) Very large - polyhedral - (Pink)
2) Pars tuberalis:. Cuboidal cells-cords.
3) Pars intermedia:- Small polyhedral cells

B- Neurohypophysis: = Pars nervosa

A) Stroma:
1. capsule. 2. Septa
B) Parenchyma:
1. Unmylinated nerve fibers from neurons of: a-Supraoptic nucleus.
b-- Paraventricular nucleus.
. 2. Herring bodies = (Axon terminals).
3. Pituicytes = neuroglia.
4. Capillaries and sinusoids.
 Thyroid gland

The Thyroid Gland

A- Stroma: a) Capsule : fibro-elastic c.t. b) Septa.
c) Interstitial c.t. : reticular fibers.
B- Parenchyma :
a) Thyroid follicles:
:-Rounded or oval. i- Single layer of cells: Cuboidal or columnar cells=
Active. Flat cells= Inactive. Golgi apparatus + rER + Mitochondria +
Microvilli.
ii- Follicular cavity: Follicular fluid: Few & basophilic = active.
Abundant, acidophilic = Inactive.
• b) Parafollicular cells (C-cells): Pale, large cells.
Golgi apparatus. + Mitochondria. +rER
 PARATHYROID GLAND

• The Parathyroid Gland:

• A- Stroma: a) Capsule: fine. b) Septa.
c) Interstitial c.t. : reticular fibers.
• B- Parenchyma: Cell cords. a) Chief cells:
(Numerous)
• (b) oxyphilic cells
 ADRENAL GLAND
• A- Stroma: a) Capsule: Collagenous + elastic + reticular fibers. b)
Septa: till the corticomedullary junction. c) Interstitial c.t.: reticular
fibers.
• B- Parenchyma: 1. Adrenal cortex:
• a) Zona glomerulosa: = Zona arcuata (in horses). Short columnar cells -
sinusoids.
• b) Zona fasiculata: Light polyhedral cells-cords-sinusoids.
• c) Zona reticularis; Small cells-anastomosing sinusoids.

• 2. Adrenal medulla:
• a) Chromaffin cells; Columnar cells - chromaffin granules.
• b) Sympathetic ganglion cells: Large nerve cells.
 PINEAL GLAND
• The pineal gland consists of several
types of cells, principally pinealocytes
and astrocytes.
• Histologically, pinealocytes have a
slightly basophilic cytoplasm with
large irregular or lobate nuclei and
sharply defined nucleoli.
 OVARY
• The ovaries are small almond shaped structures, covered by a thick
connective tissue capsule - the tunica albuginea.
• This is covered by a simple squamous mesothelium called the germinal
epithelium.
• The ovary has a cortex, which is where the ovarian follicles can be found,
and a highly vascular medulla, with coiled arteries called helicrine arteries
• The oocytes are surrounded by epithelial cells and form follicles. The ovary
contains many primordial follicles, which are mostly found around the
edges of the cortex. There are fewer follicles in different stages of
development.
 TESTIS
• The dense connective tissue of the tunica albuginea is continuous with
the loose areolar connective tissue of the septuli testis (septa) which
extend through the parenchyma of the testis and divide it into lobules.
• Each lobule is composed of several seminiferous tubules (tubuli contorti)
and the surrounding connective tissue
• The interstitium is composed of loose connective tissue containing
fibroblasts and Leydig cells (interstitial cells).
• Each testis is suspended at the end of a tissue called the spermatic cord
which contains the ductus deferens, the blood vessels, and the nerves
supplying the testis.
Male reproductive
system
 MALE GENITAL SYSTEM

• Testis
• Epididymus
• Vas deferens
• Accesory genital glands
• Urethra
• Penis.
 EPIDIDYMUS
• Epididymis is a highly convoluted tube to form a solid body so that in
section the tube is cut several times.
• The duct is enveloped by collagenous tunic, which contains circular
smooth muscle.
• The duct has a wide lumen and the mucosa has no folds.
• The epithelium is pseudostratified columnar ciliated and consists of
two types of cell-tall columnar cells with sterocilia and small angular
basal cells which do not reach the surface.
• Columnar cells show elongated nuclei at different levels and contain
secretory granules.
• Basal cells contain lipids and so in ordinary preparations stain light.
• The lumen shows clumps of spermatozoa.
 VAS DEFRENS

• Ductus deferens or Vas deferens has a mucosa, muscularis and

fibrosa.
• The mucosa form longitudinal folds and is lined by pseudostratified
columnar cells similar to that of ductus epididymis.
• But the cells are low and stereocilia shows variable distribution,
absent form some cells and present in others.
• Lamina propria is rich in elastic tissue.
• Muscularis is the thickest coat and shows three layers - inner
longitudinal, middle circular and outer longitudinal.
• The inner muscular layer is thin.
• The middle circular layer is the thickest
and in the stallion, bull and carnivores
the fibres of the three layers are
interwoven so that the layers are less
distinct.
• Outer fibrous coat shows blood vessels
and nerves.
 ACCESSORY GENITAL GLANDS
• These open into the urethra and include seminal vesicles, prostate and
bulbourethral or cowper’s glands.

