Art S Fluid Flow

Nov 01, 2005
Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Fluid Flow
This workbook will serve to present information for the estimating of the pressure drop as well as the
friction loss of fluids flowing through pipe, fittings, and valves.
In order to understand and be able to employ the many theories and mathematical equations that are the
mainstay tools of Fluid Mechanics, it is important to also understand their origin and their limitations as well
as their strengths.
The pressure loss suffered by a length of straight pipe is primarily due to the effect of friction generated by
the flowing fluid against the internal pipe wall. In 1883, Osborne Reynolds published his famous paper entitled
"An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether motion of water shall be direct
or sinuous and of the law of resistance in parallel channels" (Paper 44). This paper, published in the
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, proved to be a classic in the literature of the science of fluid
motion and had a profound effect on the development of fluid mechanics in the widest sense. It contained the
enunciation of the dimensionless group, the Reynolds Number, which is given:
Re = D v /
where,
Re
D
v
= The Reynolds Number, a dimensionless number

= the internal diameter of the pipe, usually in feet
= the mean fluid velocity in the pipe, usually in ft/sec
= the density of the fluid, usually in lb/ft3
= the absolute viscosity of the fluid, usually in lbs mass per foot-second
Note: viscosity is usually measured and given in centipoise (cP) and these are converted as
1.0 cP =
lbm/ft-sec =
2.42 lbm/ft-hr
This was the turning point in fluid flow. It set in motion all that followed to date. The Reynolds number
basically defined two fluid flow regions:
1. the region of Viscous (or Laminar) Flow; and,
2. the region of Turbulent Flow.
For engineering purposes, flow in pipes is usually considered to be laminar if the Reynolds number is less
than 2,000. It is considered turbulent if the Reynolds number is greater than 4,000. Between these two basic
regions lies the so-called "critical zone" where the flow - varying between laminar and turbulent, or in the
process of change - is considered unpredicatable.
The friction loss of a fluid flowing through a pipe is but a special case of a general law of the resistance
between a solid and fluid in relative motion. Consider a solid body, of any desired shape, immersed in a
stream of flowing fluid. Let the length of this body, measured perpendicular to the general direction of flow of
the fluid, be D, and let the area of contact between the solid and the fluid be A. If the velocity of the fluid past
the body be small in comparision to the velocity of sound, it has been found experimentally that the resisting
force depends only on the roughness, size, and shape of the solid and on the velocity, density , and viscosity
of the fluid. Through the use of Dimensional Analysis as applied to these quantities, it can be shown that:
F
v2
Dv
=
f
A
gC
where,
F = Total resisting force;
v = velocity of fluid past the body;
Page 1 of 148
FileName: 83236863.xls
WorkSheet: Fluid Flow Background
Nov 01, 2005

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
= fluid density
gC = gravitational constant, lbm-ft/lbf-sec2
f = a function whose precise value must be determined, case by case
Note the appearance of the Reynolds Number in this theoretical equation.
In the particular case of a fluid flowing through a pipe of length L and with a circular cross-sectional flow area,
the total force resisting the flow must equal the product of the area of contact between the fluid and the pipe
wall and the F/A of the above equation. The pressure drop will equal this product divided by the pipe's
cross-sectional area, since pressure is measured in force per unit area. This is expressed as:
The pressure loss in pipes due to friction arises from two mechanisms:
1) surface friction existing at the point of fluid contact with the parent metal of the pipe;
Page 2 of 148
Nov 01, 2005

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
2) turbulent dissipation due to sudden changes in mean fluid velocity.
Page 3 of 148
Art Montemayor
November 24, 1997

Rev: 0
Valve Resistance to Flow
DURCO VALVES
Durco SLEEVELINE non-lubricated plug valves are used as block valves and as 3-way directional
valves. One style of the straightway model, V-PORT, has a triangular-shaped port that offers better
control valve characteristics. The sleeve used is made of PTFE for positive shut-off, self-lubrication
and extended service life.
Another model is the T-LINE, which has the plug and all other wetted internal parts sleeved with
PTFE as well as the plug proper itself.
The Chemical service butterfly control valve is 100% PTFE-sleeved on all internal wetted parts.
Valve size,
in
1/2
3/4
1.0
1 1/2
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
Standard
SLEEVELINE
model
Max.
K
Cv
48.8
83.5
153.4
322.0
555.0
955.0
1,410.0
2,130.0
0.3754
0.6491
0.6079
0.6984
0.7430
1.2704
1.8419
1.9705
3,430.0
7,000.0
2.9192
1.1957
V-Port SLEEVELINE
model
Max. Cv
27.2
31.3
53.8
121.0
190.0
400.0
1.2084
4.6197
4.9419
4.9460
6.3397
7.2414
Standard T-LINE
model
Max. Cv
5.6
12.0
33.9
95.4
199.0
343.0
813.0
1,105.0
1,424.0
K
1.7817
1.9644
0.7779
0.4973
0.3612
0.6155
0.3463
0.9489
1.8058
V-Port T-LINE model

Max. Cv
23.3
39.6
43.8
66.3
1.6467
2.8861
7.4561
16.4739
BIG MAX Butterfly

model
CHEMICAL Service
Butterfly model
Max. Cv
Max. Cv
210.0
415.0
1,115.0
2,020.0
3,230.0
4,825.0
6,800.0
8,800.0
11,500.0
14,000.0
20,500.0
1.6420
1.3289
0.9320
0.8974
0.8569
0.7963
0.7427
0.7566
0.7096
0.7298
0.7058
172.0
300.0
670.0
1,190.0
1,830.0
2,650.0
3,690.0
4,842.0
6,129.0
7,566.0
10,895.0
Page 4 of 148
2.4477
2.5429
2.5810
2.5859
2.6695
2.6398
2.5223
2.4990
2.4983
2.4988
2.4988
Electronic FileName: 83236863.xls

WorkSheet: Durco Valves
Art Montemayor
November 22, 1997

Rev: 0
Jamesbury Valves
JAMESBURY Valves ---- Cv values

This valve flow resistance data is taken from the Jamesbury Valve Catalog.
Art Montemayor
MODEL
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1 1/4
1 1/2
VALVE SIZE, in inches

2
3
4
6
CLINCHER, Type 2000; screwed
11
16
16
37
49
49
100
115
Style A DOUBLE-SEAL; screwed
8.3
8.3
8.3
14
35
55
94
115
13
33
44
46
95
111
0.13
0.19
0.24
0.27
0.31
19
45
Series 4000, REDUCED PORT

Series 4000, FULL PORT; Le in ft
Type 5150 & 530S; flanged
Floating Ball; flanged
Trunnion model; flanged
Typr 6150 & 6300; Full Port
Floating Ball; Full Port
Trunnion Model; Full Port
3-Way Flanged Ball Valve
125
165
100
10
12
14
16
18
20
1890
1890
3900
3900
6700
5100
8100 11000 16000
350
350
690
765
50
270
500
1330
2560
50
155
270
440
880
1500
2300
165
165
400
400
950
950
1800
1800
2900
2900
4300
4300
FIRE-TITE Butterfly
Series F815W & F815L
Series F830W & F830L
Page 5 of 148
5600 10000
10000 16400 23800 27000 37000 47000 60000
5800
5200
8000 10500 14000

6900 9300 11300
Electronic File: 83236863.xls

WorkSheet: Jamesbury Valves
Art Montemayor
November 24, 1997

Rev: 0
Valve Flow Resistance
ORBIT Valves --- Cv values

Source: Orbit Valve Catalog
For each Orbit valve there is a flow coefficient Cv. This is defined as the flow in gallons per minute of water at 60 oF with a
pressure drop of 1 psi across the valve. By using the following simplified formulas, the pressure drop for a given set of flow
conditions may be calculated:
p = G(Q/Cv)2
FOR LIQUIDS:
Where, p = PSI drop across valve

G = Specific gravity of liquid (water=1)
Q = Flow in gpm
Cv = Valve coefficient
MODEL
p = 541 x 10-9 (Q/Cv)2(GT/P)
FOR GASES:
p = PSI drop across valve

G = Specific gravity (Air @ 14.7 psi & 60 oF = 1.0)
T = Absolute temperature, oR
P = Line pressure, psia
Q = Flow in SCFH (@ 14.7 psi & 60 oF)
Cv = Valve coefficient
SIZE, in inches
8
1.5
10
12
14
16
18
20
ANSI, 150# flange

Regular Port; flanged
Full Port; flanged
49
123
153
439
200
1,018
572
2,080
762
4,865
2,090
6,905
4,537
11,106
7,513
17,148
13,119
30,556
10,129
41,551
21,217
15,167
ANSI, 300# flange

Full Port; flanged
49
123
160
407
243
920
610
2,080
760
4,865
1,560
6,778
4,513
11,106
7,513
17,148
13,119
30,556
10,129
41,551
21,217
15,167
ANSI, 1500# flange

Full Port; flanged
31
267
205
676
505
1,359
921
2,951
2,081
7,301
3,986
11,603
5,912
17,030
11,185
Page 6 of 148

WorkSheet: Orbit Valves
Art Montemayor
Page 7 of 148
November 24, 1997

Rev: 0

WorkSheet: Orbit Valves
Valve Fittings
Resistance to Flow
Art Montemayor
November 24, 1997

Rev: 0
VOGT Valves --- Cv values (Reference: VOGT Catalog F-12, 1980)
PIPE FITTINGS
45o Elbow
Standard Elbow
Long Sweep Elbow
Medium Sweep Elbow
Close Return Elbow
Tee-Straight Flow
Tee-Side Outlet Flow
5.9
10.3
16.7
28.9
39.2
64.7
1.5
2.4
4.5
9.7
14.6
12.2
19.6
2.5
4.0
6.5
14.0
23.0
32.0
52.0
Y" Pattern
1.5
2.4
4.5
Strainers
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
2.3
5.2
8.2
8.2
15443 Flow
Control
40.0
65.0
7.6
13.4
21.7
37.5
51.1
84.2
1.0
2.1
2.7
5.2
8.7
12443 Flow
Control
9.0
8.8
16.0
1.8
3.3
5.2
9.1
14.7
25.5
34.7
57.1
81.5
Needle Point
Angle
1.5
2.9
3.6
6.7
11.9
20.3
26.1
43.4
57.6
89.0
153.3
Meter Angle
1.3
1.9
2.7
3.2
6.7
14.8
19.2
26.6
Full Port
Angle
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.5
3.5
5.5
5.5
H. & V.
Check
0.6
1.4
1.8
3.5
5.8
7.6
13.2
21.5
Full Port
Swing Check
1.5
2.9
3.6
6.7
11.9
20.3
26.1
43.4
57.6
89.0
153.3
Compact
Swing Check
1.3
2.0
2.8
3.2
6.8
15.2
19.6
27.0
Full Port
check
Full Port
Globe
2.6
3.9
9.3
28.7
46.5
80.5
109.6
181.0
258.0
398.0
685.0
Compact
Check
Compact
Globe
2.6
3.9
9.3
9.5
7.5
80.5
83.6
96.7
165.0
247.0
410.0
Needle Point
Globe
Full Port
Gate
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
Meter Globe
Nominal
Valve
Size
inches
Compact
Gate
TYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR VOGT VALVES &

STRAINERS
(FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)
6.0
14.0
14.0
40.0
40.0
K
0.42
0.90
0.60
0.75
2.20
0.60
1.80
Page 8 of 148

WorkSheet: Vogt Valves
Valve Fittings
Resistance to Flow
Art Montemayor
November 24, 1997

Rev: 0
TYPICAL PIPE-TANK RESISTANCES

Entrance Loss: From Tank to Pipe
Type of Resistance
Illustration
Flush Connection
0.50
Projecting Pipe
0.78
Slightly Rounded
0.23
Well Rounded
0.04
Exit Loss: From Pipe to Tank
Any of the above, reversed1.00
d2
d1
d1/d2
K
d1/d2
K
0.1
0.46
0.1
0.98
0.2
0.45
SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") CONTRACTION

0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.42
0.40
0.36
0.28 0.19
0.8
0.10
0.9
0.04
0.2
0.92
SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") EXPANSION

0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.83
0.71
0.56
0.41 0.28
0.8
0.13
0.9
0.04
d1
d2
Page 9 of 148

Art Montemayor
Valve Fittings
Resistance to Flow
Page 10 of 148
November 24, 1997

Rev: 0

Art Montemayor
December 1, 1997
Rev: 0
Ball Valve Flow Resistance
KTM Ball Valves --- Cv values

TYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR KTM BALL VALVES
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Reduced Percent Reduction

Full Bore
Bore Ball in Flow by using
Ball Cv
Cv
reduced bore
26
50
94
260
480
750
1,300
2,300
5,400
10,000
16,000
24,000
31,400
43,000
57,000
73,000
KTM Ball Valves Cv Values

80
10 1.5
30
6
40 10
50 15
60 22
70 32.5
80 50
90 75
70
420
770
1,800
2,500
4,500
8,000
12,000
14,000
18,000
22,000
67.69
66.52
66.67
75.00
71.88
66.67
61.78
67.44
68.42
69.86
KTM Ball Valves have inherent equal percentage

flow characteristics and are ideally suited for
control applications over the widest possible
range of flow.
60
% of Maximum Cv
Valve
Size
inches
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
Equal percentage flow characteristics, in simple

terms, means that a given percentage change in
the valve opening will produce the same
percentage change in flow.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% of Ball Opening
Page 11 of 148

WorkSheet: KTM Ball Valves
Art Montemayor
December 3, 1997
Rev: 0
KITZ Valves --- Cv values
460
195
1,150
535
2,200
765
5,290
1,945
9,600
4,040 16,750
7,100 25,500
13,200 30,050
14,580 41,700
19,800 55,370
28,050 72,300
27,130 109,150
39,800 171,200
63,100 243,050
400
180
1,050
550
1,850
745
4,460
2,220
8,730
4,065 14,250
7,050 22,550
13,350 28,400
14,300 38,150
20,350 50,950
28,300 65,600
27,250 98,150
40,750 158,900
68,950 226,300
330
935
1,760
4,405
8,475
14,205
21,430
26,800
36,700
48,700
62,500
94,050
187
510
740
1,930
3,860
6,670
12,630
13,490
18,760
20,470
25,500
330
830
1,660
4,100
8,010
13,310
17,070
24,275
33,215
43,400
55,930
84,025
150
410
590
1,400
3,050
5,350
Trunnion Ball Full Bore

