PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO

COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING

CPA102: Fundamentals of Electronic Circuits

PROJECT REPORT
PROPOSED ELECTRONIC PROJECTS FOR HEALTH AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES

MEMBERS: Jamili, Danzel Sharry M.

Sumagui, James Neil D.
Victorio, Joshua Miguel C.
SECTION: 2CpE-A
INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Monica B. Magnate
DATE June 20, 2021

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I. INTRODUCTION
The world is going through rapid changes, and the only constant thing that is in our hands is our
health. Being healthy is a choice, and there are specific guidelines to maintain good health; however, it is
still depends on individual’s effort and determination. Good health is essential for having a fully
functioning life. Furthermore, a healthy person can bring positive changes in society, and it is not an end
to itself but also the key to creating a better and more reformed community.
Many people in the world are affected by blindness and difficulty in hearing. This has been an
ongoing problem for a long time, and it has grown over time and gotten to be a massive problem is a
person’s everyday life. Moreover, it is a problem because most cases of it can be avoided, but it’s
increasing tremendously, and most technology isn’t made for the visual and hearing impairment.
According to Lise Wagner, there are 253 million people are affected by some form of blindness
and visual impairment which are equivalent to 3.2% of the world’s population. Furthermore, she also
stated that there are 466 million people have a disabling deafness and hearing loss which represents 6%
of the world’s population, that is to say all of the inhabitants of the European Union.
The collection, processing, transport and disposal of waste is important for both the health of the
public and environmental reasons. Moreover, waste production may have been minimal in places with
low population density, but in densely populated regions is where the problem really starts and wastes of
different kinds like biodegradable wastes has to be dealt with. As a result, waste had become a complex
mixture of different substances, only some of which are intrinsically hazardous to health.
The combination of rapid population growth and an increasing demand for consumer goods has
resulted in a massive increase in the amount of wastes we create. The World Bank reported in September
2018 that unless we take immediate action, global waste production will increase by 70% by 2050.
Additionally, there are still 14.2 million Filipinos who are malnourished and 13.3 million Filipinos are
insecure which accounts for one third of the total population as presented by the World Hunger Report
2018. Furthermore, food waste and post-harvest processing losses can reduce the number of hungry and
malnourished people in the Philippines, but minimizing it remains the main challenge for lawmakers and
citizens to make them successful.
With all of that being said, the students of 2CpE-A of Pamantasan ng Cabuyao (PnC) decided to
search for electronic projects that can help solve problems when it comes to health and waste management.

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II. PURPOSE OF THE DEVICE

Project #1: Voice and Text Conversion System
The ability to communicate defines us as human beings and as a society, and it forms a foundation
for decision making and relationship building. With the use of WiMAX technology, the text-to-voice
converter can make blind people communicate with deaf peoples. Voice conversion system includes a
system for converting text to a phonemic representation thereof according to rules and a system for
generating speech output which pronounces a text from a phonemic representation of the text. The
dictionaries contain phonemic representations of texts which are incorrectly converted by the text to
phonemic representation conversion system. The interactive system includes input apparatus for receiving
dictionary manipulation commands including a play command from a user of the interactive system and
a command execution system for receiving the dictionary manipulation commands and executing them.
In addition, voice-to-text converter takes visually-impaired person’s voice as in and it is received
by a person who has a hearing impairment as text using WiMAX wireless technology. Moreover, a speech-
text-transmit communication over data networks includes speech recognition devices and text to speech
conversion devices that translate speech signals input to the terminal into text and text data received from
a data network into speech output signals. The speech input signals are translated into text based on
phonemes obtained from a spectral analysis of the speech input signals. The text data is transmitted to a
receiving party over the data network as a plurality of text data packets such that a continuous stream of
text data is obtained. The receiving party's terminal receives the text data and it may immediately display
the text data and/or translate it into speech output signals using the text to speech conversion device.

