Namma Kalvi

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Chapter4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions (ii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− )] 3
Example 4.1 Find the principal value of Solution: We know 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)] = 𝜃
1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2)(in radians and degrees). So, 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 3 )] = − 3

Solution: The range of the principal value of

We know 𝐼𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = [− 2 , 2 ]
𝜋 𝜋

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 sin 𝜃 = 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Clearly − 3 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
and 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃
5𝜋
1 (iii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6 )]
Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2) = 𝑥
1
Solution: We know 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)] = 𝜃
then sin 𝑥 = − 2
and 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
The range of the principal value of 5𝜋
So, 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6 )]
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = [− 2 , 2 ] 6𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6 − 6 )]
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Clearly − 6 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
𝜋
𝜋
and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 6 ) = − sin ( 6 )
𝜋 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋 − 6 )]
𝜋
= −2
1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6 )]
𝜋
The principal value of =6
1 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2) = − 6 (in radians) 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Clearly 6 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
= −300 (in degrees)

Example 4.2 Find the principal value of Example 4.4 Find the domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2 − 3𝑥 2 )
Solution: The domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = [−1,1]
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2), if it exists.
ie., −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
Solution:
So, the domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2 − 3𝑥 2 )
−1 (𝑥)
The domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = [−1,1]
= −1 ≤ 2 − 3𝑥 2 ≤ 1
Since 2 ∉ [−1,1]
−1 (2)
Adding −2, −1 − 2 ≤ 2 − 2 − 3𝑥 2 ≤ 1 − 2
So, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 does not exists.
−3 ≤ −3𝑥 2 ≤ −1
Example 4.3 Find the principal value of Hence, −3 ≤ −3𝑥 2 gives ⟹ 𝑥 2 ≤ 1
1
(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) and, −3𝑥 2 ≤ −1 gives ⟹ 𝑥 2 ≥ 3
1
√2
1
Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑥 We get
1
≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 1
√2 3
1
then sin 𝑥 = 1
√2 ∴ ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 1, which gives
√3
The range of the principal value of
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = [− 2 , 2 ] 𝑥 ∈ [−1, − ]∪[ , 1]
√3 √3
π 1
We know, sin 4 = since 𝑎 ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 𝑏, implies
√2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑥 ∈ [−𝑏, −𝑎] ∪ [𝑎, 𝑏]
Clearly 4 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
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EXERCISE 4.1 (iii) 𝑦 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 (−2𝑥)
1. Find all the values of x such that Solution: 𝑦 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 (−2𝑥) = − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥)
(i) −10 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10𝜋 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0 Period of the function 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋
Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0 gives ∴ Period of the function 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 [because 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋 = 0] since 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋
where n = 0, ±1, ±2, … … ± 10 Amplitude of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥)𝑖𝑠 4
(ii) −8 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 8𝜋 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = −1
3. Sketch the graph of
Solution:𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = −1 gives
1
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 𝑥) for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6𝜋
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 2 ) 1
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 𝑥)
𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
𝑥 = −2, , ,…
2 2 Period of the function 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋
𝜋
𝑥 = (4𝑛 − 1) 2 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 1
∴ Period of the function 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 6𝜋
where n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, 4 1
since 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋
3

1
2. Find the period and amplitude of Amplitude of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 1
1
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7𝑥 Taking 3 𝑥 = 𝑦
𝜋
Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7𝑥 Then, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑦 = 3
2𝜋 3𝜋
Period of the function 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋 𝑥 = 2𝜋, 𝑦 = , 𝑥 = 3𝜋, 𝑦 = =𝜋
3 3
4𝜋 5𝜋
∴ Period of the function 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7𝑥 𝑖𝑠
2𝜋 𝑥 = 4𝜋, 𝑦 = , 𝑥 = 5𝜋, 𝑦 =
3 3
7
6𝜋
2𝜋
𝑥 = 6𝜋, 𝑦 = = 2𝜋
3
since 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 ( 7 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋
By plotting the points the graph is
Amplitude of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 1
∵ [𝑀𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝑡. sin 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 1]
∴ Amplitude of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 1
1
(ii) 𝑦 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 𝑥) 4. Find the value of
1 2𝜋
Solution: 𝑦 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) (i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
3 3

Period of the function 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋 Solution:

1 𝜋 𝜋
∴ Period of the function 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 6𝜋 The principal value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = [− 2 , 2 ]
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1
since 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 6𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋 But ∉ [− 2 , 2 ]
3
2𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 − 3 )
Amplitude of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 1
𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋 − 3 )
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 ) ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
3
 [ ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃] 𝑥2+1
So, ( ) ≥ −1
2𝑥
2𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 ) 𝑥 2 + 1 ≥ −2𝑥
2𝜋 𝜋 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 ≥ 0
So, 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 )] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 )]
(𝑥 + 1)2 ≥ 0
𝜋
=3
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
[ ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)]
= 𝜃] 𝑥2+1
and, ( )≤1
2𝑥

5𝜋 𝑥 2 + 1 ≤ 2𝑥
−1
(ii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 )]
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 ≤ 0
5𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 + 4 ) (𝑥 − 1)2 ≤ 0 which is impossible.
𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋 + 4 ) 𝜋
(ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑥 − 1) − 4
𝜋
= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 ) Solution:

𝜋
The domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = [−1,1]
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− )
4 ie., −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
[ ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃] and So, the domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑥 − 1)
[ ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(− 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃] = −1 ≤ (2𝑥 − 1) ≤ 1
5𝜋 𝜋 Adding 1, 0 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 4 )
0≤ 𝑥 ≤1
−1 5𝜋 −1 𝜋
So, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 )] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 4 )]

=−4
𝜋 7. Find the value of
5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
[ ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)] = 𝜃] 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 cos 9 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 sin 9 )
9 9

Solution:
5. For what value of 𝑥 does 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ?
We know
Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 is possible only
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
when 𝑥 = 0, ∵ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
∴ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 cos 9 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 sin 9 )= sin ( 9 + 9 )
9 9

6. Find the domain of the following 6𝜋

= sin ( 9 )
𝑥2+1
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) 2𝜋
2𝑥
= sin ( 3 )
Solution:
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = [−1,1] But ∉ [− 2 , 2 ]
3

ie., −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 2𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 − 3 )
𝑥2+1
So, the domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋 − 3 )
𝜋
2𝑥
𝑥2+1
= −1 ≤ ( )≤1 𝜋
2𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 )
 [ ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃] 𝜋
(ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 3 )]
5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 cos 9 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 sin 9 ) 𝜋
Solution: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝜋
9 9
3 3
𝜋 Because, 𝑐𝑜𝑠(− 𝜃) = cos 𝜃
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3 ))
The range of the principal value
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 3, ∈ [− 2 , 2 ] of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) is [0, 𝜋]
3
[ ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)] = 𝜃] 𝜋
Hence the value of y ∈ [0, 𝜋] since 3 ∈ [0, 𝜋]
𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 3 )] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3 )]
Example 4.5
𝜋
√3 =3
Find the principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 )
√3 [ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)] = 𝜃]
Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 𝑦,
2
7𝜋
then cos 𝑦 =
√3 (iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 )]
2
Solution: The range of the principal value
The range of the principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥)
of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) is [0, 𝜋]
is [0, 𝜋]. Hence the value of y ∈ [0, 𝜋] 7𝜋
Hence the value of y ∈ [0, 𝜋] since ∉ [0, 𝜋]
𝜋 √3 𝜋 6
We know, cos 6 = and ∈ [0, 𝜋]
2 6 7𝜋 12𝜋 5𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − )
√3 𝜋 6 6
So, the principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 ) = 6 5𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝜋 − )
6