ANSI CLASS 2500
187
510
740
2,035
4,050
7,025
13,300
14,200
19,750
27,300
26,900
Trunnion Ball Reduced

Bore
ANSI CLASS 2500

ANSI CLASS 600

Bore
ANSI CLASS 600

ANSI CLASS 300

Bore
ANSI CLASS 300

ANSI CLASS 150
2
500
180
1,350
545
2,500
790
5,300
1,945 10,500
4,050 17,500
6,900 26,300
13,100 31,850
14,600 43,300
19,750 57,300
27,750 74,500
27,100 112,300
39,700 179,300
63,100 258,300

ANSI CLASS 1500
75
175
320
740
1,350
2,200
3,600
5,200
7,000
8,500
9,800
11,600

Bore
ANSI CLASS 1500
44
105
180
446

ANSI CLASS 900
230
530
930
2,380
4,180
6,840
9,690
13,000
17,380
22,800
28,500
41,800
68,000
96,000
Globe

Bore
ANSI CLASS 900
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
24.0
30.0
36.0
Gate

Bore
ANSI CLASS 150
Nominal
Valve Size
inches
Swing Check
TYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR KITZ VALVES

From Zidell Valve Corp.-Stafford, TX & KITZ catalog No. 510-E
300
740
1,460
2,600
5,370
8,630
12,500
Cv VALUES FOR KITZ LOW-COST, ONE-PIECE, THREADED, CLASS 600, REDUCED BORE BALL VALVES ARE:
Size, in.
Cv
0.25
1.0
0.38
2.5
0.5
5.5
0.75
10.0
1
15.0
1.25
20.0
1.5
37.0
2
60.0
Page 12 of 148

WorkSheet: Kitz Valves
Art Montemayor
Page 13 of 148
December 3, 1997
Rev: 0

WorkSheet: Kitz Valves
Art Montemayor
Feb 16, 1999

Rev: 0
Marlin/Crane Check Valves
Marlin Style M High Performance Dual Disc Check Valves

Source: Marlin Catalog # MC - 196
Marlin Check Valves
Valve Size, In. Liquid Cv Value

54.3
82.1
139.3
271.3
482.5
725
1509
2640
4075
5303
7340
9940
12960
20500
37200
59000
92000
126000
186000
217000
280000
325000
Note:
These are very low pressure drop,
wafer type of valves that require little
"cracking" pressure to start to open.
350000
300000
Cv Value for Liquid
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Nominal Valve Size, Inches
02/16/99 As per Carlos Davila, Marlin/Crane Valves; Montgomery, TX: The "Cracking Pressure" required for Marlin
Valves with standard springs is 6" WC and for valves with special, low torque it is 3.5" WC.
Page 14 of 148

WorkSheet: Marlin Check Valves
Velan Valves
Cv Flow Coefficients
Art Montemayor
July 27, 1998

Rev: 0
Cv FOR VELAN VALVES

Sources of Flow Coefficient (Cv) values: Velan Catalogs #VEL-SFV-96 & #VEL-BV-97
Size
Inches
Gate Valve
Reduced Port
150-800
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
7
14
30
100
160
Gate Valve Globe Valves

Full Port
St'd Design
900-1500 150-1500
14
14
30
100
160
14
22
34
110
200
150-800
3
4
6
14
33
Globe Valves
Bellows Seal
900-1500
3
4
8
19
29
Globe Valves
Y - Pattern
150-800 1500-2500 1500-2680

2.5
3.5
6
12
28
5
7
9
34
38
7
8
12
25
60
Piston Check
Valves
(Vertical)
Swing Check Valves
4500
150-800
4
7
9
23
47
600-2680
9
10
22
55
82
Ball Valves
Split Body
SB-150/300/600
Ball Valves
Unibody
UB-150/300
150-800 900-1500 Reduced Port Full Port Reduced Port Full Port Reduced Port Only
7
8
12
25
60
2
3
6
14
25
2
4
9
21
25
130
250
540
770
1,900
3,900
6,700
5,200
8,050
12,500
15,500
27,000
Page 15 of 148
Ball Valves
Top-Entry Body
SB-150/300/600
12
50
100
250
430
720
1,020
2,000
5,500
9,800
16,400
23,800
27,500
36,000
46,000
57,000
75,000
8
13.5
34
65
104
26
75
103
206
322
9
15
38
125
165
200
720
760
250
540

WorkSheet: Velan Valves
Fittings' Losses
FRICTION LOSS IN STANDARD VALVES AND FITTINGS
Art Montemayor
December 1, 1997
REV 0
The values given are equivalent lengths in feet of straight pipe at the referenced diameter size
TYPE OF FITTING
Gate Valve, 100% open

Globe Valve, 100% open
Angle Valve, 100% open
Standard Elbow
Medium Sweep Elbow
Long Sweep Elbow
Tee (straight run)
Tee (branch run)
Return Bend
I.D.
L/D
12
340
145
30
20
60
50
NOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES

1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4 1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
0.0518 0.0687 0.0874 0.1150 0.1342 0.1722 0.2057 0.2557 0.3355 0.4206 0.5054 0.6651 0.8350
0.35
17.0
8.0
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.0
3.2
3.5
0.5
22.0
12.0
2.2
1.8
1.3
1.3
4.5
5.0
0.6
27.0
14.0
2.7
2.3
1.7
1.7
5.7
6.0
0.8
38.0
18.0
3.6
3.0
2.3
2.3
7.5
8.5
1.2
44.0
22.0
4.5
3.6
2.8
2.8
9.0
10.0
1.2
53.0
28.0
5.2
4.6
3.5
3.5
12.0
13.0
1.4
68.0
33.0
6.5
5.5
4.3
4.3
14.0
15.0
1.7
80.0
42.0
8.0
7.0
5.2
5.2
16.0
18.0
2.3
120.0
53.0
11.0
9.0
7.0
7.0
22.0
24.0
2.8
140.0
70.0
14.0
12.0
9.0
9.0
27.0
30.0
3.5
170.0
84.0
16.0
14.0
11.0
11.0
33.0
37.0
4.5
220.0
120.0
21.0
18.0
14.0
14.0
43.0
50.0
5.7
280.0
140.0
26.0
22.0
17.0
17.0
53.0
63.0
Source of data: Viking Pump Catalog

Section 510 - Engineering Data
Page 510.12; Issue C; Figure 11
NOTE: It is unclear what is meant by "Standard", "Medium Sweep" & "Long Sweep" Elbows.
The pipe fitting industry supplies two basic Elbow geometries:
1) Short Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.0 (based on nominal, not specific, dimensions)
2) Long Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.5 (based on nominal, not specific, dimensions)
Where,
R = Radius of the Elbow curvature (nominal size)

D = Nominal diameter of the Elbow (nominal size)
Checking out other fittings' resistance data, it is established that

Standard Elbow = Short Radius Elbow
Long Sweep Elbow = Long Radius Elbow
Medium Sweep Elbow = ? unknown ?
Page 16 of 148

WorkSheet: Fittings' Losses
Art Montemayor
Fittings' Losses
FRICTION LOSS IN STANDARD VALVES AND FITTINGS
Page 17 of 148
December 1, 1997
REV 0

WorkSheet: Fittings' Losses
d/D=3/4
d/D=1/2
d/D=3/4
d/D=1/2
d/D=1/4
d/D=3/4
d/D=1/2
d/D=3/4
L/D =
58
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
19.0
28.0
37.0
47.0
55.0
62.0
72.0
82.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
140.0
170.0
200.0
220.0
250.0
260.0
d/D=1/2
L/D =
23
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
11.0
15.0
18.0
22.0
26.0
29.0
33.0
36.0
40.0
44.0
55.0
66.0
77.0
88.0
99.0
110.0
d/D=1/4
L/D =
17
2.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
8.0
9.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
23.0
25.0
27.0
40.0
47.0
55.0
65.0
70.0
80.0
Reducer
Sudden
Std Redu
Sudden
Std Redu
Equivalent Length in terms of small diameter
4 Miters
Branch Tee
L/D =
12
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
7.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
21.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Expander
3 Miters
90o Ell, Short Radius
L/D =
12
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
7.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
21.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
March 11, 1998

Rev: 0
90o Miter Elbows
2 Miters
90o Ell, Long Radius
L/D =
81
7.0
14.0
11.0
17.0
30.0
70.0
120.0
170.0
170.0
80.0
145.0
160.0
210.0
225.0
254.0
312.0
45o Ell
Swing Check Valve

L/D =
99
13.0
17.0
20.0
25.0
32.0
48.0
64.0
80.0
95.0
105.0
120.0
140.0
155.0
170.0
185.0
Gate or Ball Valve
Angle valve
L/D =
192
26.0
33.0
40.0
50.0
65.0
100.0
125.0
160.0
190.0
210.0
240.0
280.0
300.0
335.0
370.0
Plug Cock
Globe Valve or Ball Check

Valve
Nominal Pipe size, in.

1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
L/D =
407
55.0
70.0
80.0
100.0
130.0
200.0
260.0
330.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
650.0
688.0
750.0
Through Tee
EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF VALVES AND FITTINGS IN FEET

Source: Rules of Thumb for Chem. Engrs; C.R. Branan; Gulf Publ.; p. 3
Art Montemayor
L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D = L/D =
17
28
21
20
41
23
6
29
6
17
17
6
6
2
5
3
1
4
1
3
2
1
1
2.0
7
4
1
5
1
3
3
1
1
3.0
8
5
2
6
2
4
3
2
2
3.0
10
6
2
8
2
5
4
2
2
4.0
12
8
3
10
3
6
5
3
3
5.0
18
12
4
14
4
9
7
4
4
1
8.0
25
16
5
19
5
12
9
5
5
2
9.0
31
20
7
24
7
15
12
6
6
2
12.0
28
21
20
37
24
8
28
8
18
14
7
7
2
14.0
32
24
22
42
26
9
20
16
8
16.0
38
27
24
47
30
10
24
18
9
18.0
42
30
28
53
35
11
26
20
10
20.0
46
33
32
60
38
13
30
23
11
23.0
52
36
34
65
42
14
32
25
12
25.0
56
39
36
70
46
15
35
27
13
27.0
70
51
44
40.0
84
60
52
47.0
98
69
64
55.0
112
81
72
65.0
126
90
80
70.0
190
99
92
80.0
Page 18 of 148

WorkSheet: Equiv. Lengths #1
Art Montemayor
Equivalent Length of Fittings

Source: Compressed Air Gas Data; Ingersoll-Rand; 1969; p. 34-78
Globe
Nominal
Pipe's Inside Valve
Pipe
Sched.
Diameter
Size,
Number
Inches
L/D =
Inches Feet
340
Angle
Valve
Gate
Valve
Swing
Check
Valve
Plug 45o Std. 90o Std

Cock Elbow Elbow
90o Long
Radius
Elbow
Standard Tee
Through-Flow Branch Flow
March 16, 1998

Rev: 0
Close
Return
Bend
90o Welding Elbow

Short Radius Long Radius
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
L/D =
145
13
135
18
16
30
20
20
60
50
16
12
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
40
40
40
40
0.622
0.824
1.049
1.610
0.052
0.069
0.087
0.134
17.6
23.3
29.7
45.6
7.5
10.0
12.7
19.5
0.67
0.89
1.14
1.74
7.0
9.3
11.8
18.1
0.93
1.24
1.57
2.42
0.8
1.10
1.40
2.15
1.56
2.06
2.62
4.03
1.04
1.37
1.75
2.68
1.04
1.37
1.75
2.68
3.11
4.12
5.2
8.1
2.59
3.43
4.4
6.7
0.83
1.10
1.4
2.1
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.6
2
2 1/2
3
4
40
40
40
40
2.067
2.469
3.068
4.026
0.172
0.206
0.256
0.336
59
70
87
114
25.0
29.8
37.1
48.6
2.24
2.67
3.32
4.36
23.3
27.8
34.5
45.3
3.10
3.70
4.60
6.0
2.76
3.29
4.09
5.4
5.2
6.2
7.7
10.1
3.45
4.12
5.1
6.7
3.45
4.12
5.1
6.7
10.3
12.3
15.3
20.1
8.6
10.3
12.8
16.8
2.8
3.3
4.1
5.4
2.1
2.5
3.1
4.0
5
6
8
10
40
40
40
40
5.047
6.065
7.981
10.020
0.421
0.505
0.665
0.835
143
172
226
284
61
73
96
121
5.5
6.6
8.6
10.9
57
68
90
113
7.6
9.1
12.0
15.0
6.7
8.1
10.6
13.4
12.6
15.2
20.0
25.1
8.4
10.1
13.3
16.7
8.4
10.1
13.3
16.7
25.2
30.3
39.9
50.1
21.0
25.3
33.3
41.8
6.7
8.1
11
13
5.0
6.1
8.0
10
12
14
16
18
40
30
30
30
11.938
13.250
15.250
17.124
0.995
1.104
1.271
1.427
12.9
14.4
16.5
18.6
134
149
172
193
17.9
15.9
17.7
20.3
22.8
29.8
33.1
38.1
42.8
19.9
22.1
25.4
28.5
19.9
22.1
25.4
28.5
60
66
76
86
50
55
64
71
16
18
20
23
12
13
15
17
20
24
20
20
19.250 1.604
23.250 1.938
20.9
25.2
217
262
25.7
31.0
48.1
58
32.1
38.8
32.1
38.8
96
116
80
97
26
31
19
23
Source: "Compressed Air and Gas Data"; Ingersoll-Rand Company; Charles W. Gibbs, Editor; (1969); page 34-78
The L/D values are cited as originating from Crane Co. Technical Paper No. 410 (1957)
All valves and cocks are rated as fully open
Check valves require 0.5 psi pressure loss to open fully
Welding elbow data is from Midwest Piping Catalog 61 (1961)
Crane Technical Paper No. 410 states:
"The ratio L/D is the equivalent length, in pipe diameters of straight pipe, that will cause the same pressure drop as the obstruction under the same flow conditions."
Page 19 of 148

