UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(CoET)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND MINING

ENGINEERING

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT (PT3)

ZANZIBAR BUREAU OF STANDARDS (ZBS)

ZANZIBAR
NAME: JUMA, JUMA ISSA

REG #: 2017-04-06808

DEGREE PROGRAM: B. Sc. IN CHEMICAL AND PROCESS ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2019/2020

TRAINING OFFICER: ALI HAMAD ALI

PT SUPERVISOR: Dr MAHIR M. SAID

DURATION: 6 WEEKS (FROM 7ndSEP to 16th OCT 2020)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I should like to express my deep gratitude to the almighty God for enabling me to
complete my second Practical Training (PT3) at ZBS healthy.

I would like also to express my very great appreciations to ZBS administration for accepting
my request to conduct my PT3 at their bureau. Special thanks go to Madam. Aisha
Abdulkheir Mohamed and Mr Othman Abdalla Othman for their recommendation and
permission to conduct my practical training (PT3) at ZBS.

I would like to thank the Department of chemical and mining Engineering for their
administrative and academic guidance throughout my studies. I would like to acknowledge
my PT supervisor Dr Mahir M. Said for his supervision as well as his guidance in keeping my
progress on schedule and my project.

I would like also to extend my gratitude to all departments and sections of ZBS for their
expertise and contribution throughout my training. Special thanks go to my Training Officer
Mr Ali Hamad Ali and my project coordinator Mr Pandu and Engineer Hassan for keeping
my progress on schedule. Also, I would like to acknowledge madam Asha and Nayla, Mr
Jabir J. Simba and Mr Salim from food Chemistry laboratory as well as madam Rabia Sharif
Ally from the chemical laboratory. I would like to thanks also those who contributed to my
training and their names have not appeared in the report.

Finally, I wish to thank family and friends for their support and encouragement throughout
my studies.

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 ABSTRACT
This technical report consists of two chapters which, chapter one covers the introduction of
the ZBS and things that I have learned at ZBS throughout 6 weeks, chapter two consists of
the work performed at ZBS which are standard development section, certification, food
chemistry laboratory and chemical laboratory.

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 CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................i

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................ii

Contents....................................................................................................................................iii

LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................v

LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................vi

CHAPTER ONE (THE COMPANY)........................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE ZANZIBAR BUREAU OF STANDARDS....................1

1.2 ROLE OF THE ZANZIBAR BUREAU OF STANDARDS......................................1

1.3 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE..............................................................................2

1.4 VISION:......................................................................................................................2

1.5 MISSION:....................................................................................................................2

1.6 SERVICES TO BE OFFERED BY ZBS....................................................................2

1.7 ZBS AFTER ONE YEAR...........................................................................................3

1.8 IMPLEMENTATION OF ZBS STRATEGIC PLAN................................................4

1.9 LESSON LEARNED AT ZBS DURING PRACTICAL TRAINING........................4

1.10 CHALLENGE FACED AT ZBS DURING PRACTICAL TRAINING................5

1.11 RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................5

2. CHAPTER TWO (DEPARTMENTS OF ZBS)................................................................6

0.1. STANDARD DEVELOPMENT SECTION...............................................................6

2.1.1. Development Stages of Zanzibar National Standards for a long way.................6

2.1.2. Shorter route for Development of Zanzibar National Standards.......................10

2.1.3. Withdrawal of Zanzibar national Standard........................................................11

2.1.4. Technical committee..........................................................................................12

0.2. CERTIFICATION SECTION...................................................................................15

0.2.1. Product Certification Scheme............................................................................15

0.2.2. Tested Product Certification Scheme.................................................................15

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 0.2.3. Pre-Export Verification of Conformity to Standards System (PVoC) Scheme. 16

0.3. FOOD CHEMISTRY LABORATORY....................................................................17

0.3.1. Moisture Content Analysis.................................................................................17

0.3.2. The acidity of extracted fat (as oleic acid).........................................................18

0.3.3. Sodium Chloride Analysis in Potato Products...................................................19

0.3.4. Brix and pH........................................................................................................20

0.4. CHEMISTRY LABORATORY................................................................................21

0.4.1. Flashpoint by small scale closed tester ( Rapid Method ) Analysis...................21

0.4.2. Kinematic viscosity analysis..............................................................................22

0.4.3. Distillation of Petroleum Products Analysis......................................................22

0.4.4. Acidity Determination of Toilet cleanser...........................................................23

0.4.5. Total fatty substance content analysis................................................................23

GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................................25

NOMENCLATURE.................................................................................................................26

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................27

APPENDIX I............................................................................................................................28

APPENDIX II..........................................................................................................................29

APPENDIX II..........................................................................................................................30

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 organization structure..................................................................................................2
Figure 2. The normal routine of the development of ZNS.........................................................9
Figure 3. shorter route for the development of ZNS................................................................11
Figure 4 distillation flask setup using gas burner.....................................................................28
Figure 5 Structure of Fat analyser............................................................................................29