Example 4.6 Find 5𝜋

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− )
6
1
(i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 )
5𝜋
√2
1
Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− )=𝑦 [ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃]
√2
1 7𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
Then cos 𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 ), ∈ [0, 𝜋]
√2 6
7𝜋 5𝜋
The range of the principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 )] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 6 )]
is [0, 𝜋]. Hence the value of y ∈ [0, 𝜋] 5𝜋
=
3𝜋 1 3𝜋 6
We know, cos =− and ∈ [0, 𝜋] −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)]
4 √2 4 [ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝜃]
1 3𝜋
So, the principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− )=
√2 4 2 + sin 𝑥
Example 4.7 Find the domain of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
3𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋 3
Because, cos = cos ( 4 − 4 ) Solution:
4

= cos (𝜋 − 4 )
𝜋 The domain of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| ≤ 1
2 + sin 𝑥
𝜋 −1 ≤ ≤1
= − cos (4) 3

Multiply by 3, −3 ≤ 2 + sin 𝑥 ≤ 3
[ ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃]
Adding −2, −5 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1
3𝜋 1
cos = −
4 √2 Reduces to −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1) ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1) or
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𝜋 𝜋 1
− ≤𝑥 ≤ 4. Find the principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) .
2 2
2 + sin 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 1
So, domain of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) is [− , ] Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 𝜃
3 2 2 2
1 𝜋
Then, cos 𝜃 = 2 = cos 3
EXERCISE 4.2 𝜋
𝜃 = 3 ∈ [0, 𝜋]
1. Find all values of x such that
1 𝜋
(i) −6𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6𝜋 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 0 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) = 3

Solution: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 0 5. Find the value of

𝜋 1 1
⇒ 𝑥 = (2𝑛 + 1) ± 2 (i) 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2)
𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5 1
Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) = 𝜃
1 𝜋
Then, cos 𝜃 = 2 = cos 3
(ii) −5𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5𝜋 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 1
𝜋
Solution: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 1 𝜃 = 3 ∈ [0, 𝜋]
1 𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 = (2𝑛 + 1)𝜋 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) = 3
𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, −3 1
If 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2) = 𝜃

𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
2. State the reason for 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 6 )] ≠ − 6 . Then, sin 𝜃 = 2 = sin 6
𝜋
Solution:
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝜋 𝜃= 6
6 6
1 𝜋
Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2) = 6
𝜋 𝜋 1 1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 6 )] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (6 )] 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2) = 2 ( 3 ) + 6
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
=6 = +6
3

Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)] = 𝜃 =

4𝜋 + 𝜋
6
𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 6 )] ≠ − 6 5𝜋
= 6
3. Is 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) true? 1
(ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1)
Justify your answer. 1
Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) = 𝜃
Solution: Let 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑥)
1 𝜋
Then, cos 𝜃 = −𝑥 Then, cos 𝜃 = 2 = cos 3
𝜋
cos(𝜋 − 𝜃) = −𝑥 𝜃 = 3 ∈ [0, 𝜋]
𝜋 − 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) 1 𝜋
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) = 3
⇒ 𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥)
If 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1) = 𝜃
ie., 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥)
𝜋
Then, sin 𝜃 = −1 = sin (− 2 )
So, it is true.
 𝜋
𝜃 = −2 −4 ≤ 1 − |𝑥| ≤ 4
𝜋 −5 ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 3 ……(2)
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1) = − 2
From (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1) = 3 − 2 |𝑥| − 2 1 − |𝑥|
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
2𝜋 − 3𝜋 3 4
= 6
𝑥 ≤ 5, This gives
𝜋
=−6 −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 cos 17 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 sin 17) (𝑖𝑖) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
Solution: Solution: 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥

We know −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

7. For what value of 𝑥 , the inequality
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 cos 17 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 sin 17 = cos ( 7 + 17) 𝜋
< 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (3𝑥 − 1) < 𝜋 holds?
2
17𝜋+7𝜋 𝜋
= cos ( 119
) Solution: < 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (3𝑥 − 1) < 𝜋
2
24𝜋 𝜋
= cos ( 119 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 < (3𝑥 − 1) < cos 𝜋

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 0 < 3𝑥 − 1 < −1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 cos 17 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 7 sin 17)
1 < 3𝑥 < 0
−1 24𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (cos ( 119 )) 1
<𝑥<0
3
24𝜋
= 119 1
This inequality holds only if 𝑥 < 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 3
Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)] = 𝜃 8. Find the value of
4 4
(𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5)]
6. Find the domain of
|𝑥| − 2 1 − |𝑥| Solution: We know that,
(𝑖)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
3 4 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = 2
Solution:
4 4 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (
|𝑥| − 2
) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (
1 − |𝑥|
) ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) = 2
3 4

|𝑥| − 2 4 4 𝜋
Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ 2 ]
3
|𝑥| − 2 =0
−1 ≤ ≤1
3
4𝜋 5𝜋
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )] + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 )]
−3 ≤ |𝑥| − 2 ≤ 3
−1 ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 5 ……(1) 4𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
Solution: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 + 3 )
1 − |𝑥|
Let ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) 𝜋
4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 + 3 )
1 − |𝑥|
−1 ≤ ( )≤1
4 Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃
 𝜋 𝜋 Example 4.9 Find
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 + 3 ) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3 )
(𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− √3)
4𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 ) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )
Solution:
4𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )] We know tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 So, tan (− 3 ) = − tan 3
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3 )]
= −√3
𝜋
=−3 𝜋
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− √3) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan (− 3 ))
5𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 + 4 ) 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= − 3 , since − 3 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
𝜋 3𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 + 4 ) (𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan )
5

Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 Solution:

𝜋 𝜋 Since the tanget function has period 𝜋,
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 + 4 ) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 )
3𝜋 3𝜋
tan = tan ( 5 − 𝜋)
5𝜋 𝜋 5
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 ) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 ) 3𝜋−5𝜋
= tan ( )
5
5𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 )] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (4 )] 2𝜋
= tan (− )
5
𝜋
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 )] ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan
3𝜋
) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan (−
2𝜋
))
5 5
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
=−4 =− ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
5

4𝜋
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )] + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 )]
5𝜋 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) tan[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2019)]
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
=−3 − 4
We know, tan[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥)] = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅,

= − (3 + 4 )
𝜋 𝜋 tan[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2019)] = 2019

4𝜋 + 3𝜋
= −( ) Example 4.10 Find the value of
12
1 1
= − (12 )
7𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 (2) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2)

Solution: Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) = 𝑦

Example 4.8
Then, tan 𝑦 = −1
Find the principal value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) 𝜋
tan 𝑦 = − tan 4
Solution: Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) = 𝑦
𝜋
= tan (− 4 )
Then, tan 𝑦 = √3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
We know tan 3 = √3 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) = − 4 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1
Thus 𝑦 = 3
∈ [− 2 , 2 ] Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 (2) = 𝑦
𝜋
Hence, 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) = Then, cos 𝑦 = 2
1
3
 www.nammakalvi.in
𝜋
cos 𝑦 = cos EXERCISE 4.3
3

1 𝜋 1. Find the domain of the following functions:

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = ∈ [0, 𝜋]
2 3
(𝑖)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√9 − 𝑥 2 )
−1 1
Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 2) =𝑦
Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√9 − 𝑥 2 )
1
Then, sin 𝑦 = − 2
√9 − 𝑥 2 ∈ 𝑅
𝜋
sin 𝑦 = − sin
6 But √9 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0
𝜋
= sin (− 6 ) ∴ 9 − 𝑥2 ≥ 0
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 Hence 𝑥 2 − 9 ≤ 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2) = − 6 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
1 1
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) ≤ 0
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2)
∴ Domain is [−3,3]
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
=−4 +3 −6
1 𝜋
=
− 3𝜋 + 4𝜋 − 2𝜋 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) −
12 2 4

=
− 5𝜋 + 4𝜋 Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥) is function with
12
𝜋 (−∞, ∞) as domain.
= − 12
1 𝜋
∴ 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 4 is R.
Example 4.11
𝑥
Prove that 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = √1− 𝑥 2
, −1 < 𝑥 < 1 2. Find the value of
5𝜋
Solution: If 𝑥 = 0, then both sides are equal to 0 (𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 )
4

Assume that, 0 < 𝑥 < 1 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋

Solution: ∉ (− 2 , 2 )
4
𝜋
Then 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 gives 0 < 𝜃 < 5𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 )= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 + 4 )
𝑥 𝑥
Now, sin 𝜃 = 1 gives tan 𝜃 = √1 𝜋
− 𝑥2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜋 + 4 )
𝑥
Hence 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = √1− 𝑥 2
. . . . . . (1) 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 )
Assume that, −1 < 𝑥 < 0 Since = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜋 + 𝜃) = tan 𝜃
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
Then 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 gives − 2 < 𝜃 < 0 ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 )= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 )
4
𝑥 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Now, sin 𝜃 = 1 gives tan 𝜃 = √1 = 4 ∈ (− 2 , 2 )
− 𝑥2

𝑥 𝜋
So, that 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = √1− 𝑥 2
. . . . . . (2) (𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 (− ))
6

From the above results 𝜋

Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 (− 6 ))
𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = √1− 𝑥2
, −1 < 𝑥 < 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= − 6 , as − 6 ∈ (− 2 , 2 )
 3𝜋 𝜋
3. Find the value of = =
6 2
−1 7𝜋
(𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛
1
[𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
1
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− )]= tan ( )
𝜋
4 2 2 2
Solution: =∞
We know, tan[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥)] = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 1
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5)]
4

7𝜋 7𝜋
tan [ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 4 )] = 1
4 Solution: Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) = 𝐴
1
So, tan 𝐴 = 2
(𝑖𝑖) tan[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1947)]
opp 1
=2
Solution: adj

We know, tan[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥)] = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, By using Pythagoras Theorem,

tan[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1947)] = 1947 ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2

= 12 + 22
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) tan[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−0.2021)] = 1+4
Solution: =5
We know, tan[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥)] = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, ℎ𝑦𝑝 = √5
−1 (−0.2021)]
tan[ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = −0.2021 sin 𝐴 =
opp
hyp
1
4. Find the value of =
√5
1 1
(𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2)] adj
and cos 𝐴 = hyp
Solution:
1 2
Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 (2) = 𝑦 =
√5
1 4
Then, cos 𝑦 =
2
Similarly, Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5) = 𝐵
𝜋 4
cos 𝑦 = cos
3
So, cos 𝐵 = 5

1 𝜋 adj 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) = 3 ∈ [0, 𝜋] =5
hyp

Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2) = 𝑦
1 By using Pythagoras Theorem,
ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
1
Then, sin 𝑦 = −2
52 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 42
𝜋
sin 𝑦 = − sin 6 25 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 16
𝜋 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 = 25 − 16
= sin (− 6 )
=9
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2) = − 6 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ] 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = √9 = 3
1 1 𝜋 𝜋 opp
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2) = 3 − (− 6 ) sin 𝐵 = hyp
𝜋 𝜋 3
=3+6 = ∴
5
2𝜋 + 𝜋 1 4
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5)]= sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
6
We know sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 adj
and cos 𝐵 = hyp
1 4 2 3 4
= ( )− ( ) =
√5 5 √5 5 5
4 6 4 3
= 5√5 − 5√5 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (4)]= cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = − 5√5 We know cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1 4 2 3 4 4 3
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5)] = − 5√5 = 5 (5) + 5 (5)
12 12
= 25 + 25
4 3
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (4)] 24
= 25
4
Solution: Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) = 𝐴 24
cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) = 25
4
So, sin 𝐴 = 4 3 24
5 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (4)] = 25
opp 4
=5
hyp
Example 4.12
By using Pythagoras Theorem,
Find the principal value of
2 2 2
ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗
(𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−1)
2 2 2
5 = 4 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗
Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−1) = 𝑦
25 = 16 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 = 25 − 16 Then, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = −1

=9 Since the range of the principal value of

𝑎𝑑𝑗 = √9 = 3 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 is [− 2 , 2 ] ∖ {0} and
adj
cos 𝐴 = hyp 𝜋 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (− 2 ) = −1 we have 𝑦 = − 2
3
=
5
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3
Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (4) = 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ] ∖ {0}

3 𝜋
So, tan 𝐵 = 4 The principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−1) = − 2
opp
=4
3 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−2)
adj

By using Pythagoras Theorem, Solution: Let 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−2) = 𝑦

ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 Then, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = −2

= 32 + 42 Since the range of the principal value of
= 9 + 16 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 is [0, 𝜋] ∖ { 2 } and
= 25
1
ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = −2 ⇒ cos 𝑦 = − 2
opp
sin 𝐵 = 1 𝜋
hyp We have cos 𝑦 = − 2 ⇒ cos (− 3 )
3
= 5 𝜋 𝜋
and − 3 ∉ [0, 𝜋] ∖ {2 }
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𝜋
But cos (− 3 ) = cos (𝜋 − 3 ) because
𝜋 ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
= 72 + 12
cos(−𝜃) = cos(𝜋 − 𝜃)
= 49 + 1
𝜋 3𝜋 − 𝜋
∴ cos (− 3 ) = cos ( ) = 50
3

2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 = 25 × 2
= cos ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∈ [0, 𝜋] ∖ { 2 }
3 3
ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 5√2
2𝜋
The principal value of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−2) = adj
3 and cos 𝜃 = hyp
1
−1 2√3 =
Example 4.13 Find the value of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (− ) 5√2
3
2√3
Solution: Let 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (− )= 𝜃
3 Example 4.15
2√3 𝜋
Then, sec 𝜃 = (− ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 ∈ [0, 𝜋] ∖ { 2 } 1
3 Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (√𝑥 2 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 , |𝑥 |>1.
3 √3 √3 −1
cos θ = − 2√3 ⇒ − 2√3
1
Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (√𝑥 2 ) = 𝜃
−1
√3
cos θ = − 2 1
Then, cot 𝜃 = (√𝑥 2 )
−1
√3 𝜋
We have cos 𝑦 = − ⇒ cos (− 6 ) √𝑥2 −1
2 ∴ tan 𝜃 = 1
𝜋 𝜋
and − 6 ∉ [0, 𝜋] ∖ {2 } 𝑜𝑝𝑝 √𝑥2 −1
=
𝑎𝑑𝑗 1
𝜋 𝜋
But cos (− 6 ) = cos (𝜋 − 6 ) because
By using Pythagoras Theorem,
cos(−𝜃) = cos(𝜋 − 𝜃) ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
𝜋 6𝜋 − 𝜋 = 𝑥2 − 1 + 1
∴ cos (− 6 ) = cos ( )
6
= 𝑥2
5𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
= cos ( 6
) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6
∈ [0, 𝜋] ∖ { 2 } ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥
adj
−1 2√3 5𝜋 and cos 𝜃 =
The value of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (− )= hyp
3 6
1
= 𝑥
Example 4.14 𝑥
gives sec θ = =𝑥
1
1
If 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( ) = 𝜃, find the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 . ∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 𝜃
7
1
Solution: Given 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (7) = 𝜃
1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (√𝑥 2 )
−1