Project #2: IOT Based Waste Management System

The reduction of the overflow of garbage and to monitor the streetlights is the overall purpose of
this project. The overflow will be reduced, and wet waste can be crushed/grinded and converted to manure.
By monitoring the streetlights, it also minimizes power and resource consumption using ambient sensors
where in whenever a passersby or vehicle is detected all of the lights along the street are turned on. The
GSM is used to communicate the location of garbage bins. Everything is controlled and tracked through
the project's dedicated webpage. Using a dc motor and blades, wet wastes are broken and decomposed
into usable manures. Furthermore, if rain is detected, the lid will close; otherwise, it will remain open.

Figure 2.1. Operation of IOT Based Waste Management System

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The operation of the project are as follows; when rain is detected, the lids will be closed; otherwise,
the lid will be open. This allows us to avoid rainwater into garbage cans; next, using ultrasonic sensors,
once the sensors detected that the dust bin is full, a message is going to be sent to the authorities or to the
person in charge. The message contains the words “Bin is full” as well as the exact location of the bin,
which includes the latitude and longitude of the bin. Here authority has all rights to access the data of the
bin by creating use of WI- FI; And if needed or necessary they can activate the motor and may flip it OFF
if needed just in case of wet bin, crushing and making that exact waste into manure mechanism; PIR
sensing element senses the human followed by the voice are contend by exploitation voice recorder, voice
contend can include dry bin or either wet bin, and thereby garbage are going to be drop within the explicit
bin, so as to avoid confusions.
In addition to the waste management-related feature of the project, the author also wanted to
implement a system that controls the streetlights in an area. Since the author believes that streetlights are
not monitored properly. They make use of an ambient sensor for a power saving concept of monitoring of
street lights. Initially they are going to turn ON one row of the streetlights later on when any obstacle, any
vehicle, any human is detected then both the rows will be turned ON. For the detection of the obstacle,
human, and vehicle they use Ultrasonic sensors. Thus, saving the power and resources which was wasted
upon streetlights. This power-saving-monitoring of streetlights are important since power shortages are
sometimes present.

Project #3: Food Waste Disposal Machine

The Food Waste Disposal Machine is a machine that cuts up the kitchen waste in the main
container, and then turns it into a fertilizer plant after drying. This device only needs 12V power supply
to operate, and specially designed to attract relevant executives from families, restaurants, schools,
canteens, universities, small and medium-sized industries, and many more. Furthermore, it uses the latest
technology to create a simpler and more flexible method that is easier to use for people of all ages and
levels, and is considered safer to use. At the same time, it can also prevent and reduce air pollution, odors
and natural environment of flora and fauna, and save space and reduce landfill increasingly inadequate.
According to the author of this project, the main purpose of the machine is to make the kitchen
place clean and to reduce the unpleasant smell and for the purpose of applying for food waste that
discarded are usually the cause of unpleasant odors area behind a restaurant, cafe and small and medium
industry.

III. CIRCUIT/BLOCK DIAGRAM

Project #1: Voice and Text Conversion System
Given below is the block diagram of the Voice and Text Conversion System as well as the
description for each component involved in the diagram.

Figure 1.1. Block Diagram of Voice and Text Conversion System

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• WiMAX
WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. It is a
telecommunications technology that providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of
ways, from point-to-point links. Furthermore, it is a highly scalable, long-range system, covering
many kilometers using licensed spectrum to deliver a point-to-point connection to the Internet
from an ISP to an end user.

WiMAX can provide two forms of wireless service:

 There is the non-line-of-sight, WiFi sort of service, where a small antenna on your
computer connects to the tower. In this mode, WiMAX uses a lower frequency range -- 2
GHz to 11 GHz (similar to WiFi). Lower-wavelength transmissions are not as easily
disrupted by physical obstructions -- they are better able to diffract, or bend, around
obstacles.
 There is line-of-sight service, where a fixed dish antenna points straight at the WiMAX
tower from a rooftop or pole. The line-of-sight connection is stronger and more stable, so
it's able to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Line-of-sight transmissions use higher
frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz. At higher frequencies, there is less
interference and lots more bandwidth.