Art Montemayor
Equivalent Length of Fittings

Source: Compressed Air Gas Data; Ingersoll-Rand; 1969; p. 34-78
March 16, 1998

Rev: 0
The L/D, as defined by Technical Paper No. 410, is the pipe length divided by the pipe's Internal Diameter (ID).
Page 20 of 148

Art Montemayor
Reference: Dobie Pump Spreadsheet
Dobie Engineering (1992)
April 21, 1998

Rev: 0
EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/2
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
54
1.4
1.9
2.4
3.8
4.8
3.4
4.4
6.7
8.7
11.0
13.2
14.6
16.8
19.0
21.2
25.6
73
88
103
118
132
0.7
1.0
1.3
2.0
2.6
2.2
2.9
4.3
5.6
7.1
8.5
9.4
10.8
12.2
13.6
16.5
37
44
52
59
66
0.9
1.2
1.6
2.5
3.2
5.1
6.7
10.1
13.2
16.7
20.0
22.1
25.4
28.8
32
39
49
59
69
78
88
2.7
3.7
4.8
7.5
9.7
15.3
20.1
30
39
50
60
66
76
86
96
116
146
176
206
235
265
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.3
2.0
2.7
4.0
5.3
6.7
8.0
8.8
10.2
11.5
12.8
15.5
19.5
23.5
27.5
31.3
35
15.5
21.0
27.1
42
55
87
114
172
224
284
340
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
BALL
1.7
1.9
1.3
1.7
5.4
9.2
9.7
69.6
48.2
35.3
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
BUTTERFLY CHECK one size one size

n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
11.5
15.1
22.7
29.6
29.2
35
39
32
36
40
48
61
73
86
98
110
Page 21 of 148
2.3
3.1
4
6.2
8.1
12.8
16.8
25.3
33
42
50
55
64
72
80
97
122
147
172
196
221
n/a
0.8
0.8
4.3
2.0
11.5
5.4
20.4
11.6
12.8
10.1
4.9
15.3
9.0
8.7
23.5
42.2
37.5
35.1
31.8
33.7
n/a
1.2
1.0
8.1
2.6
22.1
7.2
36.4
15.1
15.5
9.7
2.8
7.3
6.3
5.5
23.6
49.5
37.3
30.2
23.3
23.0
E
LO XIT
S
S
E
LO NT
S RA
S N
C
A
P
VALVES
EX
R
ED
Nom.
BENDS
TEES
Size,
In. 90o ELL 45o ELL LINEAR BRANCH GATE GLOBE
N
D
ER
ER
EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF TYPICAL FITTINGS, IN FEET
BASIS:
All equivalent lengths are calculated using Crane Tech Paper #410. (1976)
Pipe walls typical for 150 ASA carbon steel with 1/8 in. corrosion allow.
Bends are based on using screwed or SO fittings < 3 in.; long radius weld elbows for 3 to 24 in; miter elbows for > 24in.
Valves (except for Ball type) are based on full port types and swing check valves.
Reducers assume a 30o included angle. Equivalent feet of the larger size pipe is indicated.
The entrance losses are based on a sharp edge with no inward projection.
Ball valves are assumed as Jamesbury Type 5150, ANSI CLASS 150, with reduced ball Cv
Loss
0.8
1.2
1.7
2.8
4.3
7.3
10.4
16.8
23.5
31
38
44
52
60
68
84
109
136
165
196
232
Loss
1.7
2.5
3.5
5.7
8.5
14.6
20.7
34
47
62
77
88
103
120
136
167
218
272
331
392
465

Art Montemayor
Reference: Dobie Pump Spreadsheet
Dobie Engineering (1992)
60
148
74
98
April 21, 1998

Rev: 0
EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS

295
39
n/a
n/a
123
Page 22 of 148
246
33.3
20.5
267
534

Art Montemayor
May 20, 1998

Rev: 0
Equivalent Feet of Pipe Fittings and Valves
EQUIVALENT LENGTH WORKSHEET

FITTINGS & VALVES
QUANTITY
SIZE
EQ FT
FEET
90o ELL
2.00
4.8
4.80
45o ELL
Through-Flow TEE
Branch-Flow TEE
GATE VALVE
GLOBE VALVE
BUTTERFLY VALVE
BALL VALVE
SWING CHECK VALVE
REDUCTION-ONE SIZE
EXPANSION-ONE SIZE
ENTRANCE LOSS
EXIT LOSS
OTHER
Straight Length PIPE
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.6
3.2
9.7
1.3
55.0
2.60
3.20
9.70
1.30
55.00
#VALUE!
5.40
8.10
2.00
2.60
4.30
8.50
0.00
1250
TOTAL EQUIVALENT FEET =
n/a
5.4
8.1
2.0
2.6
4.3
8.5
0.0
107.5
#VALUE!
INSTRUCTIONS:
1) Enter the known quantities and sizes of each fitting type in your hydraulic circuit in the
designated YELLOW cells as well as the amount of straight pipe.
Note: The sizes of the fittings to be keyed in are the NOMINAL pipe size, not the I. D..
You must furnish both the quantities and sizes to generate a calculated answer.
2) The resultant calculated equivalent pipe length(s) appear in RED numbers.
Art Montemayor
Page 23 of 148

Art Montemayor
May 20, 1998

Rev: 0
0.5
0.75
1.4
1.9
0.7
1
0.9
1.2
2.7
3.7
0.4
0.5
15.5
21
n/a
n/a
2.3
3.1
2.4
1.3
1.6
4.8
0.6
27.1
n/a
1.5
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
3.8
4.8
3.4
4.4
6.7
8.7
11
13.2
14.6
16.8
19
21.2
25.6
73
88
103
118
132
148
2
2.6
2.2
2.9
4.3
5.6
7.1
8.5
9.4
10.8
12.2
13.6
16.5
37
44
52
59
66
74
2.5
3.2
5.1
6.7
10.1
13.2
16.7
20
22.1
25.4
28.8
32
39
49
59
69
78
88
98
7.5
9.7
15.3
20.1
30
39
50
60
66
76
86
96
116
146
176
206
235
265
295
1
1.3
2
2.7
4
5.3
6.7
8
8.8
10.2
11.5
12.8
15.5
19.5
23.5
27.5
31.3
35
39
42
55
87
114
172
224
284
340
Page 24 of 148
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
11.5
15.1
22.7
29.6
29.2
35
39
32
36
40
48
61
73
86
98
110
123
6.2
8.1
12.8
16.8
25.3
33
42
50
55
64
72
80
97
122
147
172
196
221
246

Art Montemayor
n/a
n/a
May 20, 1998

Rev: 0
0.8
1.2
0.8
1.2
1.7
2.5
1.7
1.9
0.8
1.7
3.5
1.3
4.3
2
11.5
5.4
20.4
11.6
12.8
10.1
4.9
15.3
9
8.7
23.5
42.2
37.5
35.1
31.8
33.7
33.3
8.1
2.6
22.1
7.2
36.4
15.1
15.5
9.7
2.8
7.3
6.3
5.5
23.6
49.5
37.3
30.2
23.3
23
20.5
2.8
4.3
7.3
10.4
16.8
23.5
31
38
44
52
60
68
84
109
136
165
196
232
267
5.7
8.5
14.6
20.7
34
47
62
77
88
103
120
136
167
218
272
331
392
465
534
1.7
5.4
9.2
9.7
69.6
48.2
35.3
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Page 25 of 148

Typical Resistance Coefficients

Fluid Flow in Piping Systems
Art Montemayor
March 12, 1998

Rev: 0
TYPICAL K VALUES FOR PIPE FITTINGS

This table is taken from API Recommended Practice 521, 2nd Edition, Sep.1982, which obtained it in turn from:
Tube-Turn Catalogue and Engineering Data Book No. 211, Chemetron Corp., Louisville, Kentucky.
Art's Notes
K
VALVES:
Globe, Open
Typical Depressuring, Open
Angle, Open
Swing Check, Open
Gate, Open
9.70
8.50
4.60
2.30
0.21
100% wide open position

---' ????
180o close return

Branch-Flow Tee
90o Standard Elbow
Through-Flow Tee
45o Elbow
1.95
1.72
0.93
0.50
0.43
90o Single-Miter Elbow

90o Double-Miter Elbow
90o Triple-Miter Elbow
1.72
0.93
0.59
0.46
0.46
Through-Flow Tee
0.50
w/ flow in all 3 branches
Branch-Flow Tee
45o Branch-Flow Lateral
90o Long-Sweep Elbow
Through-Flow Lateral
180o Return
Through-Flow Tee
90o Elbow
45o Elbow
1.37
0.76
0.59
0.50
0.43
0.38
0.32
0.21

SCREWED FITTINGS:
MITERED FITTINGS:
FABRICATED FITTINGS:
WELDED FITTINGS:
CONTRACTION OR EXPANSION:
Contraction (ANSI)
Contraction (Sudden)
Expansion (ANSI)
Expansion (Sudden)

0.000
0.200
d/d'
0.400
0.600
0.800
--0.500
--1.000
--0.460
--0.950
0.210
0.380
0.900
0.740
0.135
0.290
0.500
0.410
0.039
0.120
0.110
0.110
Page 26 of 148

WorkSheet: Typical K values
Art Montemayor
March 12, 1998

Rev: 0
Typical Pipe Friction Factors
Typical Friction Factors and Conversion Factors for Clean Steel Pipe
(Based on Equivalent Roughness of 0.00015 Feet)
Source: API Recommended Practice 521; 2nd Ed., Sep. 1982 (p.49)
Nominal Pipe Size, Inches

NPS 2, Schedule 40
NPS 3, Schedule 40
NPS 4, Schedule 40
NPS 6, Schedule 40
NPS 8 x 1/4-inch wall
Moody Friction Factor (f)
Conversion Factor for Equivalent

Length per Unit of K
Feet
Meters
0.0195
0.0178
0.0165
0.0150
0.0140
0.0135
0.0129
0.0126
0.0123
0.0119
0.0115
0.0110
0.0107
8.8
14.3
20.5
33.6
48.2
63.0
78.8
89.6
104.6
136.0
169.6
222.6
273.4
2.7
4.4
6.3
10.2
14.7
19.2
24.0
27.3
31.9
41.5
56.7
67.9
83.3
Note:
NPS = Nominal Pipe Size. The above friction factors and conversion factors apply at
high Reynolds numbers, namely above 1 x 106 for NPS 24 and larger.
For smaller pipe, down to NPS 2", the applicable Reynolds number is 2 x 105.
Page 27 of 148

WorkSheet: Typical Friction Factors
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
This information is taken from the PipePro computer program sold by:
Professional Designers & Engineers, Inc.
P.O. Box 11380
Boulder, CO 80301
Phone & Fax: (303) 530-1551
VALUES OF ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS, , FOR VARIOUS MATERIALS
Type of Pipe Material

Asphalted Cast Iron
Brass & Copper
Concrete
Cast Iron
Galvanized Iron
Wrought Iron
Plastic
Steel
Riveted Steel*
Wood Stave*
Range of values (x 10-6), Ft Normal Design value (x 10-6), Ft

400
5
1,000 to 10,000
400
5
4,000
850
850
500
150
5
150
3,000 to 30,000
600 to 3,000
500
150
5
150
6,000
2,000
* Note: These two types of material have been obsolete and outdated for approximately
50 years. They are kept here as a reminder to young engineers of the danger and
stupidity that some data represents when the authors do not review, proof and edit their
technical product(s).
Art Montemayor
Page 28 of 148

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
REASONABLE VELOCITIES FOR WATER FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Application & Service Condition
Range of Typical Velocities, Ft/sec
Municipal Water Distribution System

General Plant Service
Pump Suction
Drain Lines
Boiler Feed System
2 to 7
4 to 10
4 to 7
4 to 7
8 to 15
Note: Long piping systems may require lower velocities to prevent an undesirable pressure
drop. Higher velocities may be used or exceeded where pressure drop is not important.
Page 29 of 148

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR PIPE ENTRANCE AND EXITS

The K resistance coefficient represents the resistance to flow in pipes for various configurations of
entrances, exits, contraction or enlargement. The resistance coefficient method is based on the
assumption that the fluid's pressure loss is all due to pressure drag and is independent of the
Reynolds Number.
Description of Pipe Entrance or Exit
Coefficient K
Inlet - Sharp edge flush to the tank or reservoir

Inlet - Slightly rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.02
Inlet - Slightly rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.04
Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.06
Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.10
Inlet - Well rounded at pipe connection, r/d=0.15 & up
Inlet - Pipe projecting into tank or reservoir
0.50
0.28
0.24
0.15
0.09
0.04
0.78
Exit - Open discharge (complete loss of velocity head)

Exit - Submerged gradual enlargement discharge
(complete recovery of velocity head)
1.00
0.00
Description of Enlargement or Contraction:

Flow may be directed through pipes of differing sizes by using especially designed enlargements or
contractions to achieve the desired coefficient "K". These designs are generally required when a
minimum "K" value is desired to limit the pressure drop in the system. The input cells below are
provided to calculate the "K" value based on the dimensions of the enlargement or contraction.
Where,
Large Diameter, D
Small Diameter, d
Length, L
=
=
=
Coefficient K
Gradual contraction from large diam. to small diam.

