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    ANAT 212 MODULE 1-study session 1

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    ANAT 212 MODULE 1-study session 1

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    khadeejasuleiman2016
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    ANAT 212 MODULE 1-study session 1

    Uploaded by

    khadeejasuleiman2016
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    of 4

    MODULE 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

    STUDY SESSION ONE: Heart and Blood Vessels

    Cardiovascular System
    The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is essential for sustaining life
    by facilitating the transport of nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to
    and from the body's cells. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
    Components
    1. Heart:
    Function: Acts as the central pump, maintaining blood circulation throughout the body.
    Structure: A four-chambered organ consisting of two atria and two ventricles. It has a dual
    pump system – the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation),
    and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic circulation).
    2. Blood Vessels:
    Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues. They have thick, elastic
    walls to withstand high pressure.
    Veins: Return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls and valves to
    prevent backflow.
    Capillaries: Tiny vessels where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products occurs
    between blood and tissues.
    3. Blood:
    Components: Composed of red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (immune function),
    platelets (clotting), and plasma (liquid component carrying hormones, nutrients, and waste
    products).
    Functions of the Cardiovascular System
    i. Transport: Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells, removes waste products, and
    transports hormones.
    ii. Protection: Circulates white blood cells and antibodies to fight infections, and platelets
    to clot blood and prevent bleeding.
    iii. Regulation: Maintains body temperature, pH balance, and fluid balance.
    Circulatory Pathways
    1. Pulmonary Circulation: Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the
    lungs via the pulmonary artery. In the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon
    dioxide. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.
    2. Systemic Circulation: Transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body
    through the aorta. Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via the superior and
    inferior vena cavae.

    2.1 PERICARDIUM
    The pericardium is a double-walled sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
    It consists of two layers:
     Fibrous Pericardium: Outer layer composed of tough, dense connective tissue that
    protects the heart, anchors it to surrounding structures, and prevents overfilling of the heart
    with blood.

    ABU DLC-ANAT 212 lecture notes by Kevin Kas Barnabas 1|Page


     Serous Pericardium: Inner, thinner, double-layered membrane consisting of:
    o Parietal Layer: Lines the fibrous pericardium.
    o Visceral Layer (Epicardium): Directly adheres to the surface of the heart.

    Figure: Layers of the wall of the heart and the pericardial membranes. The endocardium is the lining of
    the chambers of the heart. The fibrous pericardium is the outermost layer.

    2.2 GROSS ANATOMY OF THE HEART


    The heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It consists of
    four chambers:
     Atria (Right and Left): Upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart.
     Ventricles (Right and Left): Lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart.
    Key structures include:
     Atrioventricular (AV) Valves: Tricuspid (right) and bicuspid (mitral, left) valves separate
    the atria from the ventricles.
     Semilunar Valves: Pulmonary and aortic valves separate the ventricles from the
    pulmonary artery and aorta, respectively.
     Coronary Arteries and Veins: Supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood and
    remove deoxygenated blood.

    ABU DLC-ANAT 212 lecture notes by Kevin Kas Barnabas 2|Page


    Figures above: The Structure of the heart both externally and internally

    2.3 DEVELOPMENTAL AND MICROANATOMY OF THE HEART


    Developmental Anatomy:
     Formation: Begins early in embryonic development from mesodermal cells that form the
    heart tube, which then undergoes looping and septation to form the four-chambered heart.
     Cardiac Septation: Involves the development of septa (walls) that separate the atria and
    ventricles, ensuring proper circulation.

    ABU DLC-ANAT 212 lecture notes by Kevin Kas Barnabas 3|Page


    Microanatomy:
     Cardiac Muscle Cells: Specialized striated muscle cells interconnected by intercalated
    discs, allowing coordinated contraction (syncytium).
     Conduction System: Includes the SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers,
    responsible for generating and conducting electrical impulses that regulate heart rhythm.

    2.4 DEVELOPMENTAL AND MICROANATOMY OF THE GREAT VESSELS


    Developmental Anatomy:
     Origins: Arise from the embryonic heart tube and undergo remodeling to form the major
    arteries and veins.
     Aortic Arch Development: Forms during fetal development and gives rise to the major
    arteries that supply the head, neck, and upper limbs.
    Microanatomy:
     Structure of Major Vessels: Includes the aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior and inferior
    vena cavae, and pulmonary veins, each with distinct anatomical features suited to their
    functions in systemic and pulmonary circulation.

    REFERENCES
    1. Marieb, E. N., & Hoehn, K. (2019). Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th ed.). Pearson.
    2. Moore, K. L., & Dalley, A. F. (2018). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (8th ed.). Lippincott
    Williams & Wilkins.
    3. Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2017). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (15th
    ed.). Wiley.
    4. Silverthorn, D. U. (2019). Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th ed.).
    Pearson.

    ABU DLC-ANAT 212 lecture notes by Kevin Kas Barnabas 4|Page

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