• Text-to-Voice Converter
A Text-to-Voice Converter takes input as a sequence of words and convert them to speech.
The system includes a system for converting text to a phonemic representation thereof according
to rules and a system for generating speech output which pronounces a text from a phonemic
representation of the text. The dictionaries contain phonemic representations of texts which are
incorrectly converted by the text to phonemic representation conversion system. The interactive
system includes input apparatus for receiving dictionary manipulation commands including a play
command from a user of the interactive system and a command execution system for receiving the
dictionary manipulation commands and executing them.

Figure 1.1a. Block Diagram of Text-to-Voice Converter

Text-to-Voice Converter system components:

Figure 1.1b. Block Diagram of Text-to-Voice Converter System Components

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 Prosody
Prosody is the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech whereas it may reflect the
emotional state of a speaker; whether an utterance is a statement, a question, or a command;
whether the speaker is being ironic or sarcastic; emphasis, contrast and focus; and other
elements of language which may not be encoded by grammar.

 Concatenation
A new method is presented for text-to-speech synthesis using diphones. The
diphone database consists of the diphone waveforms labeled with pitch-marks indicating
the pitch-periods. At synthesis time, the diphone waveforms are processed through a new
analysis-synthesis system, providing an independent control of all prosodic parameters,
while retaining a good degree of naturalness. This system is based on a representation of
the speech signal by its short-time Fourier transform (STFT) at a pitch-synchronous
sampling rate. The synthesis part of the system works by overlap-adding the modified
short-term signals and it ensures a smooth concatenation of the diphone waveforms. The
synthetic speech obtained by this method sounds more natural than with the conventional
LPC method.

 Word-to-Diphone Converter
A method for preparing diphones for text-to-speech generating by selectively
pronouncing a set of selected diphones, processing each such diphone for persistent
storage, and storing each processed diphone in an individually addressable storage location,
characterized by amongst such set as spoken by a single person on a homophony basis
assigning each diphone to one or more diverse languages for diminishing storage
requirements through sharing of selective diphones amongst more than one language .

 Number Converter
The text to speech engine for conversion of an input text to speech, comprises a text
pre-processing unit for analyzing the input text in a sentence form, a prosody unit for word
recognition using said acoustic model, a concatenation unit for converting the diphone
equivalents into words and thereafter into a sentence and an audio output device for speech
output.

 Acronym Converter
An improved text-to-speech synthesizer that employs a text to speech converter, a
text reader control procedure, a classifier procedure, an abbreviation expansion procedure,
and an acronym/initials expanding procedure is herein described. A classifier procedure is
used to classify generate classification values for each word in the text message with regard
to syntax, punctuation and membership in predefined classes of words, the predefined
classes of words including number, measurement units, geographic designations, and
date/time values. An abbreviation expansion procedure evaluates, based on the
classification values for words neighboring the identified words, which, if any, of the
potential expansion values is applicable, and substitutes the potential expansion for the
identified abbreviation word when evaluation yields a success value. An acronym/initials
expanding procedure identifies words in the text message that are acronyms and initializes,
parses pronounceable syllables within the identified words and generates a substitute string
that can consist of any combination of letters, numbers, pronounceable syllables or multiple
letter identifiers.

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 Diphone Retrieval
The text files were reformatted into common HTML/XML pages, which comply
with the basic recommendations set by the Web Access Initiative. In the latest version of
the system all the modules of the early version are being integrated into the user interface,
which has some basic web-browsing functionalities and a text-to-speech screen-reader
function controlled by the mouse as well.

 Multilevel Data
Multilevel data are structures that consist of multiple units of analysis, one nested
within the other, and such data are becoming quite common in political science and provide
numerous opportunities for theory testing and development.

Figure 1.1c. Block Diagram of MLDS Process

 Acoustic Manipulation
Acoustic Manipulation is a built-in function that recognize, load, play, and write
wave files in a vast array of signal processing tools.

