Ain and Hannah

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
MEDICAL TERMINATION
OF PREGNANCY [MTP]
S.No: TOPIC :- Pg
No:-
1. ACKNOWLEDEMENT 1
2. INTRODUCTION 2-4
3. TYPES 5-7
• Induced abortion 5
• Spontaneous abortion 6-7

INDEX
4. METHODS 8 - 10
• Medical method 8
• Surgical method 9 - 10
5. MENTAL HEALTH 11
6. BIBILIOGRAPHY 12
]
I owe a great many thanks to many

people who helped and supported me
during the completion of this project.
I would like to thank my Biology

teacher, Ms. Biji Suresh for her
guidance throughout this project.
I express my gratitude to Principal Fr

Binoy K Francis for instilling confidence
in us.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would also like to thank our institution

and faculty members without whom this
project would not have been possible.
I also extend my heartfelt gratitude to

my family and well-wishers who have
constantly supported me throughout my
journey.
It was a wonderful opportunity to get to

learn many new things and to apply the
knowledge gained in class in real life
situations.
I have also been able to acquire useful

skills like analytical thinking and
autonomous learning.
 MTP [ Medical Termination Of
Pregnancy ] is also referred to as
abortion.
 It is done by removal or expulsion

of an embryo or fetus.
 An abortion that occurs without

intervention is known as a
miscarriage or spontaneous abortion;
these occur in approximately 30% to
40% of all pregnancies
 When deliberate steps are taken to

end a pregnancy, it is called an
INTRODUCTION
induced abortion or induced
miscarriage.
 The reasons why women have an

abortion are for limiting family size.
 Other reasons include inability to

afford a child, domestic violence,
feeling they are too young, wishing to
complete education and not being
able or willing to raise a child
conceived as a result of rape or
incest.
 Induced abortion is one of the

safest procedures in medicine.
 Unsafe abortions—those performed
by people lacking the necessary
skills or in inadequately resourced
settings—are responsible for
between 5 –13% of maternal deaths.
 Medication abortions that are self-

managed are highly effective and
safe.
 Public health data shows that making

safe abortion legal and accessible
reduces maternal deaths.
 Modern methods use surgery for

abortions.
 Birth control like pills or intrauterine

devices can be used immediately
after abortion.
 When performed legally and safely

on a woman who desires it, induced
abortions do not increase the risk of
long-term mental or physical
problems.
 Unsafe abortions performed by

unskilled individuals with hazardous
equipment or unsanitary facilities
cause 22,000 to 44,000 deaths.
 Historically, abortions have been
done using herbal medicines, sharp
tools and other traditional methods.
 Abortion rates have decreased as

access to family planning and birth
control has increased.
 Around 73 million abortions are

performed each year in the world
with about 45% done unsafely.
 Those who support abortion often

argue that it is a woman's
reproductive right.
 In some countries, abortion is legal

and women have the right to make
the choice about abortion.
 In some areas, abortion is legal only

in specific cases such as rape
INDUCED
• An induced abortion is a medical procedure

to end a pregnancy.
• A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in

several ways.
• The method depends upon the gestational

age of the embryo or fetus.
• Abortion laws, regional availability, and the

personal preference of the woman may
inform the women's choice of a specific
TYPES abortion procedure.
• Abortions can be characterized as either

therapeutic or elective.
• When an abortion is performed for medical

reasons, the procedure is referred to as a
therapeutic abortion.
• An abortion is referred to as elective or

voluntary when it is performed at the request
of the woman for non-medical reasons.
• Most abortions result from unintended

pregnancies.
• About one in five pregnancies worldwide

ends with an induced abortion.
SPONTANEOUS
• Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous

abortion, is the unintentional expulsion of
an embryo or fetus before the 24th week of
gestation.
• A pregnancy that ends before 37 weeks

of gestation resulting in an infant is a
"premature birth".
• When a fetus dies during delivery, it is

termed "stillborn".
• Premature births and stillbirths are

generally not considered to be
miscarriages.
• Vast majority of miscarriages occur before

the woman is aware that she is pregnant.
• The most common cause of spontaneous

abortion during the first trimester is
chromosomal abnormalities of the embryo
or fetus.
• Other causes include vascular disease,

diabetes, other hormonal problems,
infection, and abnormalities of the uterus.
• A woman's history of previous

spontaneous
abortions associates with a greater risk of
spontaneous abortion.
• A spontaneous abortion can also be

caused by accidental trauma; intentional
trauma or stress to cause miscarriage is
considered induced abortion or feticide.
1. MEDICAL METHOD :
● A medical abortion (or medication