1
Hence, cot 𝜃 = 7
EXERCISE 4.4
7
∴ tan 𝜃 = 1 1. Find the principal value of
2
𝑜𝑝𝑝
=1
7 (i) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( )
𝑎𝑑𝑗 √3

2
By using Pythagoras Theorem, Solution: Let 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( ) = 𝜃
√3
 2
Then, sec 𝜃 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 ∈ [0, 𝜋] ∖ {2 }
𝜋 Let 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−2) = 𝑦
√3
√3
cos θ = Then, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = −2
2

√3 𝜋 Since the range of the principal value of

We have cos 𝑦 = ⇒ cos ( 6 )
2
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 is [0, 𝜋] ∖ { 2 } and
𝜋 𝜋
and 6 ∈ [0, 𝜋] ∖ {2 }
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = −2 ⇒ cos 𝑦 = − 2
2 𝜋
The principal value of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( ) =
√3 6 1 𝜋
−1
We have cos 𝑦 = − 2 ⇒ cos (− 3 )
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (√3)
𝜋 𝜋
Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1
(√3) = 𝜃 and − 3 ∉ [0, 𝜋] ∖ {2 }

𝜋 𝜋
Then, cot 𝜃 = √3 But cos (− 3 ) = cos (𝜋 − 3 ) because
1
∴ tan 𝜃 = cos(−𝜃) = cos(𝜋 − 𝜃)
√3

𝜋 1 𝜋 3𝜋 − 𝜋
as tan 6 = ∴ cos (− 3 ) = cos ( )
√3 3

𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
and 6 ∈ [0, 𝜋], 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (√3) = = cos ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∈ [0, 𝜋] ∖ { 2 }
6 3 3

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−√2) The principal value of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−2) =

2𝜋
3

Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−√2) = 𝑦 ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−2) = 3 −

𝜋 2𝜋
3

Then, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = −√2 𝜋−2𝜋

=
3
Since the range of the principal value of 𝜋
= −3
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 is [− 2 , 2 ] ∖ {0} and 1
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2)
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = −√2 gives sin 𝑦 = −
√2
Solution: Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1) = 𝑦
𝜋
we have 𝑦 = − 4 Then, sin 𝑦 = −1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 4 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ] ∖ {0} sin 𝑦 = − sin 2

𝜋 𝜋
The principal value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−√2) = − 4 = sin (− 2 )

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2. Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1) = − 2 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
(𝑖)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−2) 1
Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 (2) = 𝑦
Solution: Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) = 𝜃 1
Then, cos 𝑦 = 2
Then, tan 𝜃 = (√3) 𝜋
cos 𝑦 = cos 3
𝜋
as tan 3 = √3
1 𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) = 3 ∈ [0, 𝜋]
𝜋 𝜋
and 3 ∈ [0, 𝜋], 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) = 3 1
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2)
 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= − 2 + 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2) The principal value of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−√2) = 4
−3𝜋 + 2𝜋 −1
= + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (2) ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (1) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−
√3
) − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−√2)
6
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= − 6 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2) = − −
4 3 4

3𝜋 − 4𝜋 − 9𝜋
=
12
−1 −1 √3 −1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (1) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 2 ) − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (−√2) 3𝜋 − 13𝜋
=
12
Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (1) = 𝜃
10𝜋
=−
Then, cot 𝜃 = 1 12

5𝜋
∴ tan 𝜃 = 1 =− 6
𝜋
as tan 4 = 1
Example 4.16 Prove that
𝜋 𝜋
and 4 ∈ [0, 𝜋], 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (1) = 4 𝜋 3𝜋
≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ≤
2 2
√3
Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2
)=𝑦 Solution:
𝜋
Then, sin 𝑦 = −
√3 We know that 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 2
2
𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
sin 𝑦 = − sin 3
𝜋
= 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
𝜋
= sin (− 3 )
Since the range of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 is [0, 𝜋]

𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−
√3
) =−
𝜋
∈ [− , ]
𝜋 𝜋 We have, 0 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
2 3 2 2
𝜋
Let 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−√2) = 𝑦
Adding ,
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
+0≤ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 𝑥 ≤ +𝜋
2 2 2
Then, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = −√2
𝜋 𝜋 + 2𝜋
Since the range of the principal value of ≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ≤
2 2
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 is [0, 𝜋] ∖ { 2 } and
𝜋 ∴ ≤ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ≤ is proved.
2 2

1 Example 4.17 Simplify

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = −√2 ⇒ cos 𝑦 = −
√2
13𝜋
1 𝜋
(𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )]
3
We have cos 𝑦 = − ⇒ cos (− 4 )
√2
Solution: Since the range of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 is [0, 𝜋]
𝜋 𝜋
and − 4 ∉ [0, 𝜋] ∖ {2 } and
13𝜋
∉ [0, 𝜋], we have
3
𝜋 𝜋 13𝜋 12𝜋 𝜋
But cos (− 4 ) = cos (𝜋 − 4 ) because 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + 3)
3 3
𝜋
cos(−𝜃) = cos(𝜋 − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (4𝜋 + 3 )
𝜋 4𝜋 − 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ cos (− 4 ) = cos ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3 ) and 3 ∈ [0, 𝜋]
4
13𝜋 𝜋
= cos (
3𝜋
) 𝑎𝑛𝑑
3𝜋
∈ [0, 𝜋] ∖ { 2 }
𝜋 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) ]= 3
3
4 4
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3𝜋 𝜋
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 ) ] = sin (− 6 )

𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Solution: Range of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 is [− , ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− ) = − ∈ [− , ]
2 2 2 6 2 2
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋
and ∉ [− 2 , 2 ], we have ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ 3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2)]= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ 3 − (− 6 )]
4
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜋 − 4 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ 3 + 6 ]
𝜋 2𝜋+𝜋
= − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (4 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ ]
6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (− 4 ) and − 4 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ 6 ]
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 ) ]= − 4 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ 2 ]
5𝜋
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 [𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 3 ) ] =1
1 1
−1 𝜋 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (8)]
Solution: Range of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 is [0, 𝜋] ∖ { 2 }
1
and
5𝜋
does not in the interval. Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (8) = 𝜃
3
1
5𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 3 ) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 3 − 3 )
6𝜋 𝜋 Then, cos 𝜃 = (8)

𝜋 We know 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1 = cos 2𝜃

= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2𝜋 − 3 )
𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos 𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 − 1
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (3 ) and 3 ∈ [0, 𝜋] ∖ {2 }
𝜃 1
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 − 1 = 8
5𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 [𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 3 ) ] = 3 𝜃 1
−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛10
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = + 1
] 2 8
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑠𝑖𝑛
1+8
−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜋 𝜋 =
Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] = 𝜃, as 𝜃 ∈ [− , ] 8
2 2
9
So, 10 is not in the interval, but =8
𝜋 𝜋 𝜃 9
10 −3𝜋 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ] ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 = 16
𝜃 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛10 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝜋 + (10 − 3𝜋)) Hence cos 2 = 4
= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(10 − 3𝜋) 1 1 1
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (8)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [2 𝜃]
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝜋 − 10)
𝜃
−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛10 −1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝜋 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ 2]
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 10) ]
3
= 3𝜋 − 10 =4
1 2𝑎 1 1 − 𝑎2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1 + 𝑎2) + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 + 𝑎2 )]
Example 4.18 Find the value of
𝜋 1 Solution: We know
(𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [ 3 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2)]
2 tan 𝜃
Solution: Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− 2) = 𝑦
1 sin 2𝜃 = 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 and