• Voice-to-Text Converter
A speech-text-transmit communication over data networks includes speech recognition
devices and text to speech conversion devices that translate speech signals input to the terminal
into text and text data received from a data network into speech output signals. The speech input
signals are translated into text based on phonemes obtained from a spectral analysis of the speech
input signals. The text data is transmitted to a receiving party over the data network as a plurality
of text data packets such that a continuous stream of text data is obtained. The receiving party's
terminal receives the text data and immediately display the text data and/or translate it into speech
output signals using the text to speech conversion device. The text to speech conversion device
uses speech pattern data stored in a speech pattern database for synthesizing a human voice for
playing of the speech output signals using a speech output device.

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Project #2: IOT Based Waste Management System

Given below is the block diagram of the IOT Based Waste Management System as well as the
description for each component involved in the diagram.

Figure 2.2. Block Diagram of IOT Based Waste Management System

• Arduino Uno (Atmega328)

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6-analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal
oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all
preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the
Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to- serial converter.

• Ultrasonic Sensors
The level of bin is detected using ultrasonic sensors. A pair of ultrasonic sensors is
positioned at a 120-degree angle from one another to cover the whole bin. Depending on the size
of the trash, the range of an ultrasonic sensor may vary. Any type of garbage may be stored in the
garbage bin. The ultrasonic sensor requirements may be achieved by taking into account all of the
factors involved.

• PIR Sensors
A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is a type of electronic sensor that detects infrared
(IR) light emitted by objects in its field of vision. They are most commonly found in motion
detectors with a PIR sensor. PIR sensors are widely utilized in security alarm systems and
automated lighting systems.

• Ambient Sensors
It is a digital Ambient light sensor I for I2C bus interface. This IC is the most suitable to
obtain the ambient light data for adjusting LCD and keypad back light power of mobile phone. It
is possible to detect wide range at high resolution.

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• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)

GSM/GPRS Modem-RS232 is built with Dual Band GSM/GPRS engine- SIM900A, works
on frequencies 900/1800MHz. The Modem is coming with RS232 interface. The GSM/GPRS
Modem is having internal TCP/IP stack to enable you to connect with internet via GPRS. It is
suitable for SMS, Voice as well as DATA transfer application in M2M interface. The onboard
Regulated Power supply allows you to connect wide range unregulated power supply. Using this
modem, you can make audio calls, SMS, Read SMS, attend the incoming calls and internet etc.
through simple AT commands.

• GPS (Global Positioning System)

It is a global navigation system that provides geo-location and time information to a GPS
receiver anywhere on or near the earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four more
GPS satellites.

• WIFI Module
It is a UART-WIFI transparent transmission module with ultra-low power consumption. It
allows either to host the application or to off load, all WIFI networking functions from anther
application processor. It contains powerful on-board processing and storage capabilities that
allows it to be integrated with the sensors and other application.

• Voice Recorder
The recordings are stored in on-chip, non-volatile memory cells. Voice and audio signals
are preserved in their native form in memory, resulting in high-quality, solid-state voice
reproduction.

• Motors and Blades

The bins utilize a DC motor with a high rpm to move the blades within the wet bin, which
cut the wet waste and convert it to manure using its sharp and powerful blades.

• Servo Motor
The linear actuator, which can move in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions, is
powered by servo motors.

• Rain Sensor
The rain sensor module is an easy mechanism for rain detection. It can be used as a switch
when raindrop falls on the board.

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Project #3: Food Waste Disposal Machine

Given below is the block diagram of the Food Waste Disposal Machine as well as the description
for each component involved in the diagram.

Figure 3.1. Block Diagram of Food Waste Disposal Machine

• Incoming Supply
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and
distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using
transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and
consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps. A substation that has a step-up
transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the current, while a step-down transformer
decreases the voltage while increasing the current for domestic and commercial distribution. The
word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid.

• Main Switch
Use single pole single throw (SPST) ON/OFF switch that controls the sub-switch before
going to equipment and electrical appliances for the purpose of protection and safety of consumers.
A simple on/off switch. This type can be used to switch the power supply to a circuit. In electronics,
a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or
diverting it from one conductor to another.