Gradual enlargement from small diam. to large diam.
Sudden square edge contraction from D to d
Sudden square edge enlargement from d to D
Page 30 of 148

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS

The resistance coefficient K represents the reduction in static head for flow in pipes caused by valves
and fittings. The K value is the number of velocity heads and is valid for all flow conditons.
K/f = Constant
where,
f = turbulent Darcy friction factor
DESCRIPTION OF VALVES AND FITTINGS
15 degree Corner Miter
45 degree Standard Elbow
45 degree Street Elbow
90 degree Short Radius Elbow
90 degree Long Radius Elbow
90 degree Street Elbow
90 degree Square Corner Miter
180 degree Close Pattern Return Bend
Tee Flow-through Run
Tee Flow-through Branch
Globe valve; perdendicular stem with unguided disc
Globe valve; perdendicular stem with guided disc
Globe valve; 60o stem to run with unguided disc
Globe valve; 45o stem to run with unguided disc
Angle valve; 90o with unguided disc
Angle valve; 90o with guided disc
Gate valve; full size, fully open
Gate valve; 3/4 open
Ball valve; round opening with full bore
Plug valve; round opening with full bore
Plug valve; rectangular opening with full bore, fully open
Plug valve; 3-way rectangular opening with full bore, straignt flow
Plug valve; 3-way 80% bore, fully open, branch flow
Butterfly valve; 2" to 8", fully open
Check valve; conventional swing, angle seat, fully open
Check valve; conventional swing, perpendicular seat, fully open
Check valve; tilting disc at 5o to flow (2" to 8")
Check valve; globe type
Foot valve; hinged disc with strainer
Foot valve; poppet disc with strainer
Page 31 of 148
RECOMMENDED K/f
4
8
16
26
15
25
20
14
50
60
50
20
60
340
600
175
145
150
200
8
35
160
900
3
3
18
30
90
45
35
25
100
50
40
400
75
420

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
FLOW COEFFICIENT, Cv, FOR CONTROL VALVES
The Cv flow coefficient for valves expresses the flow rate of 60 oF water in gallon per minute with 1.0
psi pressure drop across the valve. Cv varies for other fluids according to the square root of the
weight density of the fluid.
For Control Valves:
Cv = Q x (density/62.37/pressure drop)0.5
Where,
Q = liquid flowrate in gpm
density = liquid density in lb/ft3
pressure drop = pressure drop in psi
Values for Cv are normally provided by the control valve manufacturer. However, desired values for
Cv may be calculated below as follows:
For Control Valves:

Flowrate, gpm
=
Density, lb/ft3
=
Pressure drop, psi =
Cv
100.00
62.37
5.00
44.72
Page 32 of 148

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
May 07, 1998

Revision: 0
Pipe Pro
The Cv sizing coefficient must be obtained from the valved manufacturer; however, a sampling of
some typical valve coefficients is listed below.
Size, inches Control Valve Description
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
Plug; top guided

Plug; top guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; top guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; cage guided
Plug; port guided
Plug; port guided
Ball; V-notched
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
Butterfly; disc
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
48
60
72
Flow Characteristic Liquid coefficient, Cv

Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Equal percentage
Quick opening
Quick opening
90o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
4
9
17
22
33
56
87
121
203
357
808
1,280
1,700
22
26
55
91
136
271
60o Opening
768
60 Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
60o Opening
1,340
2,170
3,180
3,880
5,210
6,510
8,210
12,200
19,900
29,400
54,200
85,300
123,000
Page 33 of 148

WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
Art Montemayor
RESISTANCE TO FLUID FLOW

Source: Crane Tech Paper #410
May 08, 1998

Rev: 0
D
CONCENTRIC REDUCERS
for included angle less than 45o
l
Steps:
1) Enter the required information in the YELLOW cells
2) The calculated results appear in RED numbers.
d
D
= small diameter, in.

= large diameter, in.
= diameter ratio
= length of fitting, in.
= included concentric angle, degrees
= included concentric angle, radians
3.07
6.07
0.51
5.5
30
0.52
=
=
=
=
=
=
K1 = Resistance Coefficient (based on small diameter)

K2 = Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter)
0.2
2.4
0.0
1.5
CONCENTRIC EXPANDERS
for included angle less than 45o
d
D
= small diameter, in.

= large diameter, in.
= diameter ratio
= length of fitting,in
= included concentric angle, degrees
= included concentric angle, radians
3.07
6.07
0.51
5.5
30
0.52
=
=
=
=
=
=
K1 = Resistance Coefficient (based on small diameter)

K2 = Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter)
NOTE:
Resistance to fluid flow due to pipe reducers, pipe expanders, entrances and exits to pipes is
independent of the pipe and fluid's friction factor.
These pressure losses are caused by local disturbances, such as changes in pipe cross section.
Although considered "minor", these may actually be major losses in the case of a short pipe run.
Whenever the velocity of a flowing stream is altered either in direction or in magnitude, eddy currents
are set up and a loss of energy in excess of the pipe friction in that same length is created. Such
losses may be expressed as velocity heads (KV2/2g) --- where K must be determined for each case.
For concentric reducers, a minimum K value of about 0.10 is obtained with an included angle of 20o
to 40o. Smaller or larger angles result in higher values of K.
Page 34 of 148

WorkSheet: Reducers & Expanders
RESISTANCE TO FLUID FLOW

Source: Crane Tech Paper #410
Art Montemayor
May 08, 1998

Rev: 0
This table calculates the included angle for Stainless

Steel, schedule 40s, Concentric Reducers. It should
also apply to Carbon Steel fittings as well as to
Concentric Expanders.
d
Data source: Flowline Fittings Catalog; 1965; p.48
Fitting Size Large Diameter, in. Small Diameter, in. Length, in, Included Angle, Degrees
2x1
2.067
1.049
3.000
19
2 x 1-1/2
2.067
1.610
3.000
3x1
3.068
1.049
3.500
32
3 x 1-1/2
3.068
1.610
3.500
24
3x2
3.068
2.067
3.500
16
4x2
4.026
2.067
4.000
28
4x3
4.026
3.068
4.000
14
6x3
6.065
3.068
5.500
30
6x4
21
8x6
18
10 x 6
10
32
12 x 6
12
41
Page 35 of 148

WorkSheet: Reducers & Expanders
June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
VOLUMETRIC CAPACITY FOR BUTT-WELDING FITTINGS
All volumes expressed in cubic inches
Reference: Piping Engineering; Tube Turns Division of Chemetron Corp.; Nov. 1971; p.47
90o Elbows
180o Returns
45o Elbows
Tees
Nominal
Long Radius
Short Radius
Long Radius
Short Radius
Long Radius
Full-size outlets
Pipe Size,
in.
Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
30
34
36
42
48
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.8
2.0
1.7
4.4
3.7
7.2
6.2
15.8
13.9
52.2
46.7
119.8
108.3
408.1
368.3
942.3
860.3
1856.9
1758.2
3195.9
3064.2
4545.9
4376.1
6882.2
6658.4
9906.5
9621.7
13707.5 13353.8
18365.2 17935.8
23995.6 23482.4
30644.8 30041.0
47449.7 46642.1
69490.1 68449.0
82695.4 81526.6
132116.7 130520.2
198322.0 196203.0
1.4
2.9
4.8
10.5
34.8
79.9
272.1
628.3
1238.0
2130.7
3030.7
4301.4
6054.0
9366.8
4.2
9.2
31.1
72.0
245.4
572.7
1172.2
2042.8
2917.4
4161.5
5879.9
9125.1
14664.0
14350.3
31648.8
31110.5
55130.3
88077.8
54351.0
87013.4
1.4
1.9
4.1
8.7
14.4
31.6
104.4
239.7
816.1
1884.7
3713.8
6391.8
9091.8
13764.5
19813.1
27415.0
36730.9
47991.1
61289.6
94899.4
110260.5
176155.6
1.1
1.5
3.4
7.4
12.5
27.8
93.3
216.6
736.6
1720.6
3516.5
6128.5
8752.2
13316.9
19243.4
26707.6
23914.5
46964.7
40054.6
62189.4
2.7
5.9
9.6
21.1
69.6
159.9
544.3
1256.7
2476.0
4261.5
6061.4
8602.8
12108.0
18733.6
8.3
18.3
62.2
143.9
490.8
1145.5
2344.3
4085.6
5834.8
8323.0
11759.8
18250.2
29327.9
28700.7
63297.7
62221.0
110260.5 108702.1
Page 36 of 148
0.4
0.5
1.0
2.2
3.6
7.9
26.1
59.9
204.0
471.1
928.5
1598.0
2273.0
3441.1
4953.3
6853.8
9182.7
11997.8
15322.4
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.8
3.1
7.0
23.3
54.1
184.2
430.1
879.1
1532.1
2188.1
3329.2
4810.8
6676.9
8967.9
11471.2
15020.5
34745.0
41347.7
66054.8
40971.0
34224.5
40763.3
65260.1
40538.0
0.8
0.6
1.6
1.3
3.5
2.9
7.5
6.5
12.4
10.8
22.2
19.7
65.2
58.7
135.8
123.6
413.2
367.1
881.1
811.2
1675.4
1594.9
2816.9
2712.3
3809.3
3681.0
5804.3
5634.3
8396.5
8179.2
11701.3 11429.4
14348.0 14049.2
20647.2 20249.7
23912.3 23493.2
35985.0 35442.5
52836.7 52135.9
62945.1 62157.5
94207.0 93209.0
145443.0 144092.0

WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes
June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
90o Elbows:
V = 2D2A/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to face distance
180o Returns:
V = 2D2O/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to center distance
45o Elbows:
V = 2D2A/8
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to face distance
Full Size Outlet Tees:

V = (D2/2) (C + M/2) - D3/3
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
Page 37 of 148

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
C = Center to end of run
M = center to end of branch
Pipe Caps:
V = (D2/4) (E - t - D/12)
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
E = length
t = wall thickness
Crosses:
V = (D2/2) (C + M) - (2/3)D3
V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
C = Center to end of run
M = center to end of branch
Concentric & eccentric reducers:
Page 38 of 148

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Page 39 of 148

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Caps
Crosses
Stub Ends
Full-size outlets
Lap Joint
Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong
0.3
0.6
1.1
1.8
2.5
3.9
11.1
24.2
77.3
148.5
295.6
517.0
684.6
967.6
1432.6
2026.4
2784.1
3451.0
4014.3
5163.1
0.2
0.4
0.9
1.5
2.0
3.2
9.4
20.8
65.7
122.3
264.4
475.0
640.0
911.0
1363.0
1938.0
2682.9
3313.0
3884.1
5006.4
7010.8
10936.3
13480.0
6811.5
10666.7
13157.0
9.5
15.5
27.7
80.5
166.5
501.3
1061.9
2010.4
3371.9
4171.5
6311.7
9081.3
12634.1
8.2
13.7
24.7
72.9
152.4
441.0
983.0
1920.6
3255.9
4043.7
6144.0
8868.1
12368.2
0.9
1.6
3.5
6.0
8.1
20.1
44.4
76.4
231.1
400.2
788.5
1131.0
1654.6
2191.8
2804.5
3492.5
0.7
1.3
2.9
5.1
7.1
17.8
39.6
69.0
208.5
365.3
746.6
1084.3
1592.8
2120.6
2723.8
3402.4
Reducers
Nominal Pipe Size,
in.
Concentric & Eccentric
Large end Small end Standard
X-Strong
1 1/4
1 1/2
3
22189.4
21802.9
5094.7
4985.7
Page 40 of 148
3/8
1/2
3/4
1/2
3/4
1
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.7
4.0
4.6
5.3
6.5
7.6
8.5
10.0
11.4
1.3
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.4
3.9
4.5
5.6
6.6
7.4
8.8
10.0
20.2
21.9
25.5
29.5
37.3
41.8
46.6
54.4
62.1
11.9
123.7
134.8
147.1
17.9
19.4
22.7
26.3
33.4
37.5
41.8
48.9
55.9
100.6
111.3
121.5
132.8
Tees
with Reducing Outlet
Standard
2.7
2.8
3.0
5.8
6.0
6.3
9.4
9.6
9.9
10.8
16.7
16.9
17.6
18.4
50.9
51.8
52.9
55.1
58.6
108.0
110.4
113.9
119.7
125.9
334.1
340.0
346.3
354.1

Art Montemayor
June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Page 41 of 148
5
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
4
5
6
8
5
6
8
10
6
8
10
12
6
8
10
12
14
8
10
12
14
16
8
10
12
14
16
18
10
175.3
158.7
221.7
235.6
269.6
309.2
385.9
428.3
476.8
586.0
639.4
697.7
827.0
993.8
1,496
1,738
2,041
2,382
201.8
215.0
245.8
280.9
362.0
401.4
444.8
546.7
606.4
658.8
779.8
947.7
1,419
1,646
1,952
2,288
2,321
2,656
3,029
3,289
2,212
2,552
2,920
3,175
3,413
3,821
4,104
4,598
3,291
3,695
3,973
4,458
6,248
6,922
7,974
9,404
6,059
6,717
7,747
9,150
375.7
716.9
722.6
730.6
753.0
791.1
1,373.0
1,396.0
1,432.0
1,506.0
2,318.0
2,348.0
2,430.0
2,567.0
1,992
2,587
2,922
2,976
2,621
3,396
3,803
4,891
5,054
4,318
4,849
4,993
6,147
7,180
5,360
6,010
6,204
7,606
8,877
10,163
12,027

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
22
24
26
30
34
Page 42 of 148
12
14
16
18
20
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
7,333
8,055
8,848
9,711
8,637
9,451
10,334
12,226
7,129
12,394
7,841
12,620
8,622
12,995
9,474 1,345,813,172
8,701
14,972
10,979
8,419
12,795
9,221
14,628
10,094
16,477
16,606
20,062
20,233
20,465
20,846
21,316
21,887
22,565
30,283
30,520
30,908
31,386
31,964
32,652
33,458
34,102
44,385
44,779
45,265
45,851
46,548
47,364
48,018
49,058
50,242
June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
36
42
48
Page 43 of 148
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
30,539
32,314
34,176
30,071
31,831
33,698
32,031
33,617
31,561
33,132
37,053
38,902
40,840
42,866
36,540
38,375
40,229
42,311
85,143
89,354
83,984
88,163
98,305
103,044
107,959
113,050
118,317
123,760
129,378
135,173
141,144
97,047
101,753
106,635
111,693
116,927
122,337
127,923
133,685
139,622
52,701
53,098
53,587
54,177
54,878
55,700
56,359
57,404
58,594
59,940
76,746
77,172
77,639
78,899
79,574
80,636
81,462
82,341
83,276
125,186
125,667
126,693
127,344
128,044
129,561
130,462
131,419
133,521
134,710
135,960
138,742
140,256