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Responsibilities of different personnel during developments of ZNS.........................6
Table 2. The time frame for development of ZNS...................................................................10
Table 3 Standard requirements for food products....................................................................30
Table 4. Standard requirements for chemical products............................................................30

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 CHAPTER ONE (THE COMPANY)
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE ZANZIBAR BUREAU OF STANDARDS
For many years Zanzibar has been recognized as a commercial centre in the East and even
Central Africa. Through decades of her history, though many businesses were conducted
within the islands including industrial products, Zanzibar did not introduce an authority to
deal with standards and standardization of goods and quality assurance. In the 1980s the
revolutionary government of Zanzibar introduced trade liberalization policy which provided
the opportunity for the private sector to engage in trade as well as manufacturing services.
Since then manufacturing subsector has been fluctuating in terms of the number of industries
and factories as well as the volume of production. Imports have been increasing over time
with the slow rate of manufacturing for local consumption and export. This phenomenon has
caused many substandard and counterfeit goods flooded in Zanzibar market.

That trend has not been very conducive for manufacturing and trade competition in the
country. This is one of the hindrances for Zanzibar economic growth as well as contributing
to challenges in terms of safety and health problems. The counteractions are well addressed
in both Zanzibar Development Vision (ZDV) 2020 and Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and
Poverty Reduction (MKUZA II). The Zanzibar Trade Policy (2006) also elaborated the need
for standardization and quality assurance. To meet that purpose, the House of Representative
enacted the Zanzibar Standard Act No.1 of 2011 to establish Zanzibar Bureau of Standards
(ZBS). Towards the end of 2012, the ZBS established and now is in operation

1.2 ROLE OF THE ZANZIBAR BUREAU OF STANDARDS

One of the key roles of the Bureau is ensuring that the products whether produced in
Zanzibar or imported to the Zanzibar market comply with the developed Zanzibar standards
or other nationally recognized standards or international standards.

Hence ZBS has to develop, promote and enforce standards to ensure health and safety of the
consumers as well as protecting the environment while promoting favourable manufacturing
and trade based on the quality of goods and services. In so doing ZBS builds confidence to
manufactures and traders for their goods and services in the markets. This in turn supports
economic and social development of the country.

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1.3 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

Figure 1 organization structure

1.4 VISION:
To be among the global leaders in providing highly respected standardization, quality
assurance and metrology services.

1.5 MISSION:
To develop and promote product standards, certification, quality management and conducting
highly technical and professional testing of products using state of the art laboratory types of
equipment and devices that will promote and build confidence to manufacturers, traders and
consumers while strengthening Zanzibar’s the economy and community health and safety.

1.6 SERVICES TO BE OFFERED BY ZBS

ZBS support market access for agricultural, manufactured commodities and services through
the following services: -

1. Setting and publishing Zanzibar Standards

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 2. Quality assurances

3. Certification
4. Certification
5. Metrology
6. Laboratory testing and calibration
7. Inspection
8. Training and consultation

To ensure the sustainable improvement of such services, ZBS accords maximum cooperation
with national, regional and international organizations in all matters related to
standardization and quality assurance.

1.7 ZBS AFTER ONE YEAR

1. ZBS being a new institution in Zanzibar established in late 2012 started to build a
foundation through an institutional and legal framework were some regulations
drafted to support its law during operation; these include:-

 The Zanzibar Standard (Certification) Regulation,2013

 The Zanzibar Standard (Tested Products) Regulations,2013
 Some more regulations will be drafted soon.

2. ZBS developed its five years Strategic Plan which will guide its operation. The
Strategic Plan indicates the needs to put in place the building infrastructure for
office and laboratories with state-of-the-art equipment. Also, the capacity building
for the staff so that they can perform their works based on modern techniques and
professionalism. The strategic Plan requires about TZS 19.5 billion in the coming
five years to implement the planned targets and activities.
3. On the other hand, the Bureau has recruited 11 technical staff and acquires 9
supporting staff transferred from other government departments. During the
financial year 2013/2014, the Bureau expects to recruit another batch of 15 technical
staff.
4. ZBS has started to implement a training programme to build capacity for her all
staff. The training programme has short, medium to long term plans.

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 5. ZBS made major rehabilitation of the building provided by Zanzibar Investment
Promotion Authority (ZIPA) at Amani Industrial Park. Some working facilities
supplied in the building. It is, therefore, ZBS currently located at Amani Industrial
Park with its plan to develop its permanent offices and laboratories at Maruhubi
area.
6. ZBS website developed and updated with related information. This is one of the
planned communications and information sharing tool kit with stakeholders. Also,
the ZBS Local Area network (LAN) installed and operationalised.
7. ZBS has been introduced to various local, national, regional and international
organizations. This is very significant in terms of knowledge and experience
sharing.

