GM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

LECTURE MATERIAL
ON
INTERNET OF THINGS & WSN
VIII SEMESTER

PREPARED BY
Mrs.CHAITRA SN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Course objectives:
To provide an exposure to the broad perspective of Internet of Things with respect to the
characteristics, design, technologies and applications.
To provide a basic understanding of the important aspects of Wireless sensor networks covering
applications, sensor and transmission technology & systems, middleware, performance and traffic
management.

Course outcome (Course Skill Set)

At the end of the course the student will be able to:
1. Understand the characteristics, building blocks, enabling technologies of the IoT systems
2. Describe the characteristics and applications of domain specific IoTs.
3. Discuss the overview of the Wireless sensor networks characteristics and applications.
4. Present the sensor, transmission technology and systems associated with WSN.
5. Understand the concepts of middleware, performance evaluation and traffic management in WSN.

Module-1
Internet of Things: Introduction, Physical design, Logical design, Enabling technologies, Levels &
deployment templates.
Text 1: Chapter 1

Module-2
Domain Specific IoTs: Home automation, cities, environment, energy, retail, logistics, agriculture,
industry, health & lifestyle.
Text 1: Chapter 2

Module-3
Wireless Sensor Networks: Introduction, applications of sensor networks, basic overview of the
technology, basic sensor network architectural elements, present day sensor network research,
challenges and hurdles, examples of Category 2 WSN applications, examples of Category 1 WSN
applications

Module-4
Wireless sensor technology: Introduction, sensor node technology – overview, hardware and
software, sensor taxonomy, WN operating environment, WN trends.Wireless Transmission
technology and systems: Introduction, Campus applications, MAN/WAN
applications.
Text 2: Chapter 3: 3.1, 3.2 – 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 Chapter 4: 4.1, 4.3.1, 4.3.2

Module-5
Middleware for WSNs: Introduction, principles, architecture, data related functions
Performance and traffic management: background, WSN Design issues, performance modelling of
WSNs.
Text 2: Chapter 8: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.3.1 Chapter 11: 11.2, 11.3, 11.4

TEXT BOOK:
1. Internet of Things - A Hands-on Approach, Arshdeep Bahga and Vijay Madisetti,
Universities Press, 2015, ISBN: 9788173719547

2. Getting Started with Raspberry Pi, Matt Richardson & Shawn Wallace, O'Reilly (SPD),
2014, ISBN: 9789350239759.
IoT & Wireless Sensor Networks

UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

Introduction:
The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a
modified Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first internet-connected
appliance, able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold. Kevin Ashton
(born 1968) is a British technology pioneer who is known for inventing the term "the Internet of
Things" to describe a system where the Internet is connected to the physical world via ubiquitous
sensors. IoT is able to interact without human intervention. Some preliminary IoT applications
have been already developed in healthcare, transportation, and automotive industries. IoT
technologies are at their infant stages; however, many new developments have occurred in the
integration of objects with sensors in the Internet. The development of IoT involves many issues
such as infrastructure, communications, interfaces, protocols, and standards. The objective of this
paper is to give general concept of IoT, the architecture and layers in IoT, some basic terms
associated with it and the services provided. The below fig 1.1 give an example things connected
to internet.
The IOT concept was coined by a member of the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
development community in 1999, and it has recently become more relevant to the practical world
largely because of the growth of mobile devices, embedded and ubiquitous communication, cloud
computing and data analytics

Fig 1.1: Things connected to Internet.

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Definition of IoT:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices, instruments,
vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, circuits , software, sensors and
network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The Internet of
Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing networkinfrastructure,
creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based
systems, and resulting in improved efficiency and accuracy.
IoT refers to the interconnection via the internet of computing devices embedded in
everyday objects, enabled them to send and receive the data.
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self- configuring capabilities based on
standard and interoperable communication protocols, where physical and virtual “things” have
identities, physical attributes, and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into
information network that communicate data with users and environments.

Characteristics of IoT :
1. Dynamic & Self-Adapting: IoT device and system may have the capability to dynamically adapt
with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions, user’s context, or
sensed environment. For example, consider a surveillance adpt their modes based on the weather
it is day or night, cameras could switch from lower resolution to higher resolution modes when
any motion is detected and alert nearby cameras to do the same.
2. Self-Configuring: IoT devices may have self-configuring capability, allowing a large number of
devices to work together to provide certain functionality (such as weather monitoring). These
devices have the ability configure themselves, setup the networking and fetch latest software
upgrades with minimal manual or user intervention.
3. Interoperable Communication Protocols: IoT devices may support a number of interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure.
4. Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as an IP
address). IoT systems may have intelligent interface which adapt based on the context, allow
communicating with user and the environmental contexts, IoT device interfaces allow users to
query the devices, monitor their status and control them remotely.
5. Integrated into Information Network: IoT devices are usually integrated into the information
network that allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems, IoT
dvices can be dynamically discovered in the network, by other devices and/or the network, and
have the capability to describe themselves to other devices or user applications.

