1. Roads, C. “Artificial Intelligence and Music.” Computer Music Journal, vol. 4, no.

2,
1980, pp. 13–25. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3680079. Accessed 26 Aug. 2024.

Summary: The article examines how AI is transforming music creation through

techniques like machine learning and algorithmic composition, enabling new ways of
generating and analyzing music that push the boundaries of human creativity. While AI
can facilitate experimentation beyond human capabilities, it also raises concerns about
whether machines can capture the emotional depth and intuitive aspects of music that
define traditional creativity. This discussion is highly relevant to my research question, as
it directly addresses how advancements in AI challenge the traditional notions of
originality and creativity in music composition, a central focus of my AP Research.

2. Holtzman, S. R. “Using Generative Grammars for Music Composition.” Computer Music

Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, 1981, pp. 51–64. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3679694.
Accessed 26 Aug. 2024.

Summary: The article explores how generative grammar, a system of rules for creating
structured sequences, can be applied to music composition. Holtzman discusses how
these grammars enable the creation of music by defining formal structures and patterns,
allowing computers to generate compositions that mimic human musical styles. This
approach challenges traditional methods of composing by introducing rule-based systems
that can automate creative processes. The relevance to my research question lies in how
generative grammars, as an AI-driven technique, push the boundaries of what can be
considered original or creative in music composition, questioning the role of human
intention and artistry in the process.

3. Vantomme, Jason. Computer Music Journal, vol. 18, no. 1, 1994, pp. 81–83. JSTOR,
https://doi.org/10.2307/3680524. Accessed 26 Aug. 2024.

Summary: In this article, the author explores the intersection of artificial intelligence and
music, focusing on how computers can be used to both generate and analyze musical
compositions. Vantomme discusses various AI techniques, such as rule-based systems
and neural networks, that can assist in composing music, while also examining the
potential for computers to imitate human creativity. This article is relevant to my
research question because it delves into how advancements in AI challenge traditional
notions of creativity, highlighting the ways in which AI can replicate or even redefine
what is considered original in music composition, which is central to my exploration of
AI's impact on artistic originality.
4. Burton, Anthony R., and Tanya Vladimirova. “Generation of Musical Sequences with
Genetic Techniques.” Computer Music Journal, vol. 23, no. 4, 1999, pp. 59–73. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3680678. Accessed 26 Aug. 2024.
Summary: This article explores how genetic algorithms, inspired by natural selection,
are used to generate musical sequences. The authors explain how these algorithms evolve
musical compositions by selecting and recombining elements to create new sequences
that meet predefined criteria, mimicking a process similar to biological evolution. This
method allows for the creation of music that is novel and unpredictable, with minimal
human input. The article is relevant to my research question as it demonstrates how AI,
through genetic techniques, can challenge traditional concepts of originality by
generating music autonomously, potentially redefining what it means to create in the
context of music composition.

5. Tyler, Neil S. “MUSIC PIRACY AND DIMINISHING REVENUES: HOW

COMPULSORY LICENSING FOR INTERACTIVE WEBCASTERS CAN LEAD THE
RECORDING INDUSTRY BACK TO PROMINENCE.” University of Pennsylvania
Law Review, vol. 161, no. 7, 2013, pp. 2101–50. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/23527861. Accessed 26 Aug. 2024.

Summary: The article discusses the impact of music piracy on declining revenues in the
recording industry and proposes compulsory licensing for interactive webcasters as a
solution. Tyler argues that such licensing would ensure fair compensation for artists while
embracing new digital distribution models, thus allowing the industry to recover from the
financial damage caused by piracy. This article is relevant to my research question as it
highlights how technological advancements, like digital distribution and AI in music
generation, pose challenges to traditional music industry models and creative originality,
emphasizing the need for new frameworks to adapt to these changes.

6. Bown, Oliver, and Andrew R. Brown. “Interaction Design for Meta-Creative Systems.”
New Directions in Third Wave Human-Computer Interaction: Volume 1—Technologies,
Springer, 2018.

Summary: This paper explores how AI systems are designed to interact with human
musicians, creating a collaborative environment where both the AI and the human
contribute to the creative process. The authors investigate how these meta-creative
systems blur the line between human and machine agency in music composition,
redefining what it means to be creative. AI's ability to learn and generate music opens
new possibilities, allowing musicians to focus on higher-level decisions while the AI
handles more technical aspects. The study is relevant to my research as it tackles the
 direct involvement of AI in creative tasks, offering insight into how human-AI
collaboration may shift the understanding of creativity and originality in music.

7. Fernández, José D., and Francisco Vico. “AI Methods in Algorithmic Composition: A
Comprehensive Survey.” Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, vol. 48, 2013, pp.
513–582.
● Summary: This paper offers an exhaustive review of the various AI techniques
employed in algorithmic music composition. Fernández and Vico discuss the history and
evolution of AI in music creation, from rule-based systems to modern deep learning
approaches. They examine how AI can autonomously generate compositions and explore
the implications this has for human creativity. This comprehensive survey is vital to my
research because it provides a broad overview of how AI's algorithmic capabilities are
expanding, challenging the traditional boundaries of creativity in music composition.