1.8 IMPLEMENTATION OF ZBS STRATEGIC PLAN

ZBS commits to implement her Strategic Plan by prioritizing its targets and activities.
Amongst the prioritized activities include:

 Construction of office and laboratories

 Supply of Office and laboratories state of the art equipment and devices
 Building capacity to staff (short and long term training, seminars and workshops)
 Developing standards (adoption, harmonizing and setting new Zanzibar Standards)
 Implements quality assurance programme (testing, certification, inspection, training
and calibration)

1.9 LESSON LEARNED AT ZBS DURING PRACTICAL TRAINING

 Important of the ZBS to the society to maintain quality, security and business fairness
to Zanzibar
 Procedures, reasons important of the development of standards and the impact on the
society on daily life
 Converting, transferring and relating the knowledge obtained from University to the
real and daily life and applying them to develop professional skills to prepare them for
working and entrepreneurship after studies
 Knowledge and understanding of different facilities in the laboratory
 Punctuality, cooperation, harmony formalness and responsibilities in and outside
work
 The certification of product and inspection
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1.10 CHALLENGE FACED AT ZBS DURING PRACTICAL
TRAINING
The lesson obtained from Practical Training 3 at ZBS is beyond imagining though there
were minor challenges which are unable to obtain the inspection training at the Zanzibar
port and see how samples are taken as well incapable of performing microbial tests due
to lack microbial laboratory.

1.11 RECOMMENDATIONS
 Building microbial laboratory so that microbial test can be conducted as well as
continual improvement of the laboratory facilities
 Establishment of a proper system so as a student can learn the inspection at the Port

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 2. CHAPTER TWO (DEPARTMENTS OF ZBS)
ZBS performs a major role in maintaining the safety and security of users and producers of
different physical products and services provisions. Different departments were trained
during the six weeks including Standard Developments, certification and Calibrations and
testing. Inspection is done in the Zanzibar port, airport, market, industries and at the shops.

2.1. STANDARD DEVELOPMENT SECTION

ZBS is responsible for the formulation and observing of ZNS covering all aspects socially,
geographical, engineering, food and drugs, chemicals and economics to ensure and enhance
the safe, secure and fair trade to all people around Zanzibar and outside Zanzibar by the
Cooperation with other institutions including TBS, ARSO, IEC, ISO etc. By ensuring all its
work standard developments undergoes several stages, as well as withdrawing, can occur and
after every five years, the standards are reviewed and updated with the requirements.

2.1.1. Development Stages of Zanzibar National Standards for a long way

Before the development of national standards, some responsibilities needed to be followed
which are as follows

Table 1. Responsibilities of different personnel during developments of ZNS

Personnel Function (s)

HSD  Documentation, distribution, review, withdrawal and
implementation of the procedures
 Receiving the proposal of the new and maintaining the
registered book
 Presentation of the finalized standards to the BoD
 Assuring that list of approved ZNS is prepared and
forwarded to the legal unit of gazettement
HSCE  Requesting and processing the payment to all standards
from another bureau of standards or regional international
organizations
 Supervision of the editing standard
Standard officers  Implementation of the procedures at their appropriate levels
and TC

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The standard needed to be developed if the ZBS or its affiliated organization has not
participated in the development of the standard it follows the following steps

2.1.1.1. Proposal Stage

The standard can be developed by anyone impacted to it or not, either user, ZBS workers,
government or anyone can present the proposal to the HSD using the form (ZBS/SDD/F/1)
found at ZBS. The requested are registered to the ZNS registered book. HSD shall evaluate
the proposed title against national interest. The proposed standard can lead to the adoption of
an existing international, regional or any other national standard or reviewing the existing
standard

2.1.1.2. . Preparatory Stage

The working standard is developed in this stage by WG or secretary and the work is
watermarked as “DRAFT ZANZIBAR NATIONAL STANDARD”. The draft Standard
should be proposed by the as preliminary working draft for discussion by TC secretary based
on information from the following

 International standard
 Regional or other national standards
 A company specification
 Departmental specification
 A proposal from relevant professional organizations
 Consultation with relevant interested parties
 Well documented local experience for relevant institutions, OR
 Information gathered during industrial visits

2.1.1.3. Committee stage

This is the most important part in which the TC formed is meeting together and evaluate the
proposed Draft standard and make any changes necessary with discussion together of every
member of TC.

2.1.1.1. Public Enquiry stage

The draft is made available for the public to provide their comments, contributions,
corrections of the draft report after being discussed by TC. The document is watermarked as
“DRAFT FOR STAKEHOLDERS COMMENT”. Every stakeholder is allowed to prevent his
view and the repost in also available at ZBS website ( www.zbs.go.tz) so that anyone can

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access it and gives its comments so that the TC can evaluate their comments after the
deadline is passed.