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Tees
with Reducing Outlet
X-Strong
2.3
2.4
2.6
5.1
5.4
5.7
8.3
8.6
9.1
9.9
15.2
15.6
16.5
17.4
45.5
46.4
47.3
49.5
52.6
97.7
99.9
103.2
108.6
114.5
301.8
307.4
313.7
321.2
Page 44 of 148

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
361.8
655.5
661.0
668.7
690.5
719.4
1,300.0
1,323.0
1,350.0
1,426.0
2,224.0
2,250.0
2,329.0
2,468.0
1,915
2,488
2,816
3,022
2,532
3,283
3,701
4,741
4,902
4,191
4,711
5,013
5,976
6,985
5,214
5,855
6,221
7,414
8,657
9,916
11,745
Page 45 of 148

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
11,944
12,110
12,337
12,710
8,519
14,603
10,745
12,526
14,325
16,141
16,287
19,668
19,837
20,070
20,449
20,919
21,487
22,164
29,768
30,006
30,392
30,869
31,445
32,131
32,936
33,583
43,724
44,116
44,600
45,184
45,879
46,693
47,351
48,389
49,571
Page 46 of 148

June 02, 1999

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
51,958
52,353
52,841
53,429
54,128
54,947
55,610
56,653
57,842
59,185
75,825
76,253
76,723
77,972
78,650
79,710
80,540
81,425
82,365
123,874
124,358
125,377
126,031
126,736
128,245
129,151
130,113
132,207
133,402
134,660
137,432
138,954
Page 47 of 148

Art Montemayor
September 30, 2003

Rev: 0
U.S.A. Pipe Dimensions
Nominal Outside
Wall
Pipe
Diameter Thickness
Size
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inside Diameter Functions
Pipe Inside
Diameter
Inches
Feet
d2
d3
(in Inches)
d4
Transverse Internal
("Flow") Area
d5
in2
ft2
Commercial Wrought Steel Pipe Data
Schedule 40
Schedule 30
Schedule 20
Schedule 10
Schedule Wall Thickness - Per ASA B36.10 - 1950

14
14
0.250
13.500 1.1250
182.25
2,460.4
33,215.1
448,403.3
143.14
0.994
16
16
0.250
15.500 1.2917
240.25
3,723.9
18
18
0.250
17.500 1.4583
306.25
5,359.4
57,720.1
894,661.0
188.69
1.310
93,789.1
1,641,308.6
240.53
1.670
20
20
0.250
19.500 1.6250
380.25
24
24
0.250
23.500 1.9583
552.25
7,414.9
144,590.1
2,819,506.2
298.65
2.074
12,977.9
304,980.1
7,167,031.5
433.74
3.012
30
30
0.312
29.376 2.4480
862.95
25,350.0
744,681.6 21,875,767.4
677.76
4.707
8.625
0.250
8.13 0.6771
66.02
536.4
4,358.1
35,409.3
51.85
0.360
10
10.750
0.250
10.25 0.8542
105.06
1,076.9
11,038.1
12
12.750
0.250
12.25 1.0208
150.06
1,838.3
22,518.8
113,140.8
82.52
0.573
275,854.7
117.86
0.818
14
14
0.312
13.38 1.1147
178.92
2,393.2
16
18
16
18
0.312
0.312
15.38 1.2813
17.38 1.4480
236.42
301.93
3,635.2
5,246.3
32,011.4
428,184.9
140.52
0.976
55,895.1
91,158.9
859,442.6
1,583,977.6
185.68
237.13
1.289
1.647
20
20
0.375
19.25 1.6042
370.56
24
24
0.375
23.25 1.9375
540.56
7,133.3
137,316.6
2,643,343.9
291.04
2.021
12,568.1
292,207.8
6,793,831.7
424.56
2.948
30
30
0.500
29 2.4167
841.00
24,389.0
707,281.0 20,511,149.0
660.52
4.587
8.625
0.277
8.07 0.6726
65.14
525.8
4,243.4
34,248.1
51.16
0.355
10
10.750
0.307
10.14 0.8447
102.74
1,041.4
10,555.2
106,987.5
80.69
0.560
12
14
12.750
14
0.330
0.375
12.09 1.0075
13.25 1.1042
146.17
175.56
1,767.2
2,326.2
21,365.1
30,822.2
258,304.2
408,394.0
114.80
137.89
0.797
0.958
16
18
16
18
0.375
0.438
15.25 1.2708
17.12 1.4270
232.56
293.23
3,546.6
5,021.3
54,085.3
85,984.6
824,801.1
1,472,401.0
182.65
230.30
1.268
1.599
20
20
0.500
19 1.5833
361.00
6,859.0
130,321.0
2,476,099.0
283.53
1.969
24
24
0.562
22.88 1.9063
523.31
11,971.3
273,854.8
6,264,702.3
411.01
2.854
30
30
0.625
28.75 2.3958
826.56
23,763.7
683,205.6 19,642,160.0
649.18
4.508
1/8
0.405
0.068
0.27 0.0224
0.07
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.06
0.000
1/4
0.540
0.088
0.36 0.0303
0.13
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.10
0.001
3/8
0.675
0.091
0.49 0.0411
0.24
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.19
0.001
1/2
3/4
0.840
1.050
0.109
0.113
0.62 0.0518
0.82 0.0687
0.39
0.68
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.4
0.30
0.53
0.002
0.004
1.315
0.133
1.05 0.0874
1.10
1.2
1.2
1.3
0.86
0.006
1.25
1.660
0.140
1.38 0.1150
1.90
2.6
3.6
5.0
1.50
0.010
1.5
1.900
0.145
1.61 0.1342
2.59
4.2
6.7
10.8
2.04
0.014
2
2.5
2.375
2.875
0.154
0.203
2.07 0.1723
2.47 0.2058
4.27
6.10
8.8
15.1
18.3
37.2
37.7
91.7
3.36
4.79
0.023
0.033
3.500
0.216
3.07 0.2557
9.41
28.9
88.6
271.8
7.39
0.051
3.5
4.000
0.226
3.55 0.2957
12.59
44.7
158.5
562.2
9.89
0.069
4
5
6
8
10
4.500
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.750
0.237
0.258
0.280
0.322
0.365
16.21
25.47
36.78
63.70
100.40
65.3
128.6
223.1
508.4
1,006.0
262.7
648.8
1,353.1
4,057.2
10,080.2
1,057.7
3,274.7
8,206.4
32,380.7
101,004.0
12.73
20.01
28.89
50.03
78.85
0.088
0.139
0.201
0.347
0.548
4.03
5.05
6.07
7.98
10.02
0.3355
0.4206
0.5054
0.6651
0.8350
Page 48 of 148
WorkSheet: Pipe Tables
Art Montemayor
12
14
16
18
20
24
12.750
14
16
18
20
24

0.406
0.438
0.500
0.562
0.593
0.687
11.94
13.12
15
16.88
18.81
22.63
0.9948
1.0937
1.2500
1.4063
1.5678
1.8855
142.52
172.24
225.00
284.80
353.97
511.94
1,701.4
2,260.5
3,375.0
4,806.3
6,659.5
11,583.1
Page 49 of 148
20,310.8
29,666.4
50,625.0
81,110.7
125,292.4
262,078.3
September 30, 2003

Rev: 0
242,469.9
111.93
0.777
389,341.9
135.28
0.939
759,375.0
176.71
1.227
1,368,823.9
223.68
1.553
2,357,250.3
278.00
1.931
5,929,784.5
402.07
2.792
September 30, 2003

Rev: 0
8.625
0.406
7.81 0.6511
61.04
476.9
3,726.2
29,113.1
47.94
0.333
10.750
0.500
9.75 0.8125
95.06
926.9
9,036.9
88,109.6
74.66
0.518
12
14
16
18
20
24
12.750
14
16
18
20
24
0.562
0.593
0.656
0.750
0.812
0.968
11.63
12.81
14.69
16.5
18.38
22.06
0.9688
1.0678
1.2240
1.3750
1.5313
1.8387
135.16
164.20
215.74
272.25
337.68
486.82
1,571.4
2,104.0
3,168.8
4,492.1
6,205.2
10,741.2
18,269.3
26,961.2
46,542.6
74,120.1
114,026.0
236,993.8
212,398.6
345,480.5
683,617.7
1,222,981.0
2,095,342.0
5,229,031.3
106.16
128.96
169.44
213.82
265.21
382.35
0.737
0.896
1.177
1.485
1.842
2.655
Schedule 80
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.750
12.750
14
16
18
20
24
0.095
0.119
0.126
0.147
0.154
0.179
0.191
0.200
0.218
0.276
0.300
0.318
0.337
0.375
0.432
0.500
0.593
0.687
0.750
0.843
0.937
1.031
1.218
0.22
0.3
0.42
0.55
0.74
0.96
1.28
1.5
1.94
2.32
2.9
3.36
3.83
4.81
5.76
7.63
9.56
11.38
12.5
14.31
16.13
17.94
21.56
0.0179
0.0252
0.0353
0.0455
0.0618
0.0798
0.1065
0.1250
0.1616
0.1936
0.2417
0.2803
0.3188
0.4011
0.4801
0.6354
0.7970
0.9480
1.0417
1.1928
1.3438
1.4948
1.7970
0.0462
0.0912
0.1789
0.2981
0.5506
0.9158
1.6333
2.2500
3.7597
5.3963
8.4100
11.32
14.64
23.16
33.19
58.14
91.47
129.41
156.25
204.89
260.05
321.77
465.01
0.0099
0.0275
0.0757
0.1628
0.4085
0.8765
2.0873
3.3750
7.2901
12.5357
24.3890
38.1
56.0
111.5
191.2
443.3
874.8
1,472.2
1,953.1
2,932.8
4,193.5
5,771.9
10,027.4
0.0021
0.0083
0.0320
0.0889
0.3031
0.8388
2.6676
5.0625
14.1355
29.1204
70.7281
128.1
214.3
536.6
1,101.5
3,380.3
8,366.8
16,747.8
24,414.1
41,980.2
67,624.9
103,537.1
216,230.7
0.0005
0.0025
0.0135
0.0485
0.2249
0.8027
3.4092
7.5938
27.4087
67.6466
205.1115
430.8
819.8
2,582.7
6,345.8
25,775.0
80,019.9
190,523.2
305,175.8
600,904.0
1,090,519.1
1,857,248.9
4,662,798.2
0.036
0.072
0.141
0.234
0.432
0.719
1.283
1.767
2.953
4.238
6.605
8.888
11.497
18.194
26.07
45.66
71.84
101.64
122.72
160.92
204.24
252.72
365.21
0.0003
0.0005
0.0010
0.0016
0.0030
0.0050
0.0089
0.0123
0.0205
0.0294
0.0459
0.0617
0.0798
0.1263
0.1810
0.3171
0.4989
0.7058
0.8522
1.118
1.418
1.755
2.536
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
8.625
10.750
12.750
14
16
18
20
24
0.593
0.718
0.843
0.937
1.031
1.156
1.281
1.531
7.44 0.6199
9.31
0.78
11.06
0.92
12.13
1.01
13.94
1.16
15.69
1.31
17.44
1.45
20.94
1.74
55.34
86.75
122.41
147.04
194.27
246.11
304.08
438.4
411.7
808
1354.37
1783.01
2707.71
3861.03
5302.61
9179.22
3,062.4
7525.67
14984.72
21620.73
37740
60571.78
92466.98
192194.42
22,781.0
70094.05
165790.96
262172.91
526020.05
950250.05
1612439.27
4024166.83
43.46
68.13
96.14
115.48
152.58
193.3
238.83
344.32
0.302
0.47
0.67
0.8
1.06
1.34
1.66
2.39
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
4.500
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.750
12.750
14
16
18
20
24
0.438
0.500
0.562
0.718
0.843
1.000
1.093
1.218
1.375
1.500
1.812
3.62
4.56
5.5
7.19
9.06
10.75
11.81
13.56
15.25
17
20.38
13.13
20.82
30.26
51.68
82.16
115.56
139.57
183.98
232.56
289.00
415.18
47.6
95.0
166.5
371.5
744.7
1,242.3
1,648.9
2,495.5
3,546.6
4,913.0
8,459.7
172.5
433.5
915.7
2,671.0
6,749.6
13,354.7
19,480.0
33,849.4
54,085.3
83,521.0
172,375.6
625.1
1,978.1
5,037.4
19,201.8
61,178.6
143,562.9
230,136.1
459,133.4
824,801.1
1,419,857.0
3,512,324.7
10.31
16.35
23.77
40.59
64.53
90.76
109.62
144.50
182.65
226.98
326.08
0.072
0.114
0.165
0.282
0.448
0.630
0.761
1.003
1.268
1.576
2.264
Schedule 60
8
10
Schedule 100
Schedule 120
Art Montemayor
0.3020
0.3803
0.4584
0.5991
0.7553
0.8958
0.9845
1.1303
1.2708
1.4167
1.6980
Page 50 of 148
September 30, 2003