8. Elgammal, Ahmed, et al. “CAN: Creative Adversarial Networks Generating ‘Art’ by

Learning About Styles and Deviating from Style Norms.” arXiv, 2017,
arxiv.org/abs/1706.07068v1.
● Summary: This study presents Creative Adversarial Networks (CANs), a type of AI
system designed to learn existing artistic styles and purposefully deviate from them to
create new works. The authors delve into the creative potential of CANs, explaining how
these networks can challenge existing stylistic norms and generate novel forms of art and
music. The paper discusses how CANs operate without the explicit guidance of humans,
making decisions that could be considered creative, which pushes the boundaries of what
constitutes originality. Elgammal's research is crucial for understanding how AI can not
only replicate but also innovate within creative fields like music. By deviating from
established norms, CANs offer a compelling example of how

9. Herremans, Dorien, et al. “A Functional Taxonomy of Music Generation Systems.” ACM

Computing Surveys, vol. 50, no. 5, 2017, pp. 69–91.
● Summary: Herremans and colleagues categorize various AI music generation systems in
this paper, offering a functional taxonomy that explains how these systems operate and
contribute to the creative process. The paper explores a wide range of AI models, from
those that imitate human composers to those that generate entirely new compositions.
The authors discuss the implications of AI systems that can create original music, as well
as how these systems are used in both professional and experimental settings. This is
highly relevant because it outlines the types of AI systems currently influencing music
composition. By examining how these systems work, the paper provides insight into how
AI-generated music might be perceived as original.
10. Deltorn, Jean-Marc. “Deep Creations: Intellectual Property and the Automata.” Frontiers
in Digital Humanities, vol. 4, 2017, p. 3.
● Summary: Deltorn's paper addresses the complex legal and ethical questions
surrounding AI-generated music, specifically focusing on intellectual property issues. As
AI takes on a greater role in the creative process, determining ownership of the resulting
works becomes problematic. The paper explores the tension between human creators and
AI systems, asking whether AI-generated music can be considered original and who
holds the rights to these creations.This source helps my research because it not only
addresses the originality of AI-generated works but also examines the broader
implications of attributing creative ownership to machines.

11. Foote, David, Dingdong Yang, and Mehran Rohaninejad. “Audio Style Transfer: Do
Androids Dream of Electric Beats?” Audio Style Transfer, 2016,
audiostyletransfer.wordpress.com.
● Summary: This study focuses on the process of audio style transfer, where AI systems
take an existing piece of music and transform it by applying the style of another genre or
composer. The authors investigate the creative implications of this technology, exploring
how AI can blend existing musical forms to create something new. The paper raises
questions about the originality of the output, given that the system relies on pre-existing
material to generate its compositions. This source is relevant because it explores how AI
manipulates and transforms existing compositions, challenging traditional ideas about
originality.

12. Hadjeres, Gaëtan, François Pachet, and Frank Nielsen. “DeepBach: A Steerable Model
for Bach Chorales Generation.” arXiv, 2017, arxiv.org/abs/1612.01010v2.
● Summary: Hadjeres and colleagues introduce DeepBach, a model that generates music
in the style of J.S. Bach by adhering to his compositional rules. The authors describe how
the model produces original works that are almost indistinguishable from Bach's own
compositions, while also allowing for user input to steer the creative process. This paper
examines the balance between imitation and innovation in AI-generated music, raising
questions about the authenticity and creativity of these compositions. DeepBach is a
relevant example of how AI challenges traditional notions of originality by replicating
the work of a well-known composer.
13. Jordanous, Anna. “Evaluating Computational Creativity: A Standardised Procedure for
Evaluating Creative Systems and its Application.” PhD thesis, University of Sussex,
2013.
● Summary: Jordanous’ Ph.D. thesis proposes a standardized procedure for evaluating the
creativity of computational systems. She offers a framework to assess whether
AI-generated music can be considered creative, comparing the results to human standards
of creativity. The study emphasizes the need to establish clear criteria for determining
whether AI systems exhibit true creativity or are simply following pre-programmed
instructions. This is important to my research because it provides a structured way to
measure the creativity of AI-generated music, directly addressing my question of how
advancements in AI challenge traditional concepts of originality and creativity.
14. Bolter, J. David. “Artificial Intelligence.” Daedalus, vol. 113, no. 3, 1984, pp. 1–18.
JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20024925. Accessed 5Sept. 2024.