Seminal vesical
Seminal vesicle of bull is a thick-walled sacculated tube bent on itself
several times in a tortuous manner, to form lobules separated by heavy
smooth muscular septa.
The capsule and the septa contain abundant plain muscle fibres, a feature
characteristic of all accessory glands. The mucosa is thin shows primary
folds which branch into secondary and tertiary folds
• These project into the lumen and forms by anastomosis numerous
cavities of different sizes separated by thin partitions of lamina propria,
all open into the large central cavity.
• Prostate gland Cowper's gland Epithelium is pseudostratified columnar
being composed of columnar cells and irregularly shaped basal cells.
• Seminal Vesicles are absent in carnivores. In horse they are true vesicles
showing mucosa, muscularis and adventitia.
 BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
• Each is a lobulated compound tubuloacinar gland covered by a
fibrous capsule overlaid by striated muscle.
• The stroma between the alveoli consists of fibro-elastic tissue
with a few plain muscle fibres.
• The secretory portions may be tubular or alveolar.
• Lining epithelium shows variations depending on functional
stage.
• It may be columnar or cuboidal.
• Most of the columnar cells are of the mucous type, but the nucleus is
spherical, located at the base of cells.
• The cytoplasm stains basophilic but some cells may show a granular
acidiphilic cytoplasm.
• Smaller ducts are lined by simple columnar epithelium and main ducts
stratified columnar epithelium.
• Smallerr’s glands are absent in carnivores.
 PROSTATE GLAND

• Prostate is a compound tubulo-alveolar gland surrounded by a

capsule, which contains abundant plain muscular tissue.
• From this capsule broad septa penetrate and form a network in the
interior of the gland.
• The septa and the abundant stroma, which separates the alveoli,
contain plenty of plain muscle fibres.
• The alveoli are lined by columnar epithelium.
• They show folds, which subdivide the lumen into compartment
• The columnar cells may be tall or short, cytoplasm of cells is
finally granular.
• Each lobule is traversed by an axial duct.
• Ducts are lined by columnar epithelium, but near termination in
the urethra it becomes transitional.
 PENIS
• The erectile corpus cavernosum penis, whose two crura are attached
to the ischial arch.
• Corpus cavermosum urethrae or corpus spongiosum penis
surrounding urethra muscles.
• Glans penis forms the tip of penis.
• Consists of the corpora cavernosa, which have a capsule, a system of
trabeculae and the true erectile tissue.
• The fibrous capsule the tunica albuginea is a thick membrane of
dense collagenous tissue with elastic fibres.
• It gives off similarly constructed trabeculae which are inter-
connected to form a coarse frame work.
• The trabeculae forms a median septum between two corpora, between
the trabeculae is the erectile tissue proper, which is a vast-sponge like
system of irregular vascular spaces intercalated between afferent arteries
and efferent veins.
• It consists of a fine framework of lamellae and cords, continuous with
the trabeculae and albuginea and encloses communicating spaces called
cavernous spaces.
• The spaces are longitudinal and are best developed in the crura.
• The spaces are lined by endothelium, which is continued into that of
arteries and veins.
• Erection of the body of penis is brought about by filling in of the cavernous
spaces with arterial blood and prevention of regress of blood through
veins.
• Constriction of arteries and slow emptying of cavernous spaces by
contraction of smooth muscle and elastic fibres terminate erection.

• The corpus spongiousum or corpus cavernosum urethrae have a similar

structure but the albuginea is thin and contains more elastic fibres.
• The trabeculae are thin lacunae are more or less of uniform size.
• The urethra (penile part) passes through the corpus spongiosum.
• The mucous membrane is thrown into folds and is lined by transitional
epithelium.
 SPECIES DIFFERENCES
• In man, three distinct bodies form penis and a median septum clearly
demarcates the two corpora cavernosa.
• The median septum is present only near the root of the penis in ruminants
and boar but is continuous throughout the body in dog.
• In stallion and cat, the septum is not continuous.
• The intercavernous framework is composed of fibroelastic tissue in
ruminants and boar and smooth muscle is also present in the horse and
dog.
• Scattered adipose tissue occurs in the penis of domestic animals.
• In the bull, the corpus cavernosum largely consists of fibrous tissue but the
erectile tissue is also present to a limited extent, which serves to stiffen
the penis rather to enlarge it.
Female reproductive
system
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Ovary
• Oviduct
• Uterus
• Vagina
• Mammary glands
 OVIDUCT

• Wall of the oviduct is composed of a mucosa, muscularis and serosa.