abortion) is a procedure that uses
prescription pills to end a pregnancy in the
early stages.
● The most common regimen involves

taking two pills — mifepristone and
misoprostol.
● Mifepristone blocks progesterone, the

hormone needed to support pregnancy.
Misoprostol causes cramping and bleeding
to empty your uterus.
● A medical abortion is a nonsurgical way

to terminate a pregnancy in the first
trimester.
● Some may choose to have a medical

abortion to end an unwanted pregnancy.
● A medical abortion may also be an

option if carrying the pregnancy could be
life-threatening.
● State laws determine whether it’s legal

for a person to receive a medical abortion.
2. SURGICAL METHOD :
• Up to 15 weeks' gestation, suction or vacuum

are the most common surgical methods.
• Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) consists of

removing the fetus or embryo, placenta, and
membranes by suction using a manual
syringe, while electric vacuum aspiration
(EVA) uses an electric pump.
• To have a surgical abortion, the cervix must

be opened wide enough to allow the surgical
instruments into the uterus.
• Most abortions are performed using suction

(vacuum).
• Complications occur in around 3 percent of

surgical abortion cases.
• The risk of complications depends on how

many weeks pregnant you are.
• Abortions performed in the first trimester are

the safest.
● A fever (high temperature) after abortion
may indicate that you have an infection.
This can be caused by an incomplete
abortion or sexually transmitted infection.
● Injury to the uterus – the walls of your

uterus are muscular but soft. Sometimes
the surgical instruments used for an
abortion can injure the uterus. In rare
instances this can cause an abdominal
infection and severe blood loss. This
complication is very rare and, if it occurs is
recognized and treated straight away,
● Surgical abortion very safe and are

effective more than 99 percent of the time.
● Many people will feel cramping during

the procedure, but the cramping typically
decreases after the tube is removed from
the uterus.
• Current evidence finds no relationship
between most induced abortions and
mental health problems other than those
expected for any unwanted pregnancy.
• A woman's first abortion is not a threat to

mental health when in the first trimester
but the mental-health outcome of a
woman's second or greater abortion is less
certain.
• Women seeking abortion who are denied

access to abortion have an increase in
anxiety after the denial.
MENTAL
HEALTH • Research also shows people who are
denied abortions have worse physical and
mental health, as well as worse economic
outcomes than those who seek and
receive them.
• The best predictor of a woman’s mental

health after an abortion is her mental
health before the abortion.
NCERT BIOLOGY TEXTBOOK
HEALTHLINE.COM
WIKIPEDIA
BIBILIOGRAPHY
BETTERHEALTH.VIC.GOV.AU
APA.ORG
MY.CLEVELANDCLINIC.ORG
BRITANNICA.COM

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INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

• Spontaneous abortion 6-7

I owe a great many thanks to many

I would like to thank my Biology

I express my gratitude to Principal Fr

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would also like to thank our institution

I also extend my heartfelt gratitude to

It was a wonderful opportunity to get to

I have also been able to acquire useful

 It is done by removal or expulsion

 An abortion that occurs without

 When deliberate steps are taken to

 The reasons why women have an

 Other reasons include inability to

 Induced abortion is one of the

 Medication abortions that are self-

 Public health data shows that making

 Modern methods use surgery for

 Birth control like pills or intrauterine

 When performed legally and safely

 Unsafe abortions performed by

 Abortion rates have decreased as

 Around 73 million abortions are

 Those who support abortion often

 In some countries, abortion is legal

 In some areas, abortion is legal only

• An induced abortion is a medical procedure

• A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in

• The method depends upon the gestational

• Abortion laws, regional availability, and the

• Abortions can be characterized as either

• When an abortion is performed for medical

• An abortion is referred to as elective or

• Most abortions result from unintended

• About one in five pregnancies worldwide

• Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous

• A pregnancy that ends before 37 weeks

• When a fetus dies during delivery, it is

• Premature births and stillbirths are

• Vast majority of miscarriages occur before

• The most common cause of spontaneous

• Other causes include vascular disease,

• A woman's history of previous

• A spontaneous abortion can also be

● A medical abortion (or medication

● The most common regimen involves

● Mifepristone blocks progesterone, the

● A medical abortion is a nonsurgical way

● Some may choose to have a medical

● A medical abortion may also be an

● State laws determine whether it’s legal

• Up to 15 weeks' gestation, suction or vacuum

• Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) consists of

• To have a surgical abortion, the cervix must

• Most abortions are performed using suction

• Complications occur in around 3 percent of

• The risk of complications depends on how

• Abortions performed in the first trimester are

● Injury to the uterus – the walls of your

● Surgical abortion very safe and are