1 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
Then, sin 𝑦 = − 2 cos 2𝜃 = 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝜋
sin 𝑦 = − sin
6
 1 2𝑎 1
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1 + 𝑎2 ) + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 + 𝑎2 )]
1 − 𝑎2 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 = 25 − 9
= 16
1 −1 (sin 1 −1 (cos
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃) + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃)]
𝑎𝑑𝑗 = √16 = 4
1 1 adj
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2 (2𝜃) + 2 (2𝜃)] cos 𝐴 = hyp
4
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛[𝜃 + 𝜃] = 5
5
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛[2𝜃] Let 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (4) =𝐵
2 tan 𝜃 5
= So, sec 𝐵 = 4
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
4 𝑎𝑑𝑗
cos 𝐵 = 5 = ℎ𝑦𝑝
Example 4.19 Prove that
𝑥 By using Pythagoras Theorem,
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1.
ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
Solution: Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝜃
52 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 42
Then, sin 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑥 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 = 52 − 42
=1
ℎ𝑦𝑝
= 25 − 16
By using Pythagoras Theorem,
=9
ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
𝑜𝑝𝑝 = 3
2 2 2
1 = 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 opp
sin 𝐵 = hyp
1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 = 1 − 𝑥 2 = 5
3 5
𝑎𝑑𝑗 = √1 − 𝑥 2 ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (4)]= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝐴 + 𝐵]
opp
tan 𝜃 = We know sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
adj
𝑥 3 4 4 3
= √1 − 𝑥 2 = 5 (5) + 5 (5)
∴ tan(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜃) 12
= 25 + 25
12
𝑥
= √1 − 𝑥 2
Proved. 24
= 25
Example 4.20 Evaluate 24
3 5
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 25
𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (4)]
1 4 24
3
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5)] = 25 ∈ [−1,1]
Solution: Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) =𝐴
3
So, sin 𝐴 = 5 Example 4.21 Prove that
opp 3 1 1 𝜋
=5 (𝑖)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 =
hyp 2 3 4
𝐴+𝐵
By using Pythagoras Theorem, Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1 − 𝐴𝐵]
ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 1 1
+
1 1
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2 3
]
52 = 32 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 1 1
1 − ( )( )
2 3

25 = 9 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
 3+2 31 26
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
[ 6
] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [26 × 17]
1
1−( )
6
31
5 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
17
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 6
6−1 ] 1 1 31
6 ∴ 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 7 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 17 Proved.
5
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 65 ] Example 4.22 If
6
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧 = 𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 < 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 < 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1]
show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1
𝜋
= 4,
Solution:
𝜋 −1 (1) 𝜋
Since 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 = 1 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 4 Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 𝛼 ⇒ cos 𝛼 = 𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 = 𝛽 ⇒ cos 𝛽 = 𝑦

1 1 31
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧 = 𝛾 ⇒ cos 𝛾 = 𝑧
(𝑖𝑖) 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 7 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 17
Given 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧 = 𝜋
𝐴+𝐵
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1 − 𝐴𝐵]
𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧 = 𝜋
1 1
1 1 +
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 7 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
[ 2 7
1 1 ] 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧
1 − ( )( )
2 7
7+2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧)
−1 14
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 1 ]
1−( ) Now 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽
14
9
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 1414− 1 ] Since cos 𝛼 = 𝑥
14
9
we get 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = 𝑥 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 14
13 ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = 1 − 𝑥 2
14

9 14
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [14 × 13] ∴ sin 𝛼 = √1 − 𝑥 2 similarly
9 ∴ sin 𝛽 = √1 − 𝑦 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [13]
1
∴ 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 7
1 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽

1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 7
1 1 = 𝑥𝑦 − √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2

1 9 Now 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧)

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [13]
1 9 =−𝑧
+
−1 2 13
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 1 9 ]
1 − ( )( )
2 13 Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑧)
13 + 18

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
[ 26
9 ] 𝑥𝑦 − √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 = − 𝑧
1−( )
26
31 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 = √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2
−1 26
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 26 − 9 ]
26 Squaring,
31

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 26
17 ] (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = (1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 )
26
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
 www.nammakalvi.in
𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1 Hence Proved. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ( + 1)
1
2
1+2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ( )
2
Example 4.23 If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , . . . 𝑎𝑛 is an arithmetic
3
prog. with common difference d, prove that = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 (2)
𝑑 𝑑 𝜋 3
tan [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) + ⋯+ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 (2)
1 𝑎2 2 𝑎3 4

𝑑 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎1 𝜋 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 )] = ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1 1 + 𝑎1 𝑎𝑛 4 3
𝜋
Solution: We know that = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
6
𝐴−𝐵 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 + 𝐴𝐵) So, tan 6 = 𝑥
𝑑 𝑎 −𝑎1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎
2
) =𝑥
1 𝑎2 1 𝑎2 √3
1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎1 Hence the solution is 𝑥 =
√3
𝑑 𝑎 −𝑎2
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎
3
)
2 𝑎3 2 𝑎3

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎3 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎2 Example 4.25 Solve 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 > 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥

𝑑 𝑎 −𝑎𝑛−1 Solution:
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎
𝑛
)
𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1 𝜋
We know that 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛−1
−1 −1
𝑑 𝑑
Given 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 > 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 )+⋯+
1 𝑎2 2 𝑎3 Adding 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 on both sides, we get
𝑑
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑎 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 > 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
𝑛 𝑎𝑛−1
𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 > 2
𝑎 − 𝑎1 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 +𝑛 𝑎 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 > 4
1 𝑎𝑛
𝜋 𝜋
LHS = tan [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 +𝑛 𝑎
𝑎 − 𝑎1
)] Sine function increases in [− 2 , 2 ]
1 𝑎𝑛
𝜋
𝑎 − 𝑎1
= 1 +𝑛 𝑎 𝑥 > 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4
1 𝑎𝑛
1
= RHS Hence Proved. 𝑥>
√2

Example 4.24 Solve Example 4.26 Show that

1−𝑥 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 + 𝑥) = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 0 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) =
√1 − 𝑥2
, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
Solution: We know that
Solution: Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝜃
𝐴−𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 + 𝐴𝐵)
Then, sin 𝜃 = 𝑥
1−𝑥
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 + 𝑥) 𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑥
=1
ℎ𝑦𝑝
1−𝑥 1
Given 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 + 𝑥) = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
By using Pythagoras Theorem,
1
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
 12 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 𝑥−1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 2) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 2) =
𝑥+1 𝜋
4
1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
Solution: We know that
2 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 1 − 𝑥 𝐴+𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝐴𝐵)
𝑎𝑑𝑗 = √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥−1 𝑥+1
adj ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 2) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 2)
cos 𝜃 = hyp
𝑥−1 𝑥+1
( )+( )
√1−𝑥2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑥−2 𝑥+2
𝑥−1 𝑥+1 ]
= 1−( )(
𝑥−2 𝑥+2
)
1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)+(𝑥 +1)(𝑥 − 2)
cos θ (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)
cot 𝜃 = −1
sin θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ (𝑥 −2)(𝑥 + 2) –(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) ]
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)
√1−𝑥 2
= (𝑥 −1)(𝑥 + 2)+(𝑥 +1)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [(𝑥 −2)(𝑥 + 2) –(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)]
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜃) 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−𝑥−2+𝑥 2 −2𝑥+𝑥−2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ (𝑥 2 −4) –(𝑥 2 −1)
]
√1−𝑥 2
= , hence proved. 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2+𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
𝑥 2 − 4− 𝑥2 + 1
2𝑥 2 −4
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
−3
𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝜋
Example 4.27 Solve Given 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 2) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 2) = 4
𝜋 2𝑥 2 −4 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥 = 4 , 𝑖𝑓 6𝑥 2 < 1 ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]=
−3 4
2𝑥 2 −4 𝜋
Solution: We know that [ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4
−3
−1 −1 −1 𝐴+𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (1 − 𝐴𝐵) 2𝑥 2 −4
[ ]=1
−3
𝜋
Given 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 4 = −3
4
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝜋
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − (2𝑥)(3𝑥)) = 2𝑥 2 = −3 + 4
4
5𝑥 𝜋 2𝑥 2 = 1
(1 − 6𝑥 2 ) = tan 4 1
𝑥2 = 2
5𝑥
=1
1 − 6𝑥2 1
𝑥=±
√2
5𝑥 = 1 − 6𝑥 2
Example 4.29 Solve
6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑥 3
6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (√1 )] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( )]
+ 𝑥2 4