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Physical Design of IoT

Things in IoT
1. Refers to IoT devices which have unique identities that can perform sensing, actuating
and monitoring capabilities.
2. IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices or collect data from other
devices and process the data either locally or send the data to centralized servers or cloud
– based application back-ends for processing the data.

Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device:

An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless. The below Fig 1.2 shows the block diagram of an IoT
Device.
◦ I/O interfaces for sensors
◦ Interfaces for internet connectivity
◦ Memory and storage interfaces
◦ Audio/video interfaces

Fig 1.2: Block Diagram of an IoT Device

IoT Protocols:

The IoT devices are typically connected to the Internet via an IP (Internet Protocol) network.
However, devices such as Bluetooth and RFID allow IoT devices to connect locally. In these cases,
there’s a difference in power, range, and memory used. Connection through IP networks
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are comparatively complex, requires increased memory and power from the IoT devices while the
range is not a problem. On the other hand, non-IP networks demand comparatively less power
and memory but have a range limitation.

As far as the IoT communication protocols or technologies are concerned, a mix of both IP and
non-IP networks can be considered depending on usage.

Fig 1.3 shows Four Layer of IoT Protocol

1. Link Layer
2. Network Layer
3. Transport Layer
4. Application Layer

Fig 1.3 Four Layer IoT Protocol

1. Link Layer:
In computer networking, the link layer is the lowest layer in the Internet protocol suite,
the networking architecture of the Internet. The link layer is the group of methods and
communications protocols confined to the link that a host is physically connected to. The link is
the physical and logical network component used to interconnect hosts or nodes in the network
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and a link protocol is a suite of methods and standards that operate only between adjacent
network nodes of a network segment.

Table 1.1: different methods of link layer with standards.

Ethernet Standard

Sr.No Standard Shared medium

1 802.3 Coaxial cable

2 802.3.i Copper Twisted pair

3 802.3.j Fiber Optic

4 802.3.ae Fiber…..10Gbits/s

WiFi Standard

S.No Standard Operates in

1 802.11a 5 GHz band

2 802.11b& 802.11g 2.4GHz band

3 802.11.n 2.4/5 GHz bands

4 802.11.ac 5GHz band

5 802.11.ad 60Hz band

WiMax Standard

S.No Standard Data Rate

1 802.16m 100Mb/s for mobile stations, 1Gb/s for fixed stations

Mobile Communication Standard

Sr.No Standard Operates in

1 2G GSM-CDMA

2 3G UMTS and CDMA 2000

3 4G LTE

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The above Table 1.1 shows the different method of link layer with different
standards. For Ethernet method Data Rates are provided from 10Gbit/s to 40Gb/s and
higher. Collection of Wireless LAN Data Rates from 1Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s. Collection of
Wireless Broadband standards Data Rates from 1.5Mb/s to 1 Gb/s. LR-WPAN: Collection
of standards for low-rate wireless personal area networks, Basis for high level
communication protocols such as Zigbee, Data Rates from 40Kb/s to 250Kb/s. 2G/3G/4G
–Mobile Communication: Data Rates from 9.6Kb/s (for 2G) to up to 100Mb/s (for 4G).

2. Network/Internet Layer:
The internet layer is a group of internetworking methods, protocols, and specifications in
the Internet protocol suite that are used to transport network packets from the originating host
across network boundaries; if necessary, to the destination host specified by an IP address. The
internet layer derives its name from its function facilitating internetworking, which is the concept
of connecting multiple networks with each other through gateways.
• Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from source to destination network
• Performs the host addressing and packet routing
• Host identification is done using hierarchical IP addressing schemes such as IPV4 or IPV6
IPV4
Used to identify the devices on a network using hierarchical addressing scheme
Uses 32-bit address scheme
IPV6
Uses 128-bit address scheme
6LoWPAN (IPV6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network)
Used for devices with limited processing capacity, Operates in 2.4 Ghz , Data Rates of
250Kb/s.

3. Transport Layer:
In computer networking, the transport layer is a conceptual division of methods in the
layered architecture of protocols in the network stack in the Internet protocol suite and the OSI
model. The protocols of this layer provide host-to-host communication services for applications.
It provides services such as connection-oriented communication, reliability, flow control, and
multiplexing.

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The best-known transport protocol of the Internet protocol suite is the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP). It is used for connection-oriented transmissions, whereas the
connectionless User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is used for simpler messaging transmissions.

• Provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the underlying network

• It provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow-control and congestion
control
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
• Connection Oriented
• Ensures Reliable transmission
• Provides Error Detection Capability to ensure no duplicacy of packets and retransmit lost
packets
• Flow Control capability to ensure the sending data rate is not too high for the receiver
process
• Congestion control capability helps in avoiding congestion which leads to degradation of
n/w performance
User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
• Connectionless
• Does not ensures Reliable transmission
• Does not do connection before transmitting
• Does not provide proper ordering of messages
• Transaction oriented and stateless

4. Application Layer:
An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared communications
protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. The application layer
abstraction is used in both of the standard models of computer networking: the Internet Protocol
Suite (TCP/IP) and the OSI model. Although both models use the same term for their respective
highest level layer, the detailed definitions and purposes are different.
Hyper Transfer Protocol:
• Forms foundation of World Wide Web(WWW)
• Includes commands such as GET,PUT, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE..etc
• Follows a request-response model
• Uses Universal Resource Identifiers(URIs) to identify HTTP resources.
Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP):
• Used for Machine to machine (M2M) applications meant for constrained devices and
n/w’s
• Web transfer protocol for IoT and uses request-response model

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• Uses client –server architecture

• Supports methods such as GET,POST, PUT and DELETE
WebSocket:
• Allows full-duplex communication over single socket, Based on TCP, Client can be a
browser, IoT device or mobile application
Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT):
• light-weight messaging protocol, Based on publish-subscribe model, Well suited for
constrained environments where devices have limited processing, low memory and n/w
bandwith requirement
XMPP:
• Extensible messaging and presence protocol, For Real time communication and streaming
XML data between n/w entities, Used for Applications such as Multi-party chat and
voice/video calls.

Logical Design of IoT:

Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the entities
and processes without going into the low-level specifics of the implementation.

An IoT system comprises a number of functional blocks that provide the system the
capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication and management.
Fig 1.4 shows the functional block diagram of IoT. Blew are the individual block
explanation.
1. Device : Devices such as sensing, actuation, monitoring and control functions.
2. Communication : IoT Protocols
3. Services like device monitoring, device control services, data publishing services and
device discovery
4. Management : Functions to govern the system
5. Security : Functions as authentication, authorization, message and content integrity, and
data security Applications

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Fig 1.4: Functional Block Diagram of IoT.

IoT Communication Modules:
1. Request–Response Communication Model:
• Request–Response is a communication model in which the client sends requests to the
server and the server responds to the requests.
• When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the data, retrieves
resource representations, prepares the response and then sends the response to the client.
• Stateless communication model, Fig 1.5 shows the block diagram of Request-Response
Communication Model.

Fig 1.5: Request–Response Communication Model.

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2. Publish–Subscribe Communication Model:

• Publish–Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers and
consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics which are
managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers. Fig 1.6 shows the block diagram of Publish-Subscribe
Communication Model.

Fig 1.6: Publish–Subscribe Communication Model.

3. Push–Pull Communication Model:
• Push–Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the data to
queues and the consumers pull the data from the queues. Producers do not need to be
aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch between the
rate at which the producers push data and the rate at which the consumers pull data. Fig
1.7 shows the block diagram of Push-Pull Communication Model.

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Fig 1.7: Push–Pull Communication Model.

4. Exclusive Pair Communication Model:

• Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a persistent
connection between the client and the server.
• Once the connection is set up it, remains open until the client sends a request to close the
connection.
• Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup. Fig 1.8 shows
the block diagram of Exclusive Pair Communication Model

Fig 1.8: Exclusive Pair Communication Model.

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IoT Communication APIs:

1. REST-based Communication APIs:
• Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which
you can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources and
how resource states are addressed and transferred.
• REST APIs follow the request–response communication model. Fig 1.9 shows the
RESET API Architecture diagram.
• REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors and data
elements within a distributed hypermedia system.

Fig 1.9: REST API Architecture.

Constraints:
Client – Server
Stateless
Cacheable
Layered System
Uniform Interface
Code on demand

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Fig 1.10: RESET API Constrants.

2. Web Socket-based Communication APIs:
• WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between clients
and servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model.

Fig1.11 WebSocket Protocol.

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Difference between REST and WebSocket-based Communication APIs:

Comparison Based REST Websocket

on

State Stateless Stateful

Directional Unidirectional Bidirectional

Req-Res/Full Duplex Follow Request Response Model Exclusive Pair Model

TCP Connections Each HTTP request involves Involves a single TCP

setting up a new TCP Connection Connection for all
requests

Header Overhead Each request carries HTTP Does not involve

Headers, hence not suitable for real- overhead of headers.
time

Scalability Both horizontal and vertical are Only Vertical is easier

easier

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IoT Enabling Technologies:

1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN):
• Distributed Devices with sensors used to monitor the environmental and physical
conditions
• Consists of several end-nodes acting as routers or coordinators too
• Coordinators collects data from all nodes / acts as gateway that connects WSN to
internet
• Routers route the data packets from end nodes to coordinators.
Example:
Weather monitoring system
Indoor Air quality monitoring system
Soil moisture monitoring system
Survelliance systems
Health monitoring systems
Protocols:
Zigbee

Fig 1.12: wireless Sensors.

2. Cloud Computing:

• Deliver applications and services over internet

• Provides computing, networking and storage resources on demand
• Cloud computing performs services such as Iaas, Paas and Saas
• Iaas : Rent Infrastructure
• Paas : supply an on-demand environment for developing, testing, delivering and
managing software applications.
• Saas : method for delivering software applications over the Internet, on demand
and typically on a subscription basis.
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Fig 1.13 Cloud Computing Physical Diagram

3. Big Data Analytics:

• Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is too large and difficult to
store, manage, process and analyze the data using traditional databases.
• It involves data cleansing, processing and visualization
• Lots of data is being collected and warehoused
• Web data, e-commerce
purchases at department/ grocery stores
Bank/Credit Card transactions
Social Network

Fig 1.14 Big Data Analytics Physical Diagram.