2.1.1.2. Editorial Stage

HSCE is responsible for editing after the evaluation of comments and usually concerns with
the writing skills (correctness layout, grammar, spelling, cross-references, paragraph
numbering etc.) and format and leaving all other technical issues to the TC Secretary.

2.1.1.3. Approval Stage

The edited standard is then presented to the HSD by Secretary for the submission to BoD to
be approved and check if the procedures were followed.

2.1.1.4. Publication stage

The approved standard by BoD is submitted to the mister of Trade and Industries who is
officially gazette it as ZNS. Minister should give at least 30 days’ notice to the general public
of his/her intention to gazette compulsory ZNS. The Approved Standard shall be published
by ZBS and announced in the ZBS website.

All these procedures are carried out at a specific time as shown in table 2

The process is then summarized in figure 2

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Figure 2. The normal routine of the development of ZNS

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2.1.2. Shorter route for Development of Zanzibar National Standards
If the ZBS or its affiliated organization has full participated in the development of the
standard at that needs to be developed as ZNS, the adoption of the standard takes shorter
route during adoption as follows

 The standard is prepared in the ZBS format and the ZBS cover page and National
forward are added by TC secretary
 The standard shall be presented to the TC for the approval and adoption
 The standard is the presented directly to the BoD for approval and then to the Minister
for publication
All these processes are explained in figure 3

These all processes are carried out regular interval as shown in table 2

Table 2. The time frame for development of ZNS

TIME/month
NEW ADOPTION
S/NO STAGE
REGULA REGULA
EMERGENCY EMERGENCY
R R
1 Working Group 4 2 NA NA
2 Preparatory stage 1 1 1 1 Week
3 Committee stage 2 1 2 1
Public Enquiry
4 2 1 2 1
stage
5 Editorial stage 3 Weeks 1 Week 3 Weeks 1 Week
6 Approval stage 1 Week 1 Week 1 Week 1 Week
7 Publication stage 1 2 Week 1 2 Week
TOTAL 11 months 6 months 7 months 3 months
NOTE:
NA= Not Applicable

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 Figure 3. shorter route for the development of ZNS
2.1.3. Withdrawal of Zanzibar national Standard
As the standard can be established it can be as well as withdrawn if either the following
reasons occurs if

 The adopted standard has been withdrawn in the international or regional level
 The technology became obsolete
 The product covered by the standard is declared dangerous and subsequently banned
 It found necessary to include the contents of the standard on to another existing
standard

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12
  The implementation of the standard found and proved impossible
 Other relevant approved reasons

The procedures for the withdrawal of ZNS are as follows

 The proposal for the withdrawal of ZNS is presented and discussed by the TC and TC
secretary is responsible for the presentation
 The approved withdrawn ZNS is summarized by TC secretariats
 The list of withdrawn ZNS is presented to the BoD by HSD for the endorsement
 The withdrawn ZNS is endorsed by BoD if they are satisfied with the technical
reasons presented
 The endorsed withdrawn ZNS should be submitted to the Minister of Trade and
Industries who is officially announce the withdrawal of ZNS in the government
gazette. ZBS also should publish the withdrawn ZNS in its website.

2.1.4. Technical committee

The technical committee is responsible for the discussing and maintaining of the technical
part of the standard technical committee has three types of members which are

 The chairperson
 The Technical Secretary
 Committee members

2.1.4.1. Establishment of Technical Committee

 The composition of every member is balanced between manufacturers, suppliers,
users, government ministries and institutions, academicians, professionals, technical
bodies and any other related part
 Member should be based on the organization, association or any other technical form
to which he/she represents
 When the TC first meet, any legitimate interest may be present to the secretary and
also on the committee titles.
 The TC should be made up of five to seven members excluding invitee and secretary
 If the particular expertise is needed which cannot be provided by TC members, an
individual expert can be invited by the secretary.

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 2.1.4.2. Roles and Responsibilities of committee members
2.1.4.2.1. The chairperson
2.1.4.2.1.1. Appointment and Dismissal of the Chairperson
 Should be appointed and approved his/her nomination by the Director-General of
ZBS
 The chairperson may be removed from his/her position by standard management on
the grounds of incompetence, partiality or not carrying out his/her duties
 Any person who has been removed as chairperson of a committee shall not be allowed
chair any other TC

2.1.4.2.1.2. Duties of a committee Chairperson

 Overall management of the committee
 Guidance and controlling the discussion to reach balance decision.
 Keeping in touch with the secretary to satisfy that work outside the committee is
proceeding at the necessary place.
 Discouraging the TC member from the matters that are past discussion unless
necessary.
 Appointing member from the community to replace his position when he/she is
unable to attend the meeting. The appointed chairperson is required to act according
to the principle and conduct of chairperson and performed the work mentioned above.