Summary: The author talks about the early interactions between AI and creative
processes, particularly in music, within the context of the 1980s technological landscape.
Bolter examines how AI systems of the time were beginning to influence artistic creation
by offering new tools for composers and reshaping notions of creativity. The article
discusses the potential for AI to assist in composition, while also grappling with the
philosophical implications of machine-generated art and its impact on human creativity.
This historical perspective is relevant to my research question as it provides foundational
insights into how AI's role in music has evolved, helping to frame the ongoing debate
about AI's influence on originality and creativity in music composition.

15. Kavanagh, Camino. “Artificial Intelligence.” New Tech, New Threats, and New
Governance Challenges: An Opportunity to Craft Smarter Responses?, Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, 2019, pp. 13–23. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20978.5. Accessed 5 Sept. 2024.

Summary: This article discusses the multifaceted impacts of AI, focusing on its
implications for governance and societal challenges. The article discusses how rapid
advancements in AI technology pose new threats and opportunities, necessitating smarter
governance strategies to address ethical, legal, and societal concerns. Kavanagh
highlights the transformative potential of AI across various sectors while emphasizing the
need for adaptive policies to manage its consequences. This article is relevant to my
research question as it provides context on how the evolving capabilities of AI, including
those in creative fields like music, prompt a re-evaluation of traditional concepts such as
originality and creativity, aligning with the broader implications of AI’s influence on
artistic domains.
16. Dreyfus, Hubert L. “Artificial Intelligence.” The Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science, vol. 412, 1974, pp. 21–33. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1040396. Accessed 5 Sept. 2024.

Summary: The author criticizes the limitations of early AI approaches, arguing that AI
systems, particularly those based on symbolic logic and formal rules, fail to capture the
nuanced and context-dependent nature of human intelligence. Dreyfus emphasizes the
importance of embodied, experiential knowledge that AI lacks, suggesting that true
human-like understanding and creativity cannot be replicated by mere computational
processes. This critique is relevant to my research question as it challenges the extent to
which AI can genuinely innovate or contribute original ideas in music composition,
highlighting the ongoing debate about AI's role in creativity and originality.

17. ETZIONI, AMITAI, and OREN ETZIONI. “Should Artificial Intelligence Be

Regulated?” Issues in Science and Technology, vol. 33, no. 4, 2017, pp. 32–36. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/44577330. Accessed 5 Sept. 2024.

Summary: The article argues that while AI offers significant benefits, such as enhanced
efficiency and new capabilities, there are also substantial risks, including privacy
concerns, potential biases, and unforeseen consequences. The authors advocate for a
balanced approach to regulation that ensures safety and ethical use without stifling
innovation. This article is relevant to my research question as it provides insight into the
broader implications of AI advancements, including how these technological
developments might affect our understanding of originality and creativity in fields like
music composition. Understanding the regulatory landscape can help contextualize the
challenges and opportunities AI presents in creative domains.

18. Harley, James. “Generative Processes in Algorithmic Composition: Chaos and Music.”
Leonardo, vol. 28, no. 3, 1995, pp. 221–24. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1576078.
Accessed 5 Sept. 2024.

Summary: The author explores the application of chaos theory and generative processes
in algorithmic music composition, emphasizing how chaotic systems can produce
complex, unpredictable musical structures. Harley discusses how these processes can
create novel and intricate compositions that challenge traditional compositional methods
by leveraging mathematical principles to generate music. This is relevant to my research
question as it highlights how advancements in algorithmic composition, driven by chaotic
systems, impact traditional notions of originality and creativity in music, illustrating a
key way in which AI and computational methods are reshaping the boundaries of musical
creativity.
19. Rubin, Charles T. “Artificial Intelligence and Human Nature.” The New Atlantis, no. 1,
2003, pp. 88–100. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43152855. Accessed 5 Sept. 2024.

Summary: In this article, the author explores the philosophical and ethical implications
of AI's advancement on human nature and creativity. Rubin argues that AI's capability to
mimic human-like thought processes and creativity challenges our understanding of what
it means to be truly creative and original. He discusses the potential for AI to alter our
perception of human uniqueness and the value of human-generated art. This article is
relevant to my research question as it delves into how AI's encroachment on creative
domains questions traditional notions of originality and creativity in music, offering
critical insights into how these concepts might evolve in the context of AI's growing role
in artistic production.

20. Clocksin, William F. “Artificial Intelligence and the Future.” Philosophical Transactions:
Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 361, no. 1809, 2003, pp.
1721–48. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3559219. Accessed 5 Sept. 2024.

Summary: In this article the author explores the potential future developments of AI and
their implications for various fields, including music. The article discusses how
advancements in AI could influence creativity, problem-solving, and human-AI
collaboration. Clocksin examines the role of AI in enhancing or augmenting human
capabilities, including in artistic domains like music composition. This is relevant to my
research question as it provides insight into how AI's evolving role might impact
traditional notions of creativity and originality in music, shedding light on both the
opportunities and challenges AI presents to conventional artistic practices.