Variety Includes different types of data
Structured, Unstructured, SemiStructured, All of above
Velocity Refers to speed at which data is processed
Batch, Real-time, STreams
Volume refers to the amount of data
Terabyte, Records, Transactions, Files, Tables

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4. Embedded Systems:

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An Embedded System is a computer system that has computer hardware and

software embedded toperform specific tasks. In constrast to general purpose computers
which can perform various typpes of asks, embedded systems are designed to pperform a
specific set of tasks. Key components of an embedded system include, microproceessoror
microcontroller, memory(RAM, ROM, Cache) and Input/Output Units.

Communication Protocols:
Communication protocols from the backbone of IoT systems and enabled network
connectivity and coupling to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to
exchange data over the network. In internet protocol session we discussed about various
Link, Network, Transport and Application Layer protocols.
IoT Levels and Deployment Templates:
An IoT system comprises the following components:
• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote
monitoring capabilities.
• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for accessing, processing
and storing sensor information, or for controlling actuators connected to the device.
Resources also include the software components that enable network access for the device.
• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the device and
interacts with the web services. Controller service sends data from the device to the web
service and receives commands from the application (via web services) for controlling the
device.
• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by the
IoT device.
• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application, database
and analysis components. Web service can be implemented using HTTP and REST
principles (REST service) or using the WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
• Analysis Component: This is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and generating results
in a form that is easy for the user to understand.
• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also allow users to view the system
status and the processed data.

IoT Level-1:
• A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing and/or actuation,
stores data, performs analysis and hosts the application.

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• Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modelling low-cost and low-complexity solutions
where the data involved is not big and the analysis requirements are not computationally
intensive.

Example -Home Automation System:

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IoT Level-2:
• A level-2 IoT system has
a single node that
performs sensing and/or
actuation and local
analysis.

• Data is stored in the cloud and the application is usually cloud-based.

• Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big; however,
the primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done
locally.

Example-Smart Irrigation:

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IoT Level 3:
Level 3 system has a single node . Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud application is
cloud-based. Level 3 IoT system suitable for solutions where the data involved is big and
analysis requirements computationally intensive.
Let us considered example of Level 3 IoT system tracking package handling. The system
consists of a single node that monitors the vibration level for package being shipped.
The device in the system uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensor for monitoring vibration
levels. The controller service send sensor data to the cloud in real time using a website
service. The data is stored in the cloud and also visualized using a cloud based application.
The analysis component in the cloud can Trigger alert the vibration level become greater
than threshold. The benefit of using websocket service instead of the REST service this
example the sensor data can be sent in real-time to the cloud. Cloud based application can
subscribe to the sensor data feeds for you in the real-time data.

IoT Level-4:
• A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored in the
cloud and the application is cloud-based.
• Level-4 contains local and cloud-based observer nodes which can subscribe to and
receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required, the data
involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.

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Example-Noise Monitoring:

IoT Level-5:
• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node.

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• The end nodes perform sensing and/or actuation.

• The coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends it to the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and the application is cloud-based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in which
the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.

IoT Level-6:
• A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing and/or
actuation and send data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and the application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the results in the cloud database.
• The results are visualized with the cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control
commands to the nodes.

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MODULE 2
DOMAIN SPECIFIC IoTs
2.1 Introduction:
Internet of things applications span wide range of Dubai including homes, cities environment,
energy systems, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture and health.

2.2 Home Automation:

2.2.1 Smart lighting :
Smart lighting for homes helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the ambient condition
and switching on/off or dimming the lights when needed. Key enabling technologies for smart
lighting include solid-state lighting such as LED light and IP enabled the lights.
For solid state lighting solution both spectral and temporal characteristics can be configured to
adapt illumination to various needs. Smart lighting solutions for Home achieve energy saving by
sensing the human movements and their environments and controlling the lights accordingly.
Wireless enabled and internet connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT applications
such as a mobile or web application. Smart lights with sensor for occupancy, Temperature Lux
level etc can be configured to adapt the lighting based on the ambient conditions sensed, in order
to provide a good ambience. In controllable LED lighting system is presented that is embedded
with ambient intelligence gathered from a distributed smart wireless sensor network to optimize
and control the lighting system to be more efficient and user oriented, A solid state lighting model
is implemented on your wireless sensor network that provide services for sensing illumination
changes and dynamically adjusting luminary brightness according to user preferences.