2.1.4.2.2. The technical Secretary

The technical secretary is the permanent employee of ZBS in the relevant field of
standardization who has the following qualities:

 Familiar with various acts, rules, procedures, policies and regulations having an
impact on standardization.
 Awareness of ZBS strategic plan and procedures for the development of Standards.
 Ability to Advise TC on procedures and related governing laws and familiar with
economic data, national priorities and technical status of the relevant industries.
 Awareness of testing facilities within ZBS and the country.
 Awareness of the decision of the higher bodies such as BoD, government/ministry
regarding the activity of the TC responsible.

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2.1.4.2.2.1. The Duties of Technical Secretary
 Day-to-day management of the committee (TC/WG) including planning,
arrangements and coordination of meetings.
 Preparing all documents to be distributed to the committee members at least two
weeks before the meeting to enable nominating organizations the opportunity of
discussing the subject matter.
 Recording the decision was taken and their subsequent implementation and maintain
their records and documents
 Preparing the meeting, minutes, reports to BoD and submit to HSD.
 Regular monitoring of the program of work.
 Manage the outcome of edited standard and facilitate consensus of TC meeting in
terms of procedures.
 Ensuring that all the committee is informed at all time on relevant procedures and
policies.

2.1.4.2.3. Committee Members

2.1.4.2.3.1. Duties of Committee Members
 Prepared and well participating in the work of the committee.
 Nominating of the alternative if not available for a specific reason and fully brief the
alternate to ensure continuity of the discussion.
 Shall be impartial and respect the right of other members to speak and if required to
reject someone's ideas, it should be politely with justification.
 Committee members who are nominees of the organizations should keep their
organization well informed about the current project and expressing their
organization's views
 Comments are given based on scientific evidence and not controversial issues
 Ensuring that decisions are taken for Zanzibar National interest and based on all
available knowledge.

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2.2. CERTIFICATION SECTION
the action or process of providing someone or something with an official document attesting
to a status or level of achievement. All products that are produced in Zanzibar have to be
certified by ZBS by

 Product certification Scheme

 Tested product Certification Scheme
 Pre-export verification of Conformity to Standard (PVOC)

2.2.1. Product Certification Scheme

Product is certified and allowed to print ZBS Mark in its packing material and has to follow
the following procedure;

 Application of the certification

 Initial factory evaluation/inspection
 Sample registration
 Approval of pre-license Certificate inspection/evaluation report
 Review of test report
 Grant of License/ Certificate
 Grant of license continuation

The industry after following above procedures it will be certified and be allowed to use ZBS
mark as certified product and documented and Routine inspection and approval will be
conducted at least twice per year to supervise as the production and products follow the
standard. Routine surveillance inspection is done without the manufacturer being informed
while Pre-license inspection the manufacturer is being informed earlier. The manufacturer
should provide production (process) flow, map of the location of the factory, business license
(not necessary) and invoice and testing fee and to the certification section before being
inspected and head of inspection and testing is responsible for assigning the inspector to
inspect and usually certifying officer and inspector from ZBS

2.2.2. Tested Product Certification Scheme

This is the same as product certification scheme except the product is written as “certified by
ZBS” and usually those products that are not from Zanzibar and ZBS has no standard and its
laboratory cant test and instead uses subcontracting to certify the product using other national
Standard

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2.2.3. Pre-Export Verification of Conformity to Standards System (PVoC) Scheme.
Pre-export Verification of Conformity to Standards (PVoC) is a conformity assessment
procedure used to verify that products to be imported to the country of destination are in
conformity with the applicable national standards or approved international or foreign
standards before shipment.

This scheme is for all imported goods except used motor vehicles, the product which has
been licensed to use ZBS Standard Mark and any products which have Standard mark from
any bureau of standards from EAC partner states and wet cargo products (Petroleum
Products).

2.2.3.1. Procedures for PVoC

1. Inspection Order: Request for Certificate (RFC) A Request for Certification

containing details of the intended importation is submitted by the exporter to ZBS
service provider (PVoC partner) for each transaction subject to the PVoC
programme.
2. The service provider in the region of supply sends a notice to the exporter requesting
when/where the goods will be ready for inspection with the following information:

 Technical details of the products,

 Available conformity documentary evidence, such as:

1. Third-party Certificate of Conformity to relevant standards (Zanzibar

or International standards)
2. Third-party Test reports.
3. Documentary Check: The service provider evaluates all the information provided
by the exporter to verify whether the product complies with the required standard. If
insufficient proof of conformity, samples will be taken for control testing in an
accepted laboratory.
4. Physical Verification: The objective of the physical verification is to ensure that:
 The goods to be shipped are those identified in the documentary checks;
 The goods comply with the relevant standards;
 The goods comply with the importer’s inspection order.

17
 If in any doubt, the inspector will take samples for control testing in an
accepted laboratory. Critical non - conformities will result in a rejection of
shipment and Non-Conformity Report issuance.