Rev: 0
Schedule 140
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
8.625
10.750
12.750
14
16
18
20
24
0.812
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.438
1.562
1.750
2.062
7
8.75
10.5
11.5
13.12
14.88
16.5
19.88
0.5834
0.7292
0.8750
0.9583
1.0937
1.2397
1.3750
1.6563
49.01
76.56
110.25
132.25
172.24
221.30
272.25
395.06
343.1
669.9
1,157.6
1,520.9
2,260.5
3,292.0
4,492.1
7,852.1
2,402.4
5,861.8
12,155.1
17,490.1
29,666.4
48,971.6
74,120.1
156,068.8
16,819.0
51,290.9
127,628.2
201,135.7
389,341.9
728,502.2
1,222,981.0
3,102,022.5
38.50
60.13
86.59
103.87
135.28
173.80
213.82
310.28
0.267
0.418
0.601
0.721
0.939
1.207
1.485
2.155
Schedule 160
Art Montemayor
1/2
3/4
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
0.840
1.050
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.500
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.750
12.750
14
16
18
20
24
0.187
0.218
0.250
0.250
0.281
0.343
0.375
0.438
0.531
0.625
0.718
0.906
1.125
1.312
1.406
1.593
1.781
1.968
2.343
0.47
0.61
0.82
1.16
1.34
1.69
2.13
2.62
3.44
4.31
5.19
6.81
8.5
10.13
11.19
12.81
14.44
16.06
19.31
0.0388
0.0512
0.0679
0.0967
0.1115
0.1408
0.1771
0.2187
0.2865
0.3594
0.4324
0.5678
0.7083
0.8438
0.9323
1.0678
1.2032
1.3387
1.6095
0.22
0.38
0.66
1.35
1.79
2.85
4.52
6.89
11.82
18.60
26.93
46.42
72.25
102.54
125.17
164.20
208.46
258.05
373.03
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.6
2.4
4.8
9.6
18.1
40.6
80.2
139.7
316.2
614.1
1,038.3
1,400.4
2,104.0
3,009.7
4,145.3
7,204.7
0.0
0.1
0.4
1.8
3.2
8.1
20.4
47.4
139.7
346.0
725.0
2,154.5
5,220.1
10,513.6
15,667.9
26,961.2
43,453.8
66,590.9
139,151.8
0.0
0.1
0.4
2.1
4.3
13.7
43.3
124.4
480.3
1,492.4
3,762.0
14,678.8
44,370.5
106,460.8
175,292.1
345,480.5
627,386.5
1,069,716.0
2,687,578.4
0.17
0.30
0.52
1.06
1.41
2.24
3.55
5.41
9.28
14.61
21.15
36.46
56.75
80.53
98.31
128.96
163.72
202.67
292.98
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.007
0.010
0.016
0.025
0.038
0.064
0.101
0.147
0.253
0.394
0.559
0.683
0.896
1.137
1.407
2.035
0.0568
0.1041
0.1909
0.3039
0.5333
0.864
1.496
2.036
3.356
4.788
7.393
9.887
12.730
20.006
28.890
51.162
50.027
81.585
80.691
78.854
114.80
113.10
0.0004
0.0007
0.0013
0.0021
0.0037
0.0060
0.0104
0.0141
0.0233
0.0332
0.0513
0.0687
0.0884
0.1389
0.2006
0.3553
0.3474
0.5666
0.5604
0.5476
0.7972
0.7854
Standard Wall ("Std") Pipe (Similar to Schedule 40)

1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
10
12
0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
6.625
8.625
8.625S
10.75
10.75
10.75S
12.75
12.75S
0.068
0.088
0.091
0.109
0.113
0.133
0.140
0.145
0.154
0.203
0.216
0.226
0.237
0.258
0.280
0.277
0.322
0.279
0.307
0.365
0.330
0.375
0.269
0.364
0.493
0.622
0.824
1.049
1.380
1.610
2.067
2.469
3.068
3.548
4.026
5.047
6.065
8.071
7.981
10.192
10.136
10.020
12.090
12.000
0.0224
0.0303
0.0411
0.0518
0.0687
0.0874
0.1150
0.1342
0.1723
0.2058
0.2557
0.2957
0.3355
0.4206
0.5054
0.6726
0.6651
0.8493
0.8447
0.8350
1.0075
1.0000
0.0724
0.1325
0.2430
0.3869
0.6790
1.100
1.904
2.592
4.272
6.096
9.41
12.59
16.21
25.47
36.78
65.14
63.70
103.88
102.74
100.40
146.17
144.00
Page 51 of 148
0.0195
0.0482
0.1198
0.2406
0.5595
1.154
2.628
4.173
8.831
15.051
28.9
44.7
65.3
128.6
223.1
525.8
508.4
1,058.7
1,041.4
1,006.0
1,767.2
1,728.0
0.0052
0.0176
0.0591
0.1497
0.4610
1.211
3.627
6.719
18.254
37.161
88.6
158.5
262.7
648.8
1,353.1
4,243.4
4,057.2
10,790.4
10,555.2
10,080.2
21,365.1
20,736.0
0.0014
0.0064
0.0291
0.0931
0.3799
1.270
5.005
10.818
37.731
91.750
271.8
562.2
1,057.7
3,274.7
8,206.4
34,248.1
32,380.7
109,975.8
106,987.5
101,004.0
258,304.2
248,832.0
Art Montemayor
September 30, 2003

Rev: 0
Extra Strong ("XS") Wall Pipe (Similar to Schedule 80)

1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
10
12
0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.75
12.75
0.095
0.119
0.126
0.147
0.154
0.179
0.191
0.200
0.218
0.276
0.300
0.318
0.337
0.375
0.432
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.215
0.302
0.423
0.546
0.742
0.957
1.278
1.500
1.939
2.323
2.900
3.364
3.826
4.813
5.761
7.625
9.750
11.750
0.0179
0.0252
0.0353
0.0455
0.0618
0.0798
0.1065
0.1250
0.1616
0.1936
0.2417
0.2803
0.3188
0.4011
0.4801
0.6354
0.8125
0.9792
0.0462
0.0912
0.1789
0.2981
0.5506
0.916
1.633
2.250
3.760
5.396
8.41
11.32
14.64
23.16
33.19
58.14
95.06
138.06
0.0099
0.0275
0.0757
0.1628
0.4085
0.876
2.087
3.375
7.290
12.536
24.4
38.1
56.0
111.5
191.2
443.3
926.9
1,622.2
0.0021
0.0083
0.0320
0.0889
0.3031
0.839
2.668
5.063
14.136
29.120
70.7
128.1
214.3
536.6
1,101.5
3,380.3
9,036.9
19,061.3
0.0005
0.0025
0.0135
0.0485
0.2249
0.803
3.409
7.594
27.409
67.647
205.1
430.8
819.8
2,582.7
6,345.8
25,775.0
88,109.6
223,969.7
0.0363
0.0716
0.1405
0.2341
0.4324
0.719
1.283
1.767
2.953
4.238
6.605
8.888
11.497
18.194
26.067
45.664
74.662
108.43
0.0003
0.0005
0.0010
0.0016
0.0030
0.0050
0.0089
0.0123
0.0205
0.0294
0.0459
0.0617
0.0798
0.1263
0.1810
0.3171
0.5185
0.7530
0.0010
0.0154
0.077
0.577
1.611
7.670
17.422
64.4
151.1
311.1
1,107.2
2,816.1
15,359.0
0.0499
0.1479
0.282
0.631
0.950
1.774
2.463
4.155
5.845
7.803
12.965
18.834
37.122
0.0003
0.0010
0.0020
0.0044
0.0066
0.0123
0.0171
0.0289
0.0406
0.0542
0.0900
0.1308
0.2578
0.1804
0.6591
2.337
8.384
17.373
57.027
145.897
411.9
828.4
1,529.1
4,362.5
10,796.3
41,995.7
126,537.9
297,682.1
0.3959
0.6648
1.103
1.839
2.461
3.958
5.764
8.730
11.545
14.753
22.438
32.240
55.510
86.294
121.50
0.0027
0.0046
0.0077
0.0128
0.0171
0.0275
0.0400
0.0606
0.0802
0.1024
0.1558
0.2239
0.3855
0.5993
0.8438
Double Extra Strong ("XXS") Wall Pipe (Similar to Schedules > 80)
1/2
3/4
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
0.840
1.050
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
6.625
8.625
0.294
0.308
0.358
0.382
0.400
0.436
0.552
0.600
0.636
0.674
0.750
0.864
0.875
0.252
0.434
0.599
0.896
1.100
1.503
1.771
2.300
2.728
3.152
4.063
4.897
6.875
0.0210
0.0362
0.0499
0.0747
0.0917
0.1253
0.1476
0.1917
0.2273
0.2627
0.3386
0.4081
0.5729
0.0635
0.1884
0.359
0.803
1.210
2.259
3.136
5.29
7.44
9.94
16.51
23.98
47.27
0.0160
0.0817
0.215
0.719
1.331
3.395
5.555
12.2
20.3
31.3
67.1
117.4
325.0
0.0040
0.0355
0.129
0.645
1.464
5.103
9.837
28.0
55.4
98.7
272.5
575.1
2,234.0
Stainless Steel Pipe (Schedule 5S)

1/2
3/4
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
10
12
0.840
1.050
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.75
12.75
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.109
0.109
0.109
0.134
0.156
0.710
0.920
1.185
1.530
1.770
2.245
2.709
3.334
3.834
4.334
5.345
6.407
8.407
10.482
12.438
0.0592
0.0767
0.0988
0.1275
0.1475
0.1871
0.2258
0.2778
0.3195
0.3612
0.4454
0.5339
0.7006
0.8735
1.0365
0.5041
0.8464
1.404
2.341
3.133
5.040
7.339
11.12
14.70
18.78
28.57
41.05
70.68
109.87
154.70
Page 52 of 148
0.3579
0.7787
1.664
3.582
5.545
11.315
19.880
37.1
56.4
81.4
152.7
263.0
594.2
1,151.7
1,924.2
0.2541
0.7164
1.972
5.480
9.815
25.402
53.856
123.6
216.1
352.8
816.2
1,685.1
4,995.3
12,071.9
23,933.3
Art Montemayor
September 30, 2003

Rev: 0
Stainless Steel Pipe (Schedule 10S)

1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
10
12
0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
6.625
8.625
10.75
12.75
0.049
0.065
0.065
0.083
0.083
0.109
0.109
0.109
0.109
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.120
0.134
0.134
0.148
0.165
0.180
0.307
0.410
0.545
0.674
0.884
1.097
1.442
1.682
2.157
2.635
3.260
3.760
4.260
5.295
6.357
8.329
10.420
12.390
0.0256
0.0342
0.0454
0.0562
0.0737
0.0914
0.1202
0.1402
0.1798
0.2196
0.2717
0.3133
0.3550
0.4413
0.5298
0.6941
0.8683
1.0325
0.0942
0.1681
0.2970
0.4543
0.7815
1.203
2.079
2.829
4.653
6.943
10.63
14.14
18.15
28.04
40.41
69.37
108.58
153.51
0.0289
0.0689
0.1619
0.3062
0.6908
1.320
2.998
4.759
10.036
18.295
34.6
53.2
77.3
148.5
256.9
577.8
1,131.4
1,902.0
0.0089
0.0283
0.0882
0.2064
0.6107
1.448
4.324
8.004
21.647
48.208
112.9
199.9
329.3
786.1
1,633.1
4,812.5
11,788.8
23,566.0
0.0027
0.0116
0.0481
0.1391
0.5398
1.589
6.235
13.463
46.693
127.029
368.2
751.5
1,403.0
4,162.3
10,381.5
40,083.4
122,839.7
291,982.3
0.0740
0.1320
0.2333
0.3568
0.6138
0.945
1.633
2.222
3.654
5.453
8.347
11.104
14.253
22.020
31.739
54.485
85.276
120.57
0.0005
0.0009
0.0016
0.0025
0.0043
0.0066
0.0113
0.0154
0.0254
0.0379
0.0580
0.0771
0.0990
0.1529
0.2204
0.3784
0.5922
0.8373
Note:
Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule 40S values are the same, size for size, as those shown above on the
Standard Wall Pipe Table (heaviest weight on 8, 10, and 12-inch sizes).
Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule 80S values are the same, size for size, as those shown above on the
Extra Strong Pipe Table.
Page 53 of 148
Art Montemayor
September 30, 2003

Rev: 0
May 8, 2003
Although pipe classification is common knowledge that is taken for granted among a lot of us old engineers, I have
found that young engineers are lacking this information because both academic professors and we experienced
engineers are both guilty of not passing on the information which used to be common and available when piping and
fitting catalogs like Vogt, Tube Turns, Walworth, etc. used to be freely available to us. Now, these valuable free
catalogs have become a thing of the past
Because I regard this subject as very basic and important for all engineers to dominate, some years back I prepared
the following explanation for young engineers working under me and with me in plant projects. I would like to share
it with any one else who hasn't had the opportunity to find out this logical explanation of how pipe is classified.
Industrial pipe thicknesses follow a set formula, expressed as the schedule number as established by the
American Standards Association (ASA) now re-organized as ANSI - the American National Standards Institute.
Eleven schedule numbers are available for use: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, & 160. The most popular
schedule, by far, is 40. Sch 5, 60, 100, 120, & 140 have rarely, if ever been employed by myself in over 40 years
as a practicing engineer. The schedule number is defined as the approximate value of the expression:
Schedule Number = (1,000)(P/S)
Where,
P = the internal working pressure, psig
S = the allowable stress (psi) for the material of construction at the conditions of use.
For example, the schedule number of ordinary steel pipe having an allowable stress of 10,000 psi for use at a
working pressure of 350 psig would be:
Schedule Number = (1,000)(350/10,000) = 35 (approx. 40)
This would be the proper schedule for welded joints and steel fittings but not for threaded connections and cast-iron
or malleable-iron fittings. In practice, schedule 40 would be used for welded construction and Sch 80 (about 2x the
computed value) for iron fittings. The higher schedule is required because of weaknesses in the iron fittings and the
metal lost in cutting the threads.
For all pipe sizes below 10", Sch 40 pipe is identical with what was once called standard pipe, and Sch 80 is
identical with the former extra-strong pipe. There is no equivalent schedule number for double-extra-strong
pipe, and Sch 160 is the only other weight in which pipe smaller than 4" is available.
Temperature has no direct bearing on the schedule, except as it either weakens (or strengthens) the material's
allowable stress. Stainless steels (304ELC & 316ELC), for example, yield a stronger allowable stress at the low
temperatures near the cryogenic zone (-50 to -150 oF). Copper and Brass also exhibit the same behavior.
I've used the rule of thumb that the softer the metal, the stronger it is at the lower temperatures.
I hope this has helped you in explaining how pipe is classified.
Art Montemayor
Page 54 of 148
Art Montemayor
September 30, 2003