2.2.2 Smart Appliances

Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs, refrigerator, music system, washer /
dryer etc. Managing and controlling these appliances can be cumbersome with the each appliance
having its own controls or remote controls. Smart appliance make the management easier and
also provide status information to the user remotely.
Examples smart watches /dryers that can be controlled remotely and notify when the washing /
driving cycle is complete smart thermostat Allow controlling the temperature remotely and can
learn the user preferences smart refrigerator can keep track of the item stored and send update to
the user when an item is low on stock.
Smart TV Allows user to search and stream videos and movies from the internet on a local storage
drive, search TV channel schedule and fetch news weather updates and other content from the
internet.
Open remote is an open source automation platform for homes buildings. Open remote is
platform agnostic and works with standard hardware. With OpenRemote, user can control
various appliances using mobile or web publications.
OpenRemote comprises of three components - a controller that manages scheduling and runtime
integrations between device, a designer that allows you to create both configuration for the
controller and create user interface design and control panel that allow you to interact with the
devices and control them.
2.2.3 Intrusion Detection:
Home Intrusion detection system used security cameras and sensor such as PIR sensors and door
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sensor to detect intrusion and raise alert. Alerts can be in the form of an SMS and an email sent
to the user.
Advanced systems can even send detailed alert such as an image grab or a short video clip send
to email attachment. cloud controlled intrusion detections system is described in that uses
location aware services, where the geo location of each node of your home automation system
used independently detected and the stored in the cloud in the event of Institutions the cloud
services alert the accurate neighbors who are using the home automation system
is independently detected and stored in the cloud.
Event of intrusion, the cloud services after the accurate neighbors or local police. In an intrusion
detection system based on UPnP technology is described. The system uses image processing to
recognize the Institutions and extract institution subject and to generate Universal plug and play
instant messaging for alert .

2.2.4 Smoke / Gas Detector

Smoke detectors are installed in home and buildings to detect smoke that is typically and early
sign of Fire. Smoke detectors use optical detection class ionization for sampling techniques to
detect smoke.
Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be in the form of signals to fire alarm system. Gas detectors
can detect the presence of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide liquid Petroleum gas (LPG).
A Smoke / gas detector raise alerts in human was this describing where the problem is send or
an SMS or email to the user or the local fire safety department and provide visual feedback on
its status the design of the system that detects gas leakage on smoke and it gives visual level
indication.

2.3 Cities:
2.3.1 Smart Parking
Finding a parking space during rush hours in crowded cities can be time consuming and
frustrating. Further for the more drivers blindly searching for parking spaces create additional
traffic conditions for Star smart parking make the search for parking space easier and convenient
for drivers.
Smart parking for powered by IoT system that detect the number of empty parking slots and send
the information over the internet to smart parking application back ends.These applications can
be accessed by the drivers from smartphones, tablets and in car navigation system .
In smart parking sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is empty or
occupied. This information is aggregated by your local controller and then send over the internet
to the database.
Design and implementation of a prototype smart parking system based on wireless sensor
Network Technology with just like a remote parking monitoring ,automated guidance , and
departing reservations mechanism .

2.3.2 Smart Lighting :

Smart lighting system for road parks and building can help in saving energy. According to a IEA
report, lightening is responsible for 19 % of global electricity use and around 6% of global
Greenhouse gas emission.
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Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also adapted to the ambient
conditions. Smart lights connected to the internet can be controlled remotely to configure lighting
schedules and lighting intensity.
Lighting configuration can be set for different situations such as a foggy day, a festival etc. Smart.
Lights equipped with the sensors and can communicate with other lights and exchange
information on the sensed ambient conditions to adapt lightening.

2.3.3 Smart Road

Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving conditions, travel time
estimates and alerts in case of poor driving conditions , traffic congestions and accidents . Such
information can help in making the roads safe and help in reducing traffic jams .
Information sense to from the roads can be communicated via internet to cloud based applications
and social media and disseminated to the drivers who subscribed to such applications.
Distributed and autonomous systems of sensor networks notes for improving driving safety
proposed system can provide the drivers and passengers with a consistent view of the road
situations of a few hundred meters ahead of them or a few dozen miles away, so that they can
react to potential dangers early enough.

2.3.4 Structural Health Monitoring:

Structural health monitoring system uses a network of sensors to monitor the vibrations levels in
the structures such as bridges and buildings. The data collected from the sensors is analyzed to
assess the health of The structures .
By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical breakdown, locate the damage
to a structure and also calculate the remaining life of the structure. Using such systems advance
warning can be given in the case of imminent failure of the structure.
An environmental effect removal based structural health monitoring schemes is an IoT
environment is proposed. Since structural health monitoring schemes use large number of
wireless sensor nodes which are powered by traditional batteries researchers are exploring energy
harvesting Technologies to harvesting ambient energy, such as mechanical vibrations, sunlight
and wind.

2.3.5 Surveillance
Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and even in cities is required to ensure safety and
security. City wide surveillance infrastructure comprising of large number of distributed and
internet connected video surveillance cameras can be created. The video feeds from surveillance
cameras can be aggregated in cloud based storage solutions. Cloud-based video analytics
applications can be deployed to search for patterns for specific events from the video feed.