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 5. Certificate of Conformity issuance: With satisfactory inspection report,
conformity documents and/or laboratory control test reports, the service provider
evaluates the compliance of the products with the required Standards. If full
compliance is established, a Certificate of Conformity (CoC) is issued.
6. CoC Collection: The exporter or the importer can collect the CoC from the service
provider.
7. The importer brings the CoC to ZBS Import Inspection Office to be authenticated.
8. The authenticated CoC is used to clear the consignment with the Tanzania Revenue
Authority (TRA).

2.3. FOOD CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

The food chemistry laboratory is the one among the very important part in the ZBS. Food
products that are imported from outside Zanzibar and that are produced in Zanzibar are tested
in this laboratory using the standard that has been developed from standard development
sections. The parameters that are tested from this laboratory are moisture content, Brix, pH,
the acidity of Extracted fat (as oleic acid) and salt ( sodium chloride) content in potato
products

2.3.1. Moisture Content Analysis

2.3.1.1. Principle: the sample is dried to constant weight in an oven.
2.3.1.2. Apparatus:
 moisture dishes,
 oven
 desiccator
 electronic weight balance and
 spatula
2.3.1.3. Procedures followed during the analysis:
 10g sample rice was weighted in a suitable moisture dish.
 The sample was then heated or dried in the oven by maintaining the temperature of
105±2oC for four hours duration.
 The heated sample was then removed from the oven and placed in desiccators for
cooling.
 The cooled sample was then weighed to check the change in mass (loss in mass).

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  The process was repeated several times to check if there is a progressive change in
mass at half-hour intervals until a loss in mass between two successive weightings
is less than one milligram.
2.3.1.4. Calculation:
m1−m2
Moisture content ,% by mass= x 100 (1)
m2−m

Where

m1= mass in grams of the moisture dish with the material before drying. :

m2 = mass in grams of the moisture dish with the material after drying And

m = mass in grams of empty moisture dish

2.3.2. The acidity of extracted fat (as oleic acid)

2.3.2.1. Apparatus and reagents:
 Electronic weight balance
 Fat analyzer
 Extraction cup
 Drying Oven
 Filter paper with a diameter of 90 mm
 Petroleum ether (analytical pure, boiling range of 30-60)
 Neutral alcohol (95% alcohol with 3-4 drops of POP indicator
 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution
 Desiccator
2.3.2.2. Procedures followed during the analysis:
 10 g of the sample was weighted as well as the mass of an empty extraction cups
 The filter paper was fitted on the magnet and the sample was placed into the magnet
and fitted at the wench and pulled up.
 60 ml of petroleum ether was filled into the extraction cup and then placed
longitudinal to the magnet and placed the wench was pulled down in the extraction
cup and then the mixture was soaked for 10 minutes
 Then the rotary valve is turned on to allow cooling water to pass through and the fat
analyzer was switched on and allow to extract fat for two hours.

20
  Then the extraction cup is removed from the analyser and placed in the oven for the
solved to vaporise for 30 minutes and then the weight of the cup was measured and
recorded
 The fat extracted was poured into the conical flask and mixed with 50 ml of warmed
neutral alcohol and titrated using NaOH solution and the titre volume was recorded
and the acidity of extracted fat was calculated

2.3.2.3. Calculation:
W f −W 0
Extracted fat , %= x 100 % (2)
WS

Whereby

W f isthe weight of extracted fat∧cup

W 0 is the weight of an empty extractioncup And

W s is the weight of the sample

1.41 xV
Oleic acid= (3)
Extracted fat , %

Whereby

V is the titre volume

2.3.3. Sodium Chloride Analysis in Potato Products

2.3.3.1. Apparatus and reagents:
 Analytical balance
 250-ml volumetric flask
 Burette
 0.1 N silver nitrate solution
 5% potassium chromate solution
 Conical flask

2.3.3.2. Procedures followed during the analysis:

 5 to 10 g of paste was weighed and put into a conical flask and 90 ml of distilled
water were added and then neutralized with 0.1 NaOH using the POP indicator

21
  The neutralized sample was transferred into a 250-ml volumetric flask and filled with
distilled water and filtered
 A liquate was titrated with 0.1 N AgNO3 using 1 ml of 5% solution of potassium
chromate and the titre volume was recorded which produced red-brown endpoint
colour.
 A blank titration was carried out using 100 ml of distilled water

2.3.3.3. Calculations
58.45 ( V 1−V 2 ) x normality of Ag NO3 x volume made up
sodium chloride %= x 100
V 0 xW x 1000
(4) (Sulieman et al., 2008)