6𝑥(𝑥 + 1) − 1(𝑥 + 1) = 0 𝑥
Solution: Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (√1 )=𝜃
+ 𝑥2
(𝑥 + 1)(6𝑥 − 1) = 0 𝑥
Then, sin 𝜃 = (√1 )
+ 𝑥2
1 opp 𝑥
Gives 𝑥 = − 1, or 6𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = 6 So, = √1
hyp + 𝑥2

Since 𝑥 = − 1 does not satisfy 6𝑥 2 < 1 By using Pythagoras Theorem,

1 ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
𝑥 = , is the only solution.
6
2
√1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2

Example 4.28 Solve 1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2

 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 = 1 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2
EXERCISE 4.5
=1
𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 1 1. Find the value, if it exists. If not, give the
adj reason for non-existence.
cos 𝜃 = hyp
1 (𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋)
=
√ 1 + 𝑥2
𝑥
Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1)
−1
LHS = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
√1 + 𝑥 2 𝜋
=−2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1
= 𝜋
Since we know that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 2 ) = − sin 2 = −1
𝜋
√1 + 𝑥 2
3
Similarly, let 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (4) = 𝜃 5𝜋
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− )]
3 2
cot 𝜃 = (4)
5𝜋 5𝜋
adj 3 Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )
So, =4 2
opp
𝜋
By using Pythagoras Theorem, = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋 + 2 )

ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )

𝜋

ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 42 + 32
𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 2 ) = −1
= 16 + 9
5𝜋
= 25 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [−1]
2
ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 5
We know 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1)
opp
sin 𝜃 = 𝜋
hyp =−4
4
= 5𝜋 𝜋
5
So, 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [(− 4 )]
3 2
RHS = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (4)]
𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 =−4
4
= 5
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 5)
Given 𝜋 𝜋
Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ] = 𝜃, as 𝜃 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
𝑥 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (√1 )] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (4)] So, 5 is not in the interval, but
+ 𝑥2
1 4 𝜋 𝜋
∴ √1 = 5−2𝜋 ∈ [− , ]
+ 𝑥2 5 2 2
1 16
Squaring, = sin 5 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋 + (5 − 2𝜋))
1 + 𝑥2 25

16(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 25 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (5 − 2𝜋)

16 + 16𝑥 2 = 25 ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛5 ] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(5 − 2𝜋) ]

16𝑥 2 = 25 − 16 = 5 − 2𝜋

16𝑥 2 = 9 2. Find the value of the expression in terms

9
𝑥 2 = 16 of 𝑥 , with the help of a reference triangle.

𝑥 = ±4
3 (𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 − 𝑥)]
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Solution: Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 − 𝑥) = 𝜃 1
Solution: Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 2) = 𝜃
So, cos 𝜃 = (1 − 𝑥) 1
Then, sin 𝜃 = (𝑥 + )
adj 1−𝑥 2
=
hyp 1 2𝑥+1
= 2
By using Pythagoras Theorem,
opp 2𝑥+1
So, =
ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 hyp 2

12 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + (1 − 𝑥)2 By using Pythagoras Theorem,

1 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 1 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
𝑜𝑝𝑝2 = 1 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 22 = (2𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
𝑜𝑝𝑝2 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 4 = 4𝑥 2 + 1 + 4𝑥 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2

𝑜𝑝𝑝 = √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 = 4 − 4𝑥 2 − 1 − 4𝑥

sin 𝜃 =
opp = 3 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2
hyp

√2𝑥 − 𝑥2
𝑎𝑑𝑗 = √(3 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 )
= opp 2𝑥 + 1
1
tan 𝜃 = =
adj √(3−4𝑥−4𝑥 2 )
= √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
1
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 − 𝑥)] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [𝜃] ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 2)]= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [𝜃]

= √2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 =
2𝑥 + 1

√(3−4𝑥−4𝑥2 )

(𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥 − 1)]

3. Find the value of
Solution: Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥 − 1) = 𝜃
√3
So, tan 𝜃 = (3𝑥 − 1) (𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 )))
opp (3𝑥−1)
= √3 𝜋
adj 1 Solution: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 ) = 3
By using Pythagoras Theorem, √3 𝜋
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 )) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )
ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
1
= (3𝑥 − 1)2 + 12 =2

= 9𝑥 2 + 1 − 6𝑥 + 1 √3
Now, 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 ))) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2)
1

= 9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2
𝜋 1
Since 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6 ) =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 = √(9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2) 2
1 𝜋
adj 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2) =
and cos 𝜃 = 6
hyp
√3 𝜋
=
1 ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2 ))) = 6
√(9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2)
3 4
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥 − 1)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝜃] (𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5)
1 3
=
√(9𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2)
Solution: Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) = 𝐴
3
1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 2)] Then, sin 𝐴 = 5
 opp 3 1
=5 = tan(𝐴 + 𝐵)
hyp

By using Pythagoras Theorem, =0

ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 3 3
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 2)
52 = 32 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 3
Solution: Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5) = 𝐴
2
25 = 9 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗
3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 = 25 − 9 Then, sin 𝐴 = 5
opp 3
= 16 =5
hyp
𝑎𝑑𝑗 = √16 = 4 By using Pythagoras Theorem,
opp 3
∴ tan 𝐴 = = ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
adj 4
4 52 = 32 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
if 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝐵
5
25 = 9 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
4
Then, sin 𝐵 = 5
𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 = 25 − 9
opp 4
=5 = 16
hyp

By using Pythagoras Theorem, 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = √16 = 4

opp 3
ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 ∴ tan 𝐴 = =
adj 4
52 = 42 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 3
if 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2) = 𝐵
2
25 = 16 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗
3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 = 25 − 16 Then, cot 𝐵 = 2
2
=9 ∴ tan 𝐵 = 3
𝑎𝑑𝑗 = √9 = 3 3 3
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝐵)
∴ tan 𝐵 =
opp
=
4 5 2
adj 3 tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
= 1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
−1 3 −1 4
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝐴 + 𝐵)
5 5 3 2
+
4 3
1 = 3 2
= tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) 1 – ( )( )
4 3
9+8
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = = 12
6
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 1–
12
3 4
+ 17
4 3
= 3 4 12
1 – ( )( )
4 3
= 12 − 6
12
9+16
12 17 12
= 12 = ×
1– 12 6
12
17
9+16 =
12 6
= 1–1
25 4. Prove that
12
= 2 7 1
0
(𝑖)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 24 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2
1 11
∴ tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 0
Solution: We know that
3 4
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝐴 + 𝐵) 𝐴+𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝐴𝐵)
 2 7
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 11 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 24 ℎ𝑦𝑝2 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2
2 7
( )+( )
132 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝2 + 122
−1 11 24
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ ]
2
1 − ( )( )
11 24
7
𝑜𝑝𝑝2 = 132 − 122
48 + 77 = 169 − 144
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 11 × 24
14 ]
1−
11 × 24 = 25
125
𝑜𝑝𝑝 = 5
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 264
264 − 14 ]
opp
264 sin 𝐵 = hyp
125
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 264
250 ] =
5
264 13