• Power Supply
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies
electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit
or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical
ones, and rarely to others.

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• Motor Blender
Motorcycle starter motor (Honda EX5) is used as a motor to rotate the blade grinder. Blend
the food waste to be synonymous. A starter motor (also starting motor, or starter) is an electric
motor that rotates an internal combustion engine to cause the engine to begin powering itself. Both
Otto cycle and Diesel cycle internal-combustion engines require the pistons to be moving before
the ignition phase of the cycle.

• Blender Motor (OFF)

Blender motor is controlled by the timer circuit, when the time is sufficient (1 min), the
blender motor will stop. For the next step, food waste that has been blend will be poured into the
container by pressing the start button pouring motor.

• Start Button (Down)

Push buttons are often color coded to associate them with their function so that the operator
will not push the wrong button in error. Commonly used colors are red for stopping the machine
or process and green for starting the machine or process.

• Motor Pouring Down (On)

A system for enabling a vehicle operator to control the speed or rate of raising and lowering
of a powered lift window. The actuator or switch includes a pressure responsive variable
impedance device comprising a variable resistance in one embodiment and a variable capacitance
in another embodiment. Increasing force directly on the variable impedance device by the user
finger or an actuator decreases the impedance which is sensed by a voltage divider which outputs
a voltage which increases with increasing force.

• Limit Switch
A limit switch, also known as snap-action switch, is a generic term used to refer to an
electric switch that is actuated by very little physical force, through the use of a tipping point
mechanism. They are very common due to their low cost and durability, greater than 1 million
cycles and up to 10 million cycles for heavy duty models.

• Motor Pouring Down (Off)

Motor will stop automatically after the main container touches the limit switch at the
position 220 degrees. Food waste that has been blender completely will flow out into another
container that has been existing above the conveyor.

• Food Waste Pouring

This container is not used as existing, but it has been modified according to the suitability
of this project which was the main container for this machine. All food waste and grinding process
is done in this former and the products will be poured into another container that has been available
over the conveyor to the next process.

• Collector Container
After complete grinding process (from process 1 to 13) the results of the products will been
poured into this container that has been existing above the conveyor to waiting for the next process.

• Motor Conveyor (On)

Motor conveyor used to move the container aims is to achieve over the conveyor at a level
which placed sensors (infrared) which when detected conveyor will stop. Power window motor is
used as a motor to move the conveyor, same as pouring motor.

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• Conveyer Running
A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves
materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving
the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient
transportation for a wide variety of materials, which make them very popular in the material
handling and packaging industries.

IV. PROJECT DESIGN

Project #1: Voice and Text Conversion System

Figure 1.2. How Voice and Text Conversion System works

Figure 1.2 shows how Voice and Text Conversion System works. Since the project heavily relies
on WiMAX as its medium for transmission and operation, the system depends on users’ devices such as
speakers and microphones due to the lack of physical apparatus.

Project #2: IOT Based Waste Management System

Figure 2.3. Prototype of IOT Based Waste Management System

Figure 2.3 depicts a model prototype in which the entire model is ready for certain operations and
all of the hardware components are functioning properly. The wet and dry bins are indicated by the yellow
and red bins. The road and street lights are depicted in the image, and homes and apartment are included
to represent the neighborhood.

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Project #3: Food Waste Disposal Machine

Figure 3.2. Sketch of Food Waste Disposal Machine

Figure 3.2 represents the prototype of Food Waste Disposal machine which the model has a factory
like machines. This machine has a conveyor system to ease the work and to fasten the production

V. CONCLUSION
Project #1: Voice and Text Conversion System
Blindness does come with its share of challenges. As a result, living with limited vision means
blind people have to find other ways to handle some things most people take for granted. Likewise, most
individuals are aware that hearing difficulty comes with a unique set of challenges. This forces those who
are hearing-impaired to experience the world in an entirely different way than the rest of the population.
Voice conversion system can make blind people communicate with deaf peoples, and voice-to-
text converter takes the vice-versa process wherein it takes visually-impaired person’s voice as in and it
is received by a person who has a hearing impairment as text through WiMAX. However, it is somehow
lock of unique physical device and system since this kind of electronic project had been famous in the
medical field. The project is in need of appealing physical apparatus with its installed voice and text
conversion system in order to improve the system and receive educational criticism. Nevertheless, the
voice conversion system solved the problem in regards with communication of both visually-impaired and
impaired hearing individuals.