Whereby

V 0 isthe volume of sample taken∈ml

V 1 isthe sample titre volume∈ml

V 2 isthe blank titre volume ∈ml

W is the weight of sample taken∈gram

2.3.3.4. Mechanism
Silver nitrates dissociate into silver ions and nitrate ions
−¿¿
+¿+NO 3 ¿
AgNO3 dissociates Ag (5)
⇔

Silver ion combines with chromate ions to form a precipitate of silver chromate since
precipitate formed has higher solubility product hence more presence of chloride ion any
silver chromate formed will disappear and chloride is taken out by silver ion to form very
insoluble silver chloride, and presence of insoluble precipitate lead to the indication of
chloride in the product
¿
+ ¿+CrO 4 precipitation Ag 2 CrO4 (ppt insloble)¿
2 Ag → (6)

2.3.4. Brix and pH

Brix is measured using automatic refractometer and pH as well is measured using pH meter
in which samples are directly placed and obtaining the readings

22
2.4. CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
Chemistry laboratory deals with testing of chemical products including bathing soap, toilet
cleanser, lotions, and petroleum products like petrol, diesel and lubricating oil. The
parameters that are tested for petroleum products are flashing point, distillation characteristics
and viscosity (flowability).

2.4.1. Flashpoint by small scale closed tester ( Rapid Method ) Analysis

This method is used to determine the flashpoint of kerosene, diesel fuel, aviation turbine fuel
and other petroleum products. The flashpoint temperature is the measure of the fuel to form a
flammable mixture as well as the response of heat on flame and is used in shipping and safety
regulations for the combustibility and flammability. (American Society for Testing and
Materials, 1996)

2.4.1.1. Principles: ramp method

2.4.1.2. Apparatus and reagents
 Flashpoint apparatus
 Syringe
 Cooling bath
 Acetone
 5-ml measuring cylinder

2.4.1.3. Procedures
 A 2 ml of sample was introduced into a test cup that is heated automatically at a
constant rate of 0.5℃/min
 A gas test flame is directed through an opening shutter, in the test cup lid, at specified
temperature intervals until a flash is detected by the automatic flash detector and the
flashpoint is recorded

2.4.1.4. Calculations
the ambient barometric pressure at the time of the test was observed and recorded and
corrected flashpoint was calculated as

corrected flash point=C +0.25 ( 101.3−K ) (7)

corrected flash point=F+ 0.06 ( 760−P ) (8)

23
corrected flash point=C +0.033(760−P) (9) (American Society for Testing
and Materials, 1996)

where:
C = observed flashpoint, °C,
F = observed flashpoint, °F,
P = ambient barometric pressure, mm Hg, and
K = ambient barometric pressure, kPa
2.4.2. Kinematic viscosity analysis
The correct operation of many petroleum products and lubricating materials are based on
viscosity. Also, viscosity is important in the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and
operational conditions. (ASTM D445-06, 2008)

Viscosity is tested using an automatic viscometer

2.4.3. Distillation of Petroleum Products Analysis

This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products using a laboratory
batch distillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range characteristics of such
products as light and middle distillates, automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, aviation
gallons of gasoline. aviation turbine fuels. I-D an~ 2-D regular and low sulfur diesel fuels,
special petroleum spirits, naphtha, white spirits, kerosine, and Grades I and 2 burner
fuelsApparatus and reagents (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996)

The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effect on their

safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives
information on the composition, the properties, and the behaviour of the fuel during storage
and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to
produce potentially explosive vapours. Mercury-in-glass thermometers, (American Society
for Testing and Materials, 1996)

2.4.3.1. Apparatus and reagents

 100-ml volumetric flask
 Gas burner
 Condenser
 Tap water
 Distilling flask

24
 2.4.3.2. Procedures
 All apparatuses are sated as shown in figure 4 in appendix 1
 100 ml of sample was measured and poured into distilling flask and switching on the
heater and temperature started to rise and the per cent volume recovery concerning
temperature, initial boiling point, final boiling point and flash point are recorded till
the temperature started to fall and the heater was switched off
 The fan was swapped on till the flask cooled and distillation residue was recorded

2.4.4. Acidity Determination of Toilet cleanser

2.4.4.1. Apparatus and reagents
 250-ml Erin Meyer flask  Water bath

 Burette  1 M NaOH solution

 beaker  Distilled water

 5% calcium acetate solution 

2.4.4.2. Procedures
 10 g of the sample was accurately measured in a 250-ml Erin Meyer flask and 25 ml
of distilled water was added followed by 15 ml of 5% aqueous calcium acetate
solution and the mixture were warmed to 50℃
 Then the mixture was cooled and filtered into the beaker
 Carefully the flask was rinsed with 3 to 4aliquots of distilled water, then the rinse was
collected with the filtrate
 The filtrate was titrated with standard 1 mol/l NaOH solution

2.4.4.3. Calculation

% acidity
concentration of NaOH ( moll ) x ml of NaOH x C
mass of sample

C=3.647 for HCl and 3.132 for H3PO4 (ZNS 280-1:2018)