• Mucosa bears a columnar epithelium, parts of which are psuedostratified
in the rurminants.
• The epithelium contains columnar cells some of which are ciliated, whereas
others are not ciliated.
• The mucosa forms large primary and small secondary folds.
• The lamina propria is composed of a richly cellular connective tissue.
• The muscularis chiefly consists of circularly arranged plain muscle fibres.
• The serosa has the usual structure of mesothelium.
• The structure of oviduct shows gradual variations from its ovarian to the uteine
end.
• Mucosal folds are pronounced at the uterine end gradually decrease and become
negligible at the uterine end.
• The muscular coat becomes thicker towards the uterine end.

• The epithelium also shows changes during different stages of oestrus cycle.
• The epithelium becomes taller with greater secretory activity just before and
during the oestrus period.
 UTERUS

• Wall of the uterus is madeup of a mucosa, muscularis and serosa.

• Muscosa or Endometrium: bears a columnar epithelium.
• The cells are secretory in type.
• Lamina propria contains uterine glands.
• These glands are simple branched tubular glands which are coiled towards their
ends.
• The connective tissue stroma resembling mesenchyme or embryonal connective
tissue surrounds the glands.
• Epithelium of the glands is simple columnar which are sometimes ciliated.
• Submucosa: It is absent.
• Muscularis or myometrium: consists of three layers of plain muscle fibres
- an inner longitudinal, a middle circular and a thin outer layer
composed of both longitudinal and circular fibres.
• The middle circular layer is thickest and forms the bulk of the muscular
coat.
• Between the middle and outer layers is layers is layer of connective tissue
stratum vasulare containing numerous blood vessels.
• Serosa or Perimetrium: is continuous with the broad ligament and has
the structure of mesothelium.
 SPECIES DIFFERENCE
• The endometrium is line by stratified epithelium in ruminants and sow.
• The uterine glands in carnivores show least branching and coiling.
• In the mare they are highly coiled and branched and in the ruminants and sow, they are
much wider superficially and in the deeper portion they are narrow, strongly coiled and
branched.
• In the ruminants, the mucosa bears non-glandular projections, the caruncles which are
small prominences in non-pregnant animals but develop into large, complex structures
in pregnant animals.
• They consist of highly cellular connective tissue covered by epithelium.
• Theyuterine glands open on the intercaruncular mucosa.
 VAGINA

• The wall of the vagina consists of a mucosa, muscularis and fibrosa.

• The mucosa is non-glandular and is thrown into folds.
• It is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
• The lamina propria consists of loose connective tissue especially rich in elastic
fibres.
• It contains diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and solitary lymph nodules may also
be present.
• The muscularis consists of an inner thicker circular layers and a thin outer
longitudinal layer of plain muscle.
• The fibrosa consists of dense connective tissue with many coarse elastic
fibres and contain large blood vessels and nerves.
• At the anterior part there is serosa which has the usual structure of serous
membrane.
• The vagina also undergoes structural changes during the various stages of
oestrus cycle.
• The changes are chiefly in the mucosa which increase in thickness and
number of layers of the epithelium during proestrus and oestrus.
• Cornification to varying degrees in different species at oestrus followed by
desquamation at metestrus, the epithelium being low in height at diestrus.
 SPECIES DIFFERENCE

• In the cow, the anterior end of the vagina has an epithelium which is
lined by high columnar cells and secrete mucous.
• The cornfication of the vaginal mucosa is pronounced in rodents,
carnivores and ewe and is not distinct in cow.
MAMMARY GLANDS
• The mammary gland is a compound tubuloalveolar gland.
• The capsule is fibroelastic and from the capsule, tough connective tissue
septa containing elastic fibres, smooth muscle and adipose tissue enter the
gland and separate the gland into lobes and lobules.
• The amount of inter lobular connective tissue varies considerably with the
functional status of the gland, being greatly reduced in a lactating gland.
• The parenchyma consists of secretory tubules with alveoli lined by short
columnar or cuboidal epithelium resting on a delicate basement membrane.
• The appearance of epithelium depends on the phase of secretion.
• During the onset of milk formation the granular cells are taller and show fat
globules at the luminal end.
• After extrusion of secretion, cells become flattened because the apical
portions are cast off as secretion (apocrine gland).
• The cell borders are indistinct. In a lobule, alveoli in different phase of
secretion may be seen, with high or flattened epithelium.
• Ducts: (lactiferous ducts) smallest ducts are lined by secretory epithelium.
• Larger ducts by columnar and still larger ones by two-layered columnar
epithelium.
• Towards the termination there is stratified squamous epithelium.
• Non-functional gland: Shows abundant interstitial connective tissue.
• Parenchyma shows only ducts and few alveoli.
Thank you