Introduction to Genetics in Biopsychology

Genetics is an essential foundation for understanding the biological basis of behavior and mental processes. This field delves into how genes influence
brain development, the intricate workings of neurotransmitter systems, and the variations in behavior that make each individual unique. This
presentation will explore the foundational concepts of genetics, including DNA structure and function, the patterns of inheritance, and the intriguing
relationship between epigenetics and gene expression.
Fundamentals of Genetics
1 Genes 2 Chromosomes
Genes are the fundamental units of heredity that are passed down from parents to Chromosomes are thread-like structures found within the nucleus of each cell, comprised
offspring. They carry the instructions for building and maintaining an organism, of tightly coiled DNA. They are essentially bundles of genetic information, carrying
influencing a wide range of traits from physical characteristics like eye color and height thousands of genes organized in a linear sequence.
to complex behaviors and predispositions to certain diseases.

3 Genotype and Phenotype 4 Mendelian Inheritance

Genotype refers to an individual's complete set of genes, the genetic makeup inherited Mendelian inheritance explains how traits are passed from parents to offspring
from their parents. Phenotype, on the other hand, encompasses the observable through the transmission of dominant and recessive alleles. This principle, first
characteristics of an individual, which are shaped by the interaction between their observed by Gregor Mendel, lays the foundation for understanding the inheritance of
genotype and environmental factors. many characteristics.

5 DNA and RNA 6 Chromosomes with abnormalities

DNA, often referred to as the "blueprint of life," carries the genetic instructions in the Variations or abnormalities in chromosomes can lead to genetic disorders. These can
form of a double helix structure. RNA, a single-stranded molecule, plays a vital role in range from small alterations in a single gene to larger changes in chromosome
translating these genetic instructions into proteins that perform essential functions structure or number. Understanding these abnormalities is crucial for diagnosing and
within the body. treating genetic conditions.
DNA Structure and Function
Structure Function Replication

DNA is a double helix molecule, resembling a DNA carries the genetic instructions for DNA replicates itself to create two identical
twisted ladder. Its structure consists of two building proteins, which are essential for all copies, ensuring that genetic information is
strands of nucleotides, each made up of a cellular functions and processes. These passed down during cell division. This process is
phosphate group, a sugar molecule proteins act as enzymes, hormones, structural essential for growth, development, and repair of
(deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base. These components, and more, playing a critical role tissues. During replication, the two strands of
nucleotides are linked together by hydrogen in determining an organism's characteristics DNA separate, and each strand serves as a
bonds to form base pairs: adenine (A) pairs and behavior. The sequence of nucleotides template for the synthesis of a new
with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with within DNA determines the sequence of complementary strand. This process guarantees
cytosine (C). This specific pairing pattern amino acids in a protein, which in turn that each daughter cell receives a complete and
ensures the accurate replication of genetic dictates its specific function. accurate copy of the genetic blueprint.
information.
DNA and RNA which carries genes
DNA RNA

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double-stranded helix that contains RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a single-stranded molecule that is
the genetic code for an organism. This code is made up of four responsible for carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes,
nucleotide bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). where proteins are synthesized. There are several types of RNA, each
The sequence of these bases determines the genetic information that is with a specific function: messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic
passed down from parents to offspring. DNA is found in the nucleus of code from DNA to ribosomes; transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids
cells, where it is organized into chromosomes. Chromosomes are made to ribosomes; and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of ribosomes.
up of DNA and proteins, and they contain genes, which are segments of RNA differs from DNA in that it contains the base uracil (U) instead of
DNA that code for specific traits. thymine (T) and has a sugar molecule called ribose instead of
deoxyribose. Genetic mutations can occur in both DNA and RNA. These
mutations can lead to a range of disorders, including some of the
genetic disorders we discussed earlier, such as Down syndrome, Fragile
X syndrome, and Huntington's disease.
Genetic Inheritance Patterns
Pattern Description

Autosomal Dominant A single copy of a dominant allele is sufficient for trait expression.

Autosomal Recessive Two copies of a recessive allele are required for trait expression.

X-linked Traits are inherited through genes on the X chromosome, resulting in

different inheritance patterns in males and females.
Genetic Influences on Behavior
Temperament Cognitive Abilities Mental Health
Genetic factors contribute to individual Genes influence cognitive processes such Genetic predisposition plays a role in the
differences in personality traits, such as as intelligence, memory, and learning, development of certain mental disorders,
sociability, impulsivity, and emotional contributing to variations in these abilities. such as depression, anxiety, and
reactivity. schizophrenia.
Genetic Disorders and Biopsychology
Down Syndrome
Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. This extra chromosome leads to a range of developmental delays, including
intellectual disability, and characteristic physical features such as a flattened facial profile, upward slanting eyes, and a single deep crease across the palm of the hand. Down syndrome affects
various aspects of an individual's life, including cognitive abilities, motor skills, and social interactions. However, it's crucial to recognize that individuals with Down syndrome exhibit a wide
range of abilities and can lead fulfilling lives with appropriate support.

Fragile X Syndrome
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the FMR1 (Fragile messenger ribonucleoprotein) gene, located on the X chromosome. This mutation leads to a deficiency in the
protein encoded by the FMR1 gene, which is essential for normal brain development. The most common symptom of Fragile X syndrome is intellectual disability, ranging from mild to severe.
Individuals with Fragile X syndrome may also experience developmental delays, behavioral challenges such as anxiety and hyperactivity, and distinctive facial features. There are varying
degrees of symptom severity, and many individuals with Fragile X syndrome can lead productive lives with appropriate support and interventions.

Huntington's Disease
Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the HTT gene. This mutation leads to the production of an abnormal protein that accumulates in the brain,
causing progressive damage to nerve cells. The symptoms of Huntington's disease typically appear in adulthood and include a range of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric problems. Motor
symptoms include involuntary movements, tremors, and difficulties with coordination. Cognitive impairments can include memory loss, impaired judgment, and slowed thinking. Psychiatric
symptoms can include depression, anxiety, and irritability. Huntington's disease is a fatal disorder, and there is currently no cure. However, treatments can help manage symptoms and improve
quality of life.
Chromosomes with abnormalities
Trisomy
Trisomy refers to the presence of an extra copy of a chromosome, like Down syndrome (trisomy 21). Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, and it is characterized
by a range of physical, cognitive, and developmental features. These features can include a distinctive facial appearance, intellectual disability, and an increased risk of certain medical conditions.

Monosomy
Monosomy occurs when a chromosome is missing, like Turner syndrome (monosomy X). Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects females and is caused by the absence of one of the two X
chromosomes. Turner syndrome can lead to a range of symptoms, including short stature, infertility, and heart defects.

Deletions
Deletions involve the loss of a segment of a chromosome, such as in cri-du-chat syndrome. Cri-du-chat syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that is caused by a deletion on chromosome 5. This deletion
results in a variety of physical and developmental abnormalities, including a distinctive cry that sounds like a cat's meow.

Duplications
Duplications occur when a segment of a chromosome is repeated, leading to a variety of developmental effects. Duplications can lead to a wide range of effects, depending on the size and location of the
duplicated segment. Some duplications may have no noticeable effects, while others can lead to serious developmental problems.