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [264 × 250]

125 264 We know sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
3 12 4 5
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2]
1 = ( )− ( )
5 13 5 13
36 20
3 12 16 = 65 − 65
(𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
5 13 65
36 − 20
3
= 65
Solution: Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝐴 and
5 16
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 65
−1 12
𝑐𝑜𝑠 =𝐵
13 16
3 12 ∴ 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (65) Proved.
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 13 =𝐴+𝐵
16
To prove 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 65
5. Prove that
Given 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝐴
3 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑧
5 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧
3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
So, sin 𝐴 = 5 1 – 𝑥𝑦 – 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥
Solution: We know that
opp 3
=5 𝑥+𝑦
hyp
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥𝑦)
By using Pythagoras Theorem,
𝑥+𝑦
2 2 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝐴) , Where A = 1 − 𝑥𝑦
ℎ𝑦𝑝 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗
52 = 32 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑧

25 = 9 + 𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑧

𝐴+𝑍
𝑎𝑑𝑗 2 = 25 − 9 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝐴𝑍)
= 16 𝑥+𝑦
+𝑍
−1 1 − 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 𝑥+𝑦 ]
𝑎𝑑𝑗 = √16 = 4 1−(
1 − 𝑥𝑦
)𝑍

adj 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧(1 − 𝑥𝑦)

cos 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑥𝑦
hyp = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 ]
1−( )
4 1 − 𝑥𝑦
= 5 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧
12 −1 1 − 𝑥𝑦
and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 13 =𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ (1 − 𝑥𝑦 )− (𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧) ]
1 − 𝑥𝑦
12 𝑎𝑑𝑗
cos 𝐵 = 13 = ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧
−1 1 − 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 1 – 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 ]
By using Pythagoras Theorem, 1 − 𝑥𝑦
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𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 1 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ × 1 – 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧] 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 ( )−(
𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
)
1 − 𝑥𝑦 ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
[ 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 ]
1 + ( )( )
𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] Hence proved.
1 – 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)−𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
−1 𝑥+𝑦
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑦) ]
𝑥+𝑦
6. If 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑧 = 𝜋,
𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2
−1 𝑥+𝑦
𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑦
]
𝑥+𝑦
Solution: Already proved that
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 −1 𝑥+𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
]
1 – 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧
𝑥+𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜋= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1 – 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧] 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥+𝑦
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ × 𝑥2 + 𝑦2]
𝑥+𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧
tan 𝜋 = [1 – 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1]
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝜋 𝜋
0 = [1 – 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧] = 4 [𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 tan 4 = 1]
𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 𝜋
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 0 ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 =
𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 4

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧

7. Prove that 9. Solve:

2𝑥 3𝑥 − 𝑥 3 5 12 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1− 𝑥 2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1− 3𝑥 2 , (𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 =
𝑥 𝑥 2
1
| 𝑥| < Solution:
√3
Solution: We know that 5
Given 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
12
=
𝜋
𝑥 2
𝐴+𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝐴𝐵) −1 5 𝜋 12
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
𝑥 𝑥
2𝑥
2𝑥 𝑥+
−1 −1 −1 1− 𝑥2 5 12
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
1− 𝑥 2 1 − (𝑥)( ) 𝑥
1− 𝑥2

𝑥(1−𝑥2 ) + 2𝑥 5
−1 1− 𝑥2
Let 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝜃
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2𝑥2
)
1−( ) 5
1− 𝑥2
Then sin 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑥3 + 2𝑥
−1 1− 𝑥2 12
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 1 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑥2
) Similarly if 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 =𝜃
𝑥
1− 𝑥2
12
3𝑥 − 𝑥3 Then cos 𝜃 =
1− 𝑥2 𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 1 − 3𝑥2
)
1− 𝑥2 We know that 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
3𝑥 − 𝑥3 1 − 𝑥2 5 2 12 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( × 1− 3𝑥 2 ) ∴ (𝑥) + ( 𝑥 ) = 1
1− 𝑥 2
3𝑥 − 𝑥3 25 144
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 1− 3𝑥 2 ) + =1
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑥 𝑥−𝑦 25 + 144
8. Simplify: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑦 =1
𝑥2
169
Solution: We know that =1
𝑥2
𝐴− 𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 + 𝐴𝐵) 𝑥 2 = 169
 𝑥 = 13 cos 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
1 − 𝑎2 1 − 𝑏2 𝜋
(𝑖𝑖) 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 1 + 𝑏2 , Gives, 𝑥 =
1 + 𝑎2 4
𝜋
Solution: Let 𝑎 = tan 𝜃1 (𝑖𝑣)𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑥 + 2) =
12
−1 −1 −1 (𝑥
Then 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎 = 𝜃1 Solution: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 2)
1 − 𝑎2 1 − (tan 𝜃1 )2 1 1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥+2)
1 + 𝑎2 1 + (tan 𝜃1 )2

= cos 2𝜃1 We know that

1 − (tan 𝜃)2 𝐴− 𝐵
Since, cos 2𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 + 𝐴𝐵)
1 + (tan 𝜃)2
1 1
Similarly if 𝑏 = tan 𝜃2 ∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥+2)

Then 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 = 𝜃2 1
( )−(
1
)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑥
1
𝑥+2
1 ]
1 − 𝑏2 1 − (tan 𝜃2 )2 1 + ( )( )
𝑥 𝑥+2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 =
1 + 𝑏2 1 + (tan 𝜃2 )2
1(𝑥 + 2) − 𝑥
−1 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)
= cos 2𝜃2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 1 + 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) ]
𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)
1 − 𝑎2 1 − 𝑏2
2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 1 + 𝑎2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 1 + 𝑏2 𝑥+2−𝑥
−1 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [ 1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥
]
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos 2𝜃1 ) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos 2𝜃2 ) 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)

= 2𝜃1 − 2𝜃2 , dividing by 2 2

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) × 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1]
𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)

𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
2
−1 −1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1]
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑏
𝜋 180
𝑎− 𝑏
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 + 𝑎𝑏) = = 15 = 45 − 30
12 12
𝜋
𝑥=
𝑎− 𝑏 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑥 + 2) =
1 + 𝑎𝑏 12
2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (cos 𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1] = (45 − 30)
Solution: We know that 2
[𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(45 − 30)
𝐴+𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
1 − 𝐴𝐵 tan 45−tan 30
= 1+tan 45 tan 30
−1 (cos −1 (cos −1 (cos
2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)
1
cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 1−
√3
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − (cos 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)) = 1
1 + 1( )
√3
2 cos 𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 ) √3 − 1
√3
2 cos 𝑥
= √3 + 1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ) √3

Given 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (cos 𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) =