2.3.6 Emergency Response

IoT Systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure in cities such as building , gas
and water pipelines, public transport and power substation systems. IoT systems for fire
directions, gas and water leakage directions can help in generating alerts and minimizing their
effects on the critical infrastructure.
IoT systems for critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregations and sharing of information
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is collected from large number of sensors. Cloud based architecture multi model information
such as sensor data, audio, video feeds can be analyzed in near real-time to detect adverse event.
Response to alerts generated by such systems can be in the form of alerts sent to the public , re-
routing of traffic, evacuation of the affected areas. Traffic management system for emergency
services is describe the system adapt by dynamically adjusting traffic lights, changing related
driving policies, recommending behavior change to drivers and applying essential security
controls

2.4 Environment
2.4.1 Weather Monitoring:
IoT- based weather monitoring system can collect data from a number of sensor attached such as
temperature, humidity, pressure etc. and send the data to cloud based application and storage
back-ends. The data collected in the cloud can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud based
application.
Weather alerts can be sent to the subscribed users from such applications AirPi weather and air
quality monitoring kit capable of recording and uploading information about temperature,
humidity, air pressure light levels, UV levels, carbon monoxide Nitrogen dioxide and smoke
level to the internet .

2.4.2 Air Pollution Monitoring

IoT based air pollution monitoring system can monitor emission of harmful gases ( CO2, CO.
NO, NO2) by factories and automobiles using gases and dermatological sensors the collected
data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions control approaches.
In real time air quality monitoring system is presented that comprises of several distributed
monitoring stations that communicate via wireless with a backend server using machine to
machine communication. In addition sums of GPRS modem and GPS module.

2.4.3 Noise Pollution Monitoring

Due to growing Urban Development, noise levels in cities have increased and even become
alarmingly High in some cities. Noise pollution can cause health hazards for humans due to sleep
destruction and stress. Noise pollution monitoring can help in generating noise maps for cities.
Urban noise maps can help the policy makers in urban planning and making policies to control
noise level near Residency areas, schools and parks. IoT based noise pollution smart metering
system use a number of noise monitoring station that are deployed at different places in a city.
The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on server or in the cloud. The data is then
aggregated to generate noise map. In noise mapping study for a city is presented which revealed
that the cities suffers from serious noise pollution .In the design of smart phone application is
described that allows a user to continuously measure noise level and send it to a central server
where all generated information is aggregated and mapped to a meaningful noise visualizations
map.

2.4.4 Forest Fire Detection

Forest fires can cause damage to natural resources, property and human life. There can be
different causes of forest fires including lightening, human negligence, volcanic eruptions and
sparks from rock Falls. Early deduction of forest fires can help in minimizing the damage .
IoT based forest fire detection systems can use a number of monitoring nodes deployed at a
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different locations in a forest. Each monitoring node collects measurements on ambient
conditions including temperature, humidity, light levels.
A system for early detection of forest fire is described in that provides early warning of a potential
forest fire and estimate the scale and intensity of the fire if it materializes in a forest fire detection
system based on wireless sensor networks is presented.
The system uses multi-criteria deduction which is implemented by the artificial neural network.
The ANN fuses sensing data corresponding to multiple attributes of your forest fire such as
temperature, humidity ,infrared and divisible light to detect forest fire.

2.4.5 River Flood Detection:

River flood can cause extensive damage to the natural and human resources and human life.
River flood occurs due to continuous train for which cause the river level to rise and flow rates
to increase rapidly. Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the water level and flow
rate.
IoT based river flood monitoring system uses a number of sensor nodes that monitor the water
level using ultrasonic sensors and flow rate using the flow velocity sensors. Data from a number
of such sensor nodes is aggregated in a server or in the cloud.
Monitoring applications raise alert when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is detected
in a river flood monitoring system is described that measures river and weather conditions
through wireless sensor nodes equipped with different sensors. The systems include water level
monitoring module, and data processing module that provide flood information is in the form of
raw data, predicted data, and video feed.

2.5 Energy
2.5.1 Smart grid is a data communication network integrated with electrical grid that collects and
analyses data captured in real-time about power transmission, distribution and consumption.
Smart grid Technology provides protective information and recommendations to utilities, their
suppliers, and their customers on how best to manage power.
Smart Grids collect data regarding electricity generation (centralized or distributed conceptions
(instantaneous or predictive ) storage(or conversion of the energy into other forms), distributions
and equipment health data.
Smart fleet use high speed, fully integrated two way communication real time information and
power exchange. Smart meters can capture almost real time consumption, remotely control the
conceptions of electricity and remotely switch off supply when required.
power thefts can be prevented using smart metering by analyzing the data on power generation,
transmission and consumption smart grid can improve efficiency throughout the electric system.

Storage collection and analysis of smart grids data in the cloud can help in dynamic smart grids
data can improve energy usage levels via energy feedback to user coupled with real-time pricing
information.
Real time demand response and management strategies can be used for lowering peak demand
and the overall load via appliance control and energy storage mechanism.
Condition monitoring data collected from power generation and transmission system can help in
detecting fault and predicting outage.