Rev: 0
In actual, industrial practice, every operating company (organizations such as DuPont, Dow, Monsanto, Huntsman,
Union Carbide, etc.) as well as all the major Engineering and Construction companies (such as Fluor, Bechtel, etc.)
have a listing of their standard pipe sizes which they apply to all their projects. These companies make it a point to
reduce the quantity of different sizes employed in any one project or plant. Obviously, when confronted with a
Page 55 of 148
September 30, 2003

Rev: 0
customer's list of different standard sizes, the E&C contractor will accede to his customer's desires and wishes.
Art Montemayor
Certain pipe sizes are labeled as "Bastard" sizes in the USA, and they are not incorporated nor used in applications.
Some of these Bastard sizes are 1-1/4", 2-1/2", 3-1/2", and 5". The reasons for not using these sizes are usually:
1. Traditionally, the concept of stepping up the size of piping by a magnitude of doubling the capacity is what
has been predominant thinking - at least in the USA. In other words, an attempt is made to have pipe sizes
that are separated by roughly a factor of 2 x the cross-sectional area. This concept is applied to pipes sizes
up to 10" in nominal diameter.
2. The tradition of establishing pipe sizes by the method described above results in a series of pipe sizes
for Schedule 40 as follows:
Nominal Internal
pipe size, flow area,
in2
in.
1
1 1/2
2
3
4
6
8
10
0.864
2.036
3.355
7.393
12.73
28.89
50.03
78.86
3. The reduction of pipe sizes actually employed forces the pipe fabricator to increase the price of those
sizes (such as 1-1/4, 2-1/2, 3-1/2, and 5") due to their diminished market demand.
4. Reducing the variety of pipe sizes also allows a user to reduce his pipe plant inventory, together with the
many required fittings. This results in increased economy in many ways and simplifies maintenance.
The applications or project engineer should always strive to adhere to a standard of pipe sizes in order to simplify
the subsequent operation of the equipment and installation that he installs.
Page 56 of 148
Art Montemayor
Page 57 of 148
September 30, 2003

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Art Montemayor
Page 58 of 148
September 30, 2003

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Art Montemayor
Page 59 of 148
September 30, 2003

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Art Montemayor
September 30, 2003

Rev: 0
gineers, I have
when piping and
ack I prepared
ould like to share
ns and cast-iron
0 (about 2x the
fittings and the
Page 60 of 148
Art Montemayor
Page 61 of 148
September 30, 2003

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Art Montemayor
Page 62 of 148
September 30, 2003

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Art Montemayor
Page 63 of 148
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Art Montemayor
Page 64 of 148
September 30, 2003

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Art Montemayor
Page 65 of 148
September 30, 2003

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March 12, 2003

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Insert Basic Data in Input Cells and Obtain Results in Bold Red Numbers
Inputs
Nominal Pipe Diameter
2 inches
Pipe's Inside Diameter
Pipe's Schedule No.
40
Flow Rate
100 GPM
Click this Button
Fluid's Viscosity
5 cPs
to see a list of
Fluid's Density
8.45 lbs/gal
acceptable pipe diameters
Pipe's Abs. Roughness 0.00015 feet
and pipe schedules
2.067 inches
Calculation Methods
Churchill Equation (1977)Chen Equation (1979)
P Per 100 feet of pipe P Per 100 feet of pipe
Reynolds Number
30,979
9.31 psi
9.28 psi
21.18 feet
21.12 feet
Linear Velocity
Darcy Friction Factor Darcy Friction Factor
9.55 ft/sec
0.0257
0.0256
Page 66 of 148
WorkSheet: Liq Pressure Drop
This sheet gives the value of the Fanning Friction Factor, f, using the Colebrook-White,
Moody and Barr formulas
Enter the known basic data in the YELLOW cells as input for the calculated solution.
The Colebrook - White Equation
The Moody Equation
1.26
f n1=1/ 4log1 0
3.71d Re f n
f n1 =
[4 log 10 ab ]
1.26
=4 log1 0
3.71d R e f
f
200 106
f =0. 001375 1
d
Re
2
The Barr Equation
Moody 0.003018
Barr 0.003515
Colebrook-White 0.003495
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
###
###
###
###
Colebrook-White iteration
f(n)
a
b
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5. 1286
=4 log10
0 .89
3. 71d Re
f
Enter the basic data input here

(mm)
0.03 Absolute Pipe Roughness
d (mm)
300 Pipe Internal diameter
Re
664,000 Reynolds Number
Solution
]
1/3
f =1/ 4log10
5. 1286
0 . 89
3. 71 d Re
(f = Fanning Friction Factor)

( = Darcy Friction Factor)
0.01207
0.01406
0.01398
LHS
18.2
16.84
16.92
16.91
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
RHS
16.84
16.92
16.91
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
16.92
Error
1.36
-0.07
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
This spreadsheet was downloaded from a British WebSite on the InterNet.

The author is identified as Andrew Sleigh.
-Art Montemayor (02/15/2003)
0.7500 inches =
19.05 mm
From: "Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications"; R. L. Daugherty & J. B. Franzini;

McGraw-Hill Book Co.; 7th Ed.; 1977:
Values of Absolute Roughness, , For New Pipe
Units of
Feet
Millimeters
Pipe Type
Drawn tubing, brass, lead, glass,
centrifugally spun cement, bituminous lining,
transite
Commercial steel or wrought iron
Welded-steel pipe
Asphalt-dipped cast iron
Galvanized iron
Cast iron, average
Concrete
Wood stave
Riveted steel
0.00015
0.00015
0.00040
0.00050
0.046
0.046
0.122
0.152
0.00085
0.259
0.001 to 001
0.3 to 3.0
0.0006 to 0.003 0.18 to 0.9
0.003 to 0.03
0.9 to 9.0
Note: Daugherty & Franzini state that the Colebook Equation is:
1
d
2 . 51
=2 Log
3 . 7 Re f
f
or, expressed in Natural Logarithms:
1
d
2 . 51
=0 . 8686 Ln
3 . 7 Re f
f
The Friction Factor used in the above equation is the Darcy Friction Factor.
The Darcy Friction Factor is four times (4x) the Fanning Fricition Factor.
Computerized Moody Diagram -- Rick Sellens, Queen's Mechanical Engineering
Re
3,000
3,150
3,308
3,473
3,647
3,829
4,020
4,221
4,432
4,654
4,887
5,131
5,388
5,657
5,940
6,237
6,549
6,876
7,220
7,581
7,960
8,358
8,776
9,215
9,675
10,159
10,667
11,200
11,760
12,348
12,966
13,614
14,295
15,010
15,760
16,548
17,375
18,244
19,156
20,114
21,120
22,176
23,285
24,449
25,671
26,955
28,303
29,718
31,204
32,764
34,402
36,122
37,928
39,825
41,816
43,907
46,102
48,407
50,828
53,369
56,038
58,839
61,781
64,870
68,114
71,520
75,096
78,850
82,793
86,933
91,279
95,843
100,635
105,667
110,951
116,498
122,323
128,439
134,861
141,604
148,684
156,119
163,924
172,121
180,727
189,763
199,251
209,214
219,674
230,658
242,191
254,301
267,016
280,366
294,385
309,104
324,559
340,787
357,827
375,718
394,504
414,229
434,940
456,687
479,522
503,498
528,673
555,106
582,862
612,005
642,605
674,735
708,472
743,896
781,090
820,145
861,152
904,210
949,420
996,891
1,046,736
1,099,073
1,154,026
1,211,728
1,272,314
1,335,930
1,402,726
1,472,863
1,546,506
1,623,831
1,705,023
1,790,274
1,879,787
1,973,777
2,072,466
2,176,089
2,284,893
2,399,138
2,519,095
2,645,050
2,777,302
2,916,167
3,061,976
3,215,074
3,375,828
3,544,619
3,721,850
3,907,943
4,103,340
4,308,507
4,523,932
4,750,129
4,987,636
5,237,017
5,498,868
5,773,812
6,062,502
6,365,627
6,683,909
7,018,104
7,369,009
7,737,460
8,124,333
8,530,549
8,957,077
9,404,931
9,875,177
10,368,936
10,887,383
11,431,752
12,003,340
12,603,507
13,233,682
13,895,366
14,590,134
15,319,641
16,085,623
16,889,904
17,734,400
18,621,120
19,552,176
20,529,784
21,556,274
22,634,087
23,765,792
24,954,081
26,201,785
27,511,874
28,887,468
30,331,842
31,848,434
33,440,855
35,112,898
36,868,543
38,711,970
40,647,569
42,679,947
44,813,944
47,054,642
49,407,374
51,877,742
54,471,630
57,195,211
60,054,972
63,057,720
66,210,606
69,521,136
72,997,193
76,647,053
80,479,406
84,503,376
88,728,545
93,164,972
97,823,221
f
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.08533
0.08470
0.08410
0.08352
0.08297
0.08244
0.08194
0.08146
0.08100
0.08056
0.08014
0.07974
0.07936
0.07899
0.07865
0.07831
0.07800
0.07769
0.07741
0.07713
0.07687
0.07662
0.07638
0.07615
0.07593
0.07572
0.07552
0.07533
0.07515
0.07498
0.07482
0.07466
0.07451
0.07437
0.07423
0.07410
0.07398
0.07386
0.07375
0.07364
0.07354
0.07344
0.07335
0.07326
0.07318
0.07310
0.07302
0.07295
0.07288
0.07281
0.07275
0.07269
0.07263
0.07258
0.07253
0.07248
0.07243
0.07239
0.07234
0.07230
0.07226
0.07223
0.07219
0.07216
0.07212
0.07209
0.07207
0.07204
0.07201
0.07199
0.07196
0.07194
0.07192
0.07190
0.07188
0.07186
0.07184
0.07182
0.07181
0.07179
0.07178
0.07176
0.07175
0.07174
0.07173
0.07171
0.07170
0.07169
0.07168
0.07167
0.07166
0.07166
0.07165
0.07164
0.07163
0.07162
0.07162
0.07161
0.07161
0.07160
0.07159
0.07159
0.07158
0.07158
0.07157
0.07157
0.07157
0.07156
0.07156
0.07155
0.07155
0.07155
0.07154
0.07154
0.07154
0.07154
0.07153
0.07153
0.07153
0.07153
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
calculate to converge
0.07836 0.07865
0.07806 0.07833
0.07778 0.07802
0.07751 0.07773
0.07724 0.07745
0.07699 0.07718
0.07675 0.07692
0.07652 0.07668
0.07630 0.07644
0.07609 0.07622
0.07588 0.07600
0.07569 0.07579
0.07550 0.07560
0.07532 0.07541
0.07515 0.07523
0.07498 0.07506
0.07482 0.07489
0.07467 0.07474
0.07453 0.07459
0.07439 0.07444
0.07426 0.07431
0.07413 0.07418
0.07401 0.07405
0.07390 0.07393
0.07379 0.07382
0.07368 0.07371
0.07358 0.07361
0.07348 0.07351
0.07339 0.07341
0.07330 0.07332
0.07322 0.07324
0.07314 0.07315
0.07306 0.07308
0.07299 0.07300
0.07292 0.07293
0.07285 0.07286
0.07279 0.07280
0.07273 0.07274
0.07267 0.07268
0.07261 0.07262
0.07256 0.07257
0.07251 0.07252
0.07246 0.07247
0.07242 0.07242
0.07237 0.07238
0.07233 0.07234
0.07229 0.07229
0.07225 0.07226
0.07222 0.07222
0.07218 0.07219
0.07215 0.07215
0.07212 0.07212
0.07209 0.07209
0.07206 0.07206
0.07203 0.07203
0.07201 0.07201
0.07198 0.07198
0.07196 0.07196
0.07194 0.07194
0.07191 0.07192
0.07189 0.07189
0.07187 0.07188
0.07186 0.07186
0.07184 0.07184
0.07182 0.07182
0.07181 0.07181
0.07179 0.07179
0.07178 0.07178
0.07176 0.07176
0.07175 0.07175
0.07174 0.07174
0.07172 0.07172
0.07171 0.07171
0.07170 0.07170
0.07169 0.07169
0.07168 0.07168
0.07167 0.07167
0.07166 0.07166
0.07165 0.07165
0.07165 0.07165
0.07164 0.07164
0.07163 0.07163
0.07162 0.07162
0.07162 0.07162
0.07161 0.07161
0.07160 0.07161
0.07160 0.07160
0.07159 0.07159
0.07159 0.07159
0.07158 0.07158
0.07158 0.07158
0.07157 0.07157
0.07157 0.07157
0.07157 0.07157
0.07156 0.07156
0.07156 0.07156
0.07155 0.07155
0.07155 0.07155
0.07155 0.07155
0.07154 0.07154
0.07154 0.07154
0.07154 0.07154
0.07154 0.07154
0.07153 0.07153
0.07153 0.07153
0.07153 0.07153
0.07153 0.07153
0.07152 0.07152
0.07152 0.07152
0.07152 0.07152
0.07152 0.07152
0.07152 0.07152
0.07152 0.07152
0.07151 0.07151
0.07151 0.07151
0.07151 0.07151
0.07151 0.07151
0.07151 0.07151
0.07151 0.07151
0.07151 0.07151
0.07151 0.07151
0.07150 0.07150
0.07150 0.07150
0.07150 0.07150
0.07150 0.07150
0.07150 0.07150
0.07150 0.07150
0.07150 0.07150
0.07150 0.07150
0.07150 0.07150
0.07150 0.07150
0.07150 0.07150
0.07150 0.07150
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07149 0.07149
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07148 0.07148
0.07864
0.07832
0.07801
0.07772
0.07744
0.07717
0.07692
0.07667
0.07644
0.07621
0.07600
0.07579
0.07560
0.07541
0.07523
0.07506
0.07489
0.07474
0.07459
0.07444
0.07431
0.07418
0.07405
0.07393
0.07382
0.07371
0.07361
0.07351
0.07341
0.07332
0.07324
0.07315
0.07308
0.07300
0.07293
0.07286
0.07280
0.07274
0.07268
0.07262
0.07257
0.07252
0.07247
0.07242
0.07238
0.07234
0.07229
0.07226
0.07222
0.07219
0.07215
0.07212
0.07209
0.07206
0.07203
0.07201
0.07198
0.07196
0.07194
0.07192
0.07189
0.07188
0.07186
0.07184
0.07182
0.07181
0.07179
0.07178
0.07176
0.07175
0.07174
0.07172
0.07171
0.07170
0.07169
0.07168
0.07167
0.07166
0.07165
0.07165
0.07164
0.07163
0.07162
0.07162
0.07161
0.07161
0.07160
0.07159
0.07159
0.07158
0.07158
0.07157
0.07157
0.07157
0.07156
0.07156
0.07155
0.07155
0.07155
0.07154
0.07154
0.07154
0.07154
0.07153
0.07153
0.07153
0.07153
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
f
0.07864
0.07832
0.07801
0.07772
0.07744
0.07717
0.07692
0.07667
0.07644
0.07621
0.07600
0.07579
0.07560
0.07541
0.07523
0.07506
0.07489
0.07474
0.07459
0.07444
0.07431
0.07418
0.07405
0.07393
0.07382
0.07371
0.07361
0.07351
0.07341
0.07332
0.07324
0.07315
0.07308
0.07300
0.07293
0.07286
0.07280
0.07274
0.07268
0.07262
0.07257
0.07252
0.07247
0.07242
0.07238
0.07234
0.07229
0.07226
0.07222
0.07219
0.07215
0.07212
0.07209
0.07206
0.07203
0.07201
0.07198
0.07196
0.07194
0.07192
0.07189
0.07188
0.07186
0.07184
0.07182
0.07181
0.07179
0.07178
0.07176
0.07175
0.07174
0.07172
0.07171
0.07170
0.07169
0.07168
0.07167
0.07166
0.07165
0.07165
0.07164
0.07163
0.07162
0.07162
0.07161
0.07161
0.07160
0.07159
0.07159
0.07158
0.07158
0.07157
0.07157
0.07157
0.07156
0.07156
0.07155
0.07155
0.07155
0.07154
0.07154
0.07154
0.07154
0.07153
0.07153
0.07153
0.07153
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07152
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07151
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07150
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07149
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.05
e/D
Re
Smooth
3,000 0.04356
3,150 0.04291
3,308 0.04228
3,473 0.04166
3,647 0.04106
3,829 0.04046
4,020 0.03988
4,221 0.03931
4,432 0.03875
4,654 0.03821
4,887 0.03767
5,131 0.03714
5,388 0.03663
5,657 0.03612
5,940 0.03563
6,237 0.03514
6,549 0.03467
6,876 0.03420
7,220 0.03374
7,581 0.03329
7,960 0.03285
8,358 0.03242
8,776 0.03200
9,215 0.03158
9,675 0.03117
10,159 0.03077
10,667 0.03038
11,200 0.02999
11,760 0.02961
12,348 0.02924
12,966 0.02887
13,614 0.02851
14,295 0.02816
15,010 0.02782
15,760 0.02747
16,548 0.02714
17,375 0.02681
18,244 0.02649
19,156 0.02617
20,114 0.02586
21,120 0.02555
22,176 0.02525
23,285 0.02495
24,449 0.02466
25,671 0.02438
26,955 0.02409
28,303 0.02382
29,718 0.02354
31,204 0.02328
32,764 0.02301
34,402 0.02275
36,122 0.02250
37,928 0.02225
39,825 0.02200
41,816 0.02176
43,907 0.02152
46,102 0.02128
48,407 0.02105
50,828 0.02082
53,369 0.02060
56,038 0.02038
58,839 0.02016
61,781 0.01994
64,870 0.01973
68,114 0.01952
71,520 0.01932
75,096 0.01912
78,850 0.01892
82,793 0.01872
86,933 0.01853
91,279 0.01834
95,843 0.01815
100,635 0.01797
105,667 0.01779
110,951 0.01761
116,498 0.01743
122,323 0.01726
128,439 0.01709
134,861 0.01692
141,604 0.01675
148,684 0.01659
156,119 0.01643
163,924 0.01627
172,121 0.01611
180,727 0.01595
189,763 0.01580
199,251 0.01565
209,214 0.01550
219,674 0.01536
230,658 0.01521
242,191 0.01507
254,301 0.01493
267,016 0.01479
280,366 0.01465
294,385 0.01452
309,104 0.01438
324,559 0.01425
340,787 0.01412
357,827 0.01399
375,718 0.01387
394,504 0.01374
414,229 0.01362
434,940 0.01350
456,687 0.01338
479,522 0.01326
503,498 0.01314
528,673 0.01303
555,106 0.01291
582,862 0.01280
612,005 0.01269
642,605 0.01258
674,735 0.01247
708,472 0.01236
743,896 0.01226
781,090 0.01215
820,145 0.01205
861,152 0.01195
904,210 0.01185
949,420 0.01175
996,891 0.01165
1,046,736 0.01155
1,099,073 0.01146
1,154,026 0.01136
1,211,728 0.01127
1,272,314 0.01118
1,335,930 0.01109
1,402,726 0.01100
1,472,863 0.01091
1,546,506 0.01082
1,623,831 0.01073
1,705,023 0.01065
1,790,274 0.01056
1,879,787 0.01048
1,973,777 0.01039
2,072,466 0.01031
2,176,089 0.01023
2,284,893 0.01015
2,399,138 0.01007
2,519,095 0.00999
2,645,050 0.00992
2,777,302 0.00984
2,916,167 0.00976
3,061,976 0.00969
3,215,074 0.00961
3,375,828 0.00954
3,544,619 0.00947
3,721,850 0.00940
3,907,943 0.00933
4,103,340 0.00926
4,308,507 0.00919
4,523,932 0.00912
4,750,129 0.00905
4,987,636 0.00898
5,237,017 0.00892
5,498,868 0.00885
5,773,812 0.00879
6,062,502 0.00872
6,365,627 0.00866
6,683,909 0.00860
7,018,104 0.00853
7,369,009 0.00847
7,737,460 0.00841
8,124,333 0.00835
8,530,549 0.00829
8,957,077 0.00823
9,404,931 0.00817
9,875,177 0.00812
10,368,936 0.00806
10,887,383 0.00800
11,431,752 0.00795
12,003,340 0.00789
12,603,507 0.00784
13,233,682 0.00778
13,895,366 0.00773
14,590,134 0.00767
15,319,641 0.00762
16,085,623 0.00757
16,889,904 0.00752
17,734,400 0.00747
18,621,120 0.00742
19,552,176 0.00737
20,529,784 0.00732
21,556,274 0.00727
22,634,087 0.00722
23,765,792 0.00717
24,954,081 0.00712
26,201,785 0.00708
27,511,874 0.00703
28,887,468 0.00698
30,331,842 0.00694
31,848,434 0.00689
33,440,855 0.00685
35,112,898 0.00680
36,868,543 0.00676
38,711,970 0.00671
40,647,569 0.00667
42,679,947 0.00663
44,813,944 0.00658
47,054,642 0.00654
49,407,374 0.00650
51,877,742 0.00646
54,471,630 0.00642
57,195,211 0.00638
60,054,972 0.00634
63,057,720 0.00630
66,210,606 0.00626
69,521,136 0.00622
72,997,193 0.00618
76,647,053 0.00614
80,479,406 0.00610
84,503,376 0.00607
88,728,545 0.00603
93,164,972 0.00599
97,823,221 0.00596
Moody Diagram (Plot of Colebrook's Correlation)