√3 − 1
×
√3
√3 √3 + 1
2 cos 𝑥
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) √3 − 1
=
2 cos 𝑥 √3 + 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
√3 − 1 √3 + 1
cos 𝑥 1
= ×
√3 + 1 √3 + 1
(sin 𝑥)(sin 𝑥)
= (sin 𝑥)
3+ √3 – √3 − 1
cos 𝑥 = 2
= 1 (√3 + 1)
sin 𝑥
 2
= 2
2𝑥 + 6𝑥 3 = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 3
(√3 + 1)
6𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 3 = 4𝑥 − 2𝑥
2 2
=
(𝑥+1)2 (√3 + 1)
2
8𝑥 3 = 2𝑥 dividing by 2𝑥
2 4𝑥 2 = 1
∴ (𝑥 + 1)2 = (√3 + 1)
1
𝑥2 =
𝑥 + 1 = √3 + 1 4
1
𝑥 = √3 + 1 − 1 𝑥=± 2

𝑥 = √3
10. Find the number of solution of the equation
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥) EXERCISE 4.6
Solution: Given
Choose the correct or the most suitable answer
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 1)
from the given four alternatives.
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥)
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 1) 1. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 𝑖𝑠
𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 (1)𝜋 – 𝑥 (2)𝑥 −
2
We know that (𝟑)
𝝅
− 𝒙 (4) 𝑥 − 𝜋
𝟐
𝐴+𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1− 𝐴𝐵)
2𝜋
LHS = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 1) 2. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 =
3
(𝑥−1) + (𝑥+1)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)) then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 is equal to
2𝜋 𝝅 𝜋
𝑥 −1 + 𝑥 + 1 (1) (2) 𝟑 (3) 6 (4) 𝜋
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 1 − (𝑥 2 − 1) ) 3

2𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥 2 + 1) 3 12 5 13
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 5 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 13 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 3 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 12
2𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2 − 𝑥 2 )
is equal to
We know that 12
(1) 𝜋 (2) 𝜋 (3) 0 (4) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 65
𝐴− 𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 + 𝐴𝐵)
4. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝛼 has a solution, then
RHS = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝟏 1
(1) |𝜶| ≤ (2) |𝛼| ≥
(3𝑥) − (𝑥) √𝟐 √2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 + (3𝑥)(𝑥))
1 1
(3) |𝛼| < (4) |𝛼| >
2𝑥 √2 √2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+ 3𝑥 2 )
𝜋
LHS = RHS 5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 is valid for
2𝑥 2𝑥
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2 − 𝑥2 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+ 3𝑥 2 ) (1) −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 (2) 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
= (3) − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ (4) − 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
2 − 𝑥2 1 + 3𝑥 2 2 4
2) 2)
2𝑥(1 + 3𝑥 = 2𝑥(2 − 𝑥
 www.nammakalvi.in
3𝜋
6. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑧 = , the value Then 𝑥 is a root of the equation
2
9 (1) 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 (2) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑥 2017 + 𝑦 2018 + 𝑧 2019 − 101 is
𝑥 101 + 𝑦101 + 𝑧
(3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0 (4) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3

2𝜋
14. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) =
−1
7. If 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥= for some 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝝅 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
5
(1) 𝟐 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 6
the value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 is
𝜋 𝜋 𝝅 𝜋
(1) − 10 (2) 5 (3) 𝟏𝟎 (4) − 5
15. If 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼) = 𝑢 ,

then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑢 is equal to

8. The domain of the function defined by
(1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 (2) 0 (3) −𝟏 (4) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝛼
−1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 √𝑥 − 1 is
(1) [𝟏, 𝟐] (2) [−1,1] 16. If |𝑥| ≤ 1, then
(3) [0,1] (4) [−1,0] 2𝑥
2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 1 + 𝑥 2 is equal to

1 (1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 (3) 0 (4) 𝜋

9 If 𝑥 = 5 , the value of

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) is 17. The equation

24 24 1 𝟏 1
(1) −√25 (2) √25 (3) 5 (4) − 𝟓 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) has
√3

(1) no solution (2) unique solution

1 2
10. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (4) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (9) is equal to (3) two solutions
1 3 1 3 (4) infinite number of solutions
(1) 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (5) (2) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5)
1 3 𝟏
(3) 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (5) (4) 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐)

11. If the function 1 𝜋

18. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2) = 2 , then 𝑥 is equal to
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √𝑥 2 − 3, then 𝑥 belongs to
1 𝟏 2 √3
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4)
(1) [−1,1] (2) [√2, 2] √𝟓 √5 2

𝑥 5 𝜋
(3) [−𝟐, −√𝟐] ∪ [√𝟐, 𝟐] 19. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 = ,
5 4 2

(4) [−2, −√2] ∩ [√2, 2] then the value of 𝑥 is

(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 2 (4) 3
12. If 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 2 and 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 3 are two angles of a
triangle, then the third angle is 20. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥), |𝑥| < 1 is equal to
𝜋 𝟑𝝅 𝜋 𝜋 𝑥 1
(1) 4 (2) 𝟒
(3) 6 (4) 3 (1) √1 (2) √1
− 𝑥2 − 𝑥2

𝜋 3 𝜋 1 𝒙
13. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (√𝑥) = (3) √1 (4)
6 + 𝑥2 √ 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
 𝜋
FORMULAE 1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]
𝜋
Property – I 2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)] = 𝜃 if 𝜃 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ] 3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∖ (−1,1)

2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)] = 𝜃 if 𝜃 ∈ [0, 𝜋]

𝜋 𝜋 1. 𝐼𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = 𝜃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 sin 𝜃 = 𝑥
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃)] = 𝜃 if 𝜃 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ]
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃
−1 𝜋 𝜋
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃)] = 𝜃 if 𝜃 ∈ [− , ] ∖ {0}
2 2 3. The range of the principal value of
𝜋
5. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 [𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃)] = 𝜃 if 𝜃 ∈ [0, 𝜋] ∖ {2 } 𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = [− 2 , 2 ]
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝜃)] = 𝜃 if 𝜃 ∈ [0, 𝜋] 4. The domain of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = [−1,1]
5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
Property – II
6. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)] = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)] = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1] 7. Period of the function 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)] = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
8. Amplitude of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 1
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)] = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∖ (−1,1)
5. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 [𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)] = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∖ (−1,1) 9. 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 1800
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥)] = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
10. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)] = 𝜃

Property – III [Reciprocal Inverse Identities] 11. If 𝑎 ≤ |𝑥| ≤ 𝑏, ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ [−𝑏, −𝑎] ∪ [𝑎, 𝑏]
1
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∖ (−1,1) 12. sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∖ (−1,1) 13. sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥) = { 14. 𝐼𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) = 𝜃 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cos 𝜃 = 𝑥
−𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Property – IV [Reflection Identities] 15. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]
16. The range of the principal value of
−1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) = [0, 𝜋]
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−𝑥) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥) 17. The domain of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) = [−1,1]
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 if |𝑥| ≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∖ (−1,1)
18. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 − 𝜃) = −cos 𝜃
−1 (−𝑥)
5. 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 if |𝑥| ≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∖ (−1,1) 19. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 + 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃
−1 (−𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1
6. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 if 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
20. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)] = 𝜃
Property –V [co function Inverse Identities]
21. cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

22. cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

𝜋
23. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) =
2

24. tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃

2 tan 𝜃
25. sin 2𝜃 =
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
26. cos 2𝜃 = 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

𝐴+𝐵
27. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1 − 𝐴𝐵]

𝐴−𝐵
28. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 + 𝐴𝐵)

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
29. tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

30.

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 0
6 4 3 2
1 1 √3
sin 𝜃 0 1
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
cos 𝜃 1 0
2 √2 2
1
tan 𝜃 0 1 √3 ∞
√3

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