2.5.2 Renewable Energy System :

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Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy sources such as solar and wind
integrating them into the grid can cause grid stability and reliability problems. Variable output
produces local voltage swing that can impact power quality. Existing grids were designed to
handle power flow from centralized to generation source to the loads through Transmission and
distribution lines.
When distributed renewable energy sources are integrated into the grid, they create power
bidirectional power flow for which the great were not originally designed to handle power flow
from temperature generation sources to the loss through transmissions and distribution lines.
When Distributed renewable energy sources are integrated into the grid is a create power bi-
directional power flows for which the grid were not originally designed. IoT based system
integrated within Transformer at the point of interconnections measures the electrical variables
and how much power is fed into the grid.
To ensure the grid stability one solution is to simply cut of the over protections. For wind energy
systems, closed-loop controls can be used to regulate the voltage at points of interconnection

2.5.3 Prognostics:
Energy systems (Smart grids, power plants ,wind turbine forms) have a large number of critical
components that must function correctly so that the system can perform their operations
correctly.
For example a wind turbine has a number of critical components example bearing, turning gears,
for instance that must be monitored carefully as wear and tear in such critical components or
sudden change in operating conditions of the missions can result in failures. In system such as
Power Grids, real time information using specialist electrical sensor is called phasor
measurement unit(PMU) substations.
The information received from PMU must be monitored in real time for estimating the state of a
system and for predicting failures. Energy system have thousands of sensors that gather real time
maintenance data continuously for condition monitoring and failure prediction purposes. IoT
based prognostic real-time health management systems can predict performance of machine or
energy Systems by analyzing the extent of deviations of the system from its normal operating
profiles.
Analyzing massive amounts of maintenance data collected from sensors in energy systems and
equipment can provide protections for the impending failures (potentially in real time) so that
their reliability and availability can be improved. Prognostic health Management systems have
been developed for different energy systems open PDC set of applications for processing of
streaming time series data collected from phasor measurement units PMU in real time.

2.6 Retail
2.6.1 Inventory Management :
Inventory management for retail has become increasingly important in recent years with the
growing competition. while over stocking of products can result in additional storage expenses
and risk understocking can lead to loss of revenue. IoT system using radio frequency
identification RFID tags can help in inventory management and maintaining the right inventory
levels .
RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in real time so that the inventory
levels can determined accurately and products which are low on stock can be replenished.
Tracking can be done using RFID readers attached to the retail store shelves or in the warehouse.
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An RFID database inventory management system for time sensitive materials is described.

2.6.2 Smart Payments

Smart Payments solutions contact list payments powered by technology such as near field
communication and Bluetooth. Near field communication is a set of standards for smartphones
and other devices to communicate with each other by bringing them into proximity or by touching
them .
Customers can store credit card information in the NFC enabled Smartphones and make payment
by bringing the smart phones and make payments by bringing the smart phones near the point of
sale terminals . NFC may be used in combinations with Bluetooth, where NFC initiates initial
pairing of devices to establish their Bluetooth connections while the actual data transfer takes
place over Bluetooth.

2.6.3 Smart Vending Machines

Smart vending machines connected to the internet allow remote monitoring of inventory levels,
elastic pricing of products, promotions, and contact less payments using NFC smart phone
applications that communicate with smart vending machine allow user preferences to be
remembered and the learnt with the time when a user moves from one vending machine to the
other and pass the smartphone with the vending machines using specific interface is presented.
Users can save their preferences and favorite products sensor in a smart vending machine monitor
its operations and send the data to the cloud which can be used for predictive maintenance. Smart
vending machines can communicate with other vending machines in there vicinity and share their
inventory levels so that the customers can be routed to the nearest machines in case product goes
out of stock in a machine

2.7 logistics
2.7.1 Route Generation and Scheduling
Modern transportation systems are driven by data collected from multiple sources which is
process to provide a new services to the stockholders. By collecting large amount of data from
various sources and processing the data into Useful information data driven.
Transportation system can provide new services such as advanced route guidance dynamic
vehicle routing anticipating customer demand for pickup and delivery problem, for instance route
generations and scheduling systems candidate end-to-end using combinations of road patterns
and transportation smooth and feasible schedule based on the availability of vehicles.

2.7.2 Fleet Tracking

Vehicle fleet tracking system using GPS technology to track the locations of vehicle in real time.
Cloud based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on-demand to handle large number of
vehicles.
Alerts Can be generated in case of deviation in planned routes. The vehicle locations and routes
data can be aggregated and analyzed for detecting bottlenecks in the supply chain such as a traffic
conditions or route of elements and generations of alternative route and supply chain
Optimization in a fleet tracking system for commercial vehicle is described the system can
analyze messages sent from the vehicles to identify unexpected incidence and descriptions is
between the actual and applied data.