Project #2: IOT Based Waste Management System

By implementing smart garbage management system using ultrasonic sensors, PIR sensors,
microcontroller, GSM, GPS, and Wi-Fi Modules it ultimately helps to keep cleanliness in the community.
This system assures that garbage bins are cleaned as soon as the garbage level reaches its limit, since a
message is going to be sent to the authorities. The total number of trips of garbage collection vehicles are
reduced hence reducing the overall expenditure associated with garbage collection and making garbage
collection more efficient.
When it comes to the improvement of the device as well as its system. It was said in the study that
everything is going to be monitored using a webpage, however, the webpage is not included in the paper.
To make everything work efficiently and flawlessly, a well-developed webpage must be implemented.
This webpage should be simple and easy to use.

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Project #3: Food Waste Disposal Machine

Making this project happen can make it easy to recycle the food waste and convert them to
fertilizers of new renewable energy units. It also reduces environmental contamination and helps us
achieve a greener and cleaner environment. It increases the comfort of the worker in the restaurants or any
place that takes the food waste placed, also their peace of mind since there is no more unsatisfying odor
in their places.
The machine must have smaller size in order to be used in a small space place, and develop a
communication campaign to engage the user on why and how to separate food waste effectively. If this
feature was implemented, it will decrease the contamination of the food in order to formulate a good
fertilizer.

Overall Conclusion:
Whether it is about helping visually impaired and people with hearing disabilities communicate
much better or waste management in the community, humanity has come a very long way when it comes
to solving different problems in different areas.
Humans have needed to innovate for many years to address various problems, from developing
new ways for people to communicate to inventing ingenious devices that do things for us to make our
lives easier. And with all that being said, there is one thing that everyone can agree with, and that is,
humans are natural-born problem-solvers.

VI. REFERENCES
• [1] L. Wagner. “Disabled People in the World in 2021: Facts and Figures.” Inclusive City
Maker. May 28, 2021. https://www.inclusivecitymaker.com/disabled-people-in-the-world-in-
2021-facts-and-figures/ (accessed: Jun. 20, 2021).
• [2] “Waste producers worldwide: Sensonseo Global Waste Index 2019.” Sensonseo.
https://sensoneo.com/sensoneo-global-waste-index-2019/ (accessed: Jun. 18, 2021).
• [3] J. E. Arcalas and C. Ordinario. “Food waste, postharvest losses where millions remain
hungry ..” Business Mirror. Oct. 18, 2018. https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/10/18/food-
waste-postharvest-losses-where-millions-remain-hungry/ (accessed: Jun. 19, 2021).
• [4] S. Kasarla. “Wimax Projects for Students on Mentally Challenged Persons.” eceprojects.
Apr. 04, 2013. https://sites.google.com/site/eceprojectreports/home/wimax-projects-for-students-
on-mentally-challenged-persons (accessed: Jun. 10, 2021).
• [5] S. Kasarla. “Project Report on Food Waste Disposal Management System.” eceprojects. Mar.
07, 2013. https://sites.google.com/site/eceprojectreports/home/project-report-on-food-waste-
disposal-management-system (accessed: Jun. 10, 2021).
• [6] P. K. Dutta. “IOT Based Waste Management System with Metering for Smart Village Project
Application.” ResearchGate. Mar. 2019.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332779949_IOT_Based_Waste_Management_System_
with_Metering_for_Smart_Village_Project_Application (accessed: Jun. 10, 2021).

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