2.4.5. Total fatty substance content analysis

Total fatty substance content of cosmetic creams, lotion and gel for skin is tested in the
laboratory to see if they comply to standards

25
 2.4.5.1. Apparatus and reagents
 Reflux condenser  Drying oven
 Borosilicate conical flask  Filter paper
 Hot plate  Methyl Orange indicator
 300-ml separation funnel  Sodium sulphate solution
 Fume hood  Dilute hydrochloric acid
2.4.5.2. Procedures
 2 g of the sample was added to the conical flask followed by 25 ml of dilute
hydrochloric acid
 The reflux condenser was fitted into the flux and content was boiled using hot plate
until clear and then the content was poured into a 300-ml separation funnel and
allowed to cool to 20℃
 Then the conical flask was rinsed with 50 ml of petroleum ether with the portion of
10ml and poured into the separation funnel then shacked until the separation layer
formed.
 The aqueous phase was separated and shacked twice with portions of petroleum ether
then all ether extracts were filtered through a filter paper containing sodium sulphate
into a conical flask which has been dried at 60℃ and weighted
 The sodium sulphate on filter paper was washed with ether and combined with the
filtrate
 The ether was distilled using the hot plate in the fume hood and the material
remaining was dried at a temperature of 60℃ for 3 hours

2.4.5.3. Calculation
M1
tota fatty substance , % by mass= x 100 (ZNS 68:2015)
M2

Whereby;

M 1 is the mass∈ grams of theresidue∧¿

M 2 is the mass∈ grams of the sample taken for thetest

26
 GLOSSARY
Word meaning
 Flashpoint Is the lowest temperature corrected to a
pressure of 101.3 kPa at which
application of a test flame causes the
vapours of a test specimen of sample to
ignite momentarily under the specified
conditions of the test
 Ramp method Is the flashpoint method that has a test
temperature increase at a set rate
 Dynamic viscosity The ratio between applied shear stress
and the rate of shear of a material
 Kinematic viscosity The ratio of dynamic viscosity to the
density of the material at the same
temperature and pressure
 Density Mass per unit volume of a substance at
a given temperature

27
 NOMENCLATURE
ABBREVIATIONS MEANING
ZBS Zanzibar Bureau of Standards
BoD Board of Directors
HSCE Head of standard Cooperation and Editing
HSD Head of Standard Development
PCD Public Comment Draft
SDD Standard Development Department
SG Standard Guidelines
SP Standard Procedures
TC Technical Committee
TS Technical Secretary
TCD Technical Committee Draft
WG Working Group
ZNS Zanzibar National standard
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
ISO International Standards Organization
ARSO African Organization for Standardization
POP Phenolphthalein
CoC Certificate of Conformity
TRA Tanzania Revenue Authority
PVoC Pre-Export Verification of Conformity to Standards
System
EAC East Africa Community
ASTM American Society for testing materials

28
 REFERENCES
American Society for Testing and Materials. (1996). ASTM D 86 - 07 Standard Test
Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure. Standard
Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure.

ASTM D445-06. (2008). Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of

Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity).
Manual on Hydrocarbon Analysis, 6th Edition, 1–10.

Sulieman, M. A., Hassan, A. B., Osman, G. A., El Tyeb, M. M., El Khalil, E. A., El
Tinay, A. H., & Babiker, E. E. (2008). Changes in total protein digestibility,
fraction content and structure during cooking of lentil cultivars. In Pakistan
Journal of Nutrition (Vol. 7, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2008.801.805

Zanzibar National Standard (2018). Toilet cleansers-Specification-Part 1: Acidic

Liquid toilet cleanser

Zanzibar National Standard (2015). Cosmetic creams, lotion and gels for skin care-
Specification

29
 APPENDIX I

1- Condenser bath 9b- Voltmeter or ammeter 16- Electric heater

2-Bath Cover 9c- Power switch 17- Knob for adjusting level
3- bath temperature sensor 9d- Power light indicator of support
4-Bath Overflow 10- vent 18- Power source cord
5- Bath drain 11- Distillation flask 19- Receiver cylinder
6- Condenser tube 12- Temperature sensor 20- Receiver cooling bath
7- Shield 13- Flask support board 21- Receiver cover
8- Viewing window 14- Flask support platform
9a- Voltage regulator 15- Ground connection

30
Figure 4 distillation flask setup using a gas burner

31
 APPENDIX II

Figure 5 Structure of Fat analyser

32
 APPENDIX II
Table 3 Standard requirements for food products

CHARACTERISTICS REQUIREMENTS
The moisture content of biscuit, max % 6.0
The acidity of extracted fat of biscuit, max 1.0
%
the ph of tomato, max 4.0
Brix of tomato paste, min 24

Table 4. Standard requirements for chemical products

CHARACTERISTICS REQUIREMENTS
The acidity of toilet cleanser, min % 7
Total fatty substance content of cosmetics, 5
min %

33