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2.7.3 Shipment Monitoring:
Shipment monitoring solutions for Transportation systems allow monitoring the conditions
inside container. For example, containers carrying Fresh Food produce can be monitored to
prevent spoilage of food.
IoT based shipment monitoring system you sensor such as temperature pressure and humidity
for instance to monitor the conditions inside the container and send the data to the cloud where
it can be analyzed to detect food spoilage .
The analysis and interpretation of the data in the environmental conditions in the container and
food truck positioning can enable more effective routing decisions and their time therefore it is
possible to take remedial measures such as the food that has a limited time budget before it get
rotten can be rerouted to a closer destinations, alerts can be raised to the driver and the distributor
about the transit conditions, such as container temperature exceeding the allowed limit, humidity
levels going out of the allowed limit.
For instance, and corrective actions can be taken before the food gets damaged. A Cloud-based
frame work for real time fresh Food Supply tracking and monitoring was proposed . For fragile
products vibrations levels during shipment can be tracked using accelerometer and gyroscope
sensors attached to IoT device.
A system for monitoring container in integrity and operating conditions described. The system
monitors the vibrations patterns on their container and its contents to reveal information related
to its operating environment and integrity during transport handling and storage.

2.7.4 Remote Vehicle Diagnostics

Remote vehicle diagnostic systems can detect faults in the vehicles warn of impending fault.
These Diagnostic system use on-board IoT devices for collecting data on vehicle operation such
a speed, engine RPM, coolant temperature, fault code number ,and status of the various vehicle
subsystem such data can be captured by integrating on-board diagnostic systems with IoT devices
using protocols such as CAN bus.
Modern commercial vehicles support on-board diagnostics OBD standards such as OBD-II. OBD
system provides real time data status of vehicle subsystems and diagnostic trouble code which
Allow rapidly identifying the fault in the vehicle. IoT based vehicle diagnostic system can send
the vehicle data to centralized serves or the cloud where it can be analyzed to generate alerts and
suggest remedial actions.

2.8 Agriculture
2.8.1 Smart Irrigation
Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yield while saving water. smart irrigation system
using IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determine the amount of moisture in the soil and
realize the flow of water through the irrigation pipe only when the moisture level go below a
predefined threshold. Smart irrigation systems also collect Moisture level measurements on a
server or in the cloud where they collected data can be analyzed to plant watering schedule.

2.8.2 Green House Control

Green house structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide conducive environment for growth
of plants . The Climatological conditions inside a Greenhouse can be monitored and controlled
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to provide the best conditions for growth of plants. The temperature , humidity, soil moisture,
light and carbon dioxide levels are monitored using sensors and their climatological conditions
are controlled automatically using actuation devices.
IoT system plays an important role in greenhouse controlled and help in improving productivity.
The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or in the cloud where
analysis is performed to optimize the control strategies and also correlate the productivity with
different control strategies.
the system uses wireless sensor network to monitor and control the agriculture parameters like
temperature and humidity in real time for better management and maintenance of Agricultural
production
2.9 Industry:
2.9.1 Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis:
Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a machine by analyzing the data and
the current operating conditions and how much deviations exist from the normal operating
conditions. Machine diagnosis refer to determining the causes of a machine fault.
IoT plays a major role in both the prognosis s and Diagnostics of industrial machines . Industrial
machines have a large number of components that must function correctly for the machine to
perform its operations. Sensors in machine can monitor the operating conditions such as
temperatures and vibrations levels. The sensor data measurements are done on time scale of few
milliseconds to few seconds, which leads to generations of the massive amount of the data.
Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a commonly used method that find solutions to new problem
based on past experience. This past experience is organized and represented as case in a case
base. CBR is an effective techniques for problem solving in the field in which it is hard to
establish a quantitative mathematical model, such as machine Diagnostics and prognosis .
Since foe each machine, data from a very large number of sensors is collected using search high-
dimensional data for creation of a case library reduce the case retrieval efficiency. Data reduction
and feature extraction methods are used to find the representatives set of ability as the of features.

2.9.2 Indoor Air Quality Monitoring:

Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for health and safety of the workers.
Harmful and toxic gas such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide and Nitrogen dioxide etc t
can cause serious health problems .IoT based gas monitoring system can help in monitoring the
indoor air quality using various gas sensors. The indoor air quality can vary for different
locations. Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can identify the other hazardous zones,
so that a corrective measures can be taken to ensure proper ventilation

2.10 Health And Lifestyle:

2.10.1 Health and fitness monitoring

wearable IoT devices that are low non invasive and continuous monitoring of physiological
parameters can help in continuous health and fitness monitoring. These wearable devices may
can be in various forms such as built under wrist bands.
The wearable devices from a wireless sensor networks called body area networks in which the
measurements from a number of wearable device are continuously Send to a master nodes such
as a smartphone which then send the data to the server or a cloud end for analysis and achieving.
Healthcare providers can analyze the collected Healthcare data to determine any health
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conditions or anomalies.
2.10.2 Wearable Electronics
Wearable Electronics such as smart watches smart glasses wristband and fashion electronics
(with electronic integrated in clothing and accessories ,example Google glass for Moto 360 smart
watches provide various functions and future to assist us in our daily activities and making as
lead healthy Lifestyle .
.
Smart watches the user can search the internet a play audio video file make calls with or without
paired mobile phones, play games and use various kinds of mobile applications smart classes
allow users to take photos and record videos ,get map directions check flight status and search
the internet by using voice commands

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