0.100
Friction Factor
e/d
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
Smooth
0.010
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
Reynolds Number
1E+07
1E+08
0
0.04360
0.04296
0.04233
0.04171
0.04110
0.04051
0.03993
0.03936
0.03881
0.03826
0.03772
0.03720
0.03669
0.03618
0.03569
0.03521
0.03473
0.03427
0.03381
0.03336
0.03292
0.03249
0.03207
0.03166
0.03125
0.03085
0.03046
0.03007
0.02970
0.02933
0.02896
0.02860
0.02825
0.02791
0.02757
0.02724
0.02691
0.02659
0.02628
0.02597
0.02566
0.02537
0.02507
0.02478
0.02450
0.02422
0.02395
0.02368
0.02341
0.02315
0.02290
0.02265
0.02240
0.02216
0.02192
0.02168
0.02145
0.02123
0.02100
0.02078
0.02057
0.02035
0.02015
0.01994
0.01974
0.01954
0.01934
0.01915
0.01896
0.01878
0.01859
0.01841
0.01824
0.01806
0.01789
0.01772
0.01756
0.01739
0.01723
0.01708
0.01692
0.01677
0.01662
0.01647
0.01633
0.01619
0.01605
0.01591
0.01578
0.01564
0.01551
0.01538
0.01526
0.01514
0.01501
0.01490
0.01478
0.01466
0.01455
0.01444
0.01433
0.01423
0.01412
0.01402
0.01392
0.01382
0.01373
0.01363
0.01354
0.01345
0.01336
0.01328
0.01319
0.01311
0.01303
0.01295
0.01287
0.01280
0.01272
0.01265
0.01258
0.01251
0.01244
0.01238
0.01232
0.01225
0.01219
0.01214
0.01208
0.01202
0.01197
0.01192
0.01187
0.01182
0.01177
0.01172
0.01168
0.01163
0.01159
0.01155
0.01151
0.01147
0.01144
0.01140
0.01137
0.01133
0.01130
0.01127
0.01124
0.01121
0.01118
0.01116
0.01113
0.01110
0.01108
0.01106
0.01103
0.01101
0.01099
0.01097
0.01095
0.01094
0.01092
0.01090
0.01089
0.01087
0.01085
0.01084
0.01083
0.01081
0.01080
0.01079
0.01078
0.01077
0.01076
0.01075
0.01074
0.01073
0.01072
0.01071
0.01070
0.01069
0.01069
0.01068
0.01067
0.01067
0.01066
0.01066
0.01065
0.01064
0.01064
0.01063
0.01063
0.01063
0.01062
0.01062
0.01061
0.01061
0.01061
0.01060
0.01060
0.01060
0.01059
0.01059
0.01059
0.01059
0.01058
0.01058
0.01058
0.01058
0.01057
0.01057
0.01057
0.01057
0
0.04365
0.04301
0.04237
0.04176
0.04115
0.04056
0.03998
0.03941
0.03886
0.03831
0.03778
0.03726
0.03674
0.03624
0.03575
0.03527
0.03479
0.03433
0.03388
0.03343
0.03299
0.03256
0.03214
0.03173
0.03132
0.03093
0.03054
0.03015
0.02978
0.02941
0.02905
0.02869
0.02835
0.02800
0.02767
0.02734
0.02701
0.02670
0.02638
0.02608
0.02578
0.02548
0.02519
0.02490
0.02462
0.02435
0.02408
0.02381
0.02355
0.02329
0.02304
0.02280
0.02255
0.02231
0.02208
0.02185
0.02162
0.02140
0.02118
0.02096
0.02075
0.02055
0.02034
0.02014
0.01995
0.01975
0.01956
0.01938
0.01919
0.01901
0.01884
0.01866
0.01849
0.01833
0.01816
0.01800
0.01784
0.01769
0.01754
0.01739
0.01724
0.01710
0.01696
0.01682
0.01668
0.01655
0.01642
0.01629
0.01617
0.01604
0.01592
0.01581
0.01569
0.01558
0.01547
0.01536
0.01526
0.01515
0.01505
0.01496
0.01486
0.01477
0.01468
0.01459
0.01450
0.01441
0.01433
0.01425
0.01417
0.01410
0.01402
0.01395
0.01388
0.01381
0.01374
0.01368
0.01362
0.01356
0.01350
0.01344
0.01338
0.01333
0.01328
0.01323
0.01318
0.01313
0.01308
0.01304
0.01300
0.01296
0.01292
0.01288
0.01284
0.01280
0.01277
0.01274
0.01270
0.01267
0.01264
0.01262
0.01259
0.01256
0.01254
0.01251
0.01249
0.01247
0.01244
0.01242
0.01240
0.01238
0.01237
0.01235
0.01233
0.01231
0.01230
0.01228
0.01227
0.01226
0.01224
0.01223
0.01222
0.01221
0.01220
0.01219
0.01218
0.01217
0.01216
0.01215
0.01214
0.01213
0.01213
0.01212
0.01211
0.01210
0.01210
0.01209
0.01209
0.01208
0.01208
0.01207
0.01207
0.01206
0.01206
0.01205
0.01205
0.01205
0.01204
0.01204
0.01203
0.01203
0.01203
0.01203
0.01202
0.01202
0.01202
0.01202
0.01201
0.01201
0.01201
0.01201
0.01201
0.01200
0.01200
0.01200
0.01200
0.01200
0.01200
0.01199
0.01199
0.01199
0.01199
0.01199
0.01199
0.01199
0
0.04374
0.04310
0.04247
0.04185
0.04125
0.04066
0.04008
0.03952
0.03896
0.03842
0.03789
0.03737
0.03686
0.03636
0.03587
0.03539
0.03492
0.03446
0.03401
0.03356
0.03313
0.03270
0.03229
0.03188
0.03147
0.03108
0.03069
0.03032
0.02994
0.02958
0.02922
0.02887
0.02853
0.02819
0.02786
0.02753
0.02721
0.02690
0.02659
0.02629
0.02600
0.02571
0.02542
0.02514
0.02487
0.02460
0.02433
0.02407
0.02382
0.02357
0.02333
0.02309
0.02285
0.02262
0.02239
0.02217
0.02195
0.02174
0.02153
0.02132
0.02112
0.02092
0.02073
0.02054
0.02035
0.02017
0.01999
0.01981
0.01964
0.01947
0.01931
0.01914
0.01899
0.01883
0.01868
0.01853
0.01839
0.01824
0.01810
0.01797
0.01784
0.01771
0.01758
0.01746
0.01734
0.01722
0.01710
0.01699
0.01688
0.01678
0.01667
0.01657
0.01647
0.01638
0.01628
0.01619
0.01610
0.01602
0.01594
0.01585
0.01578
0.01570
0.01563
0.01555
0.01548
0.01542
0.01535
0.01529
0.01523
0.01517
0.01511
0.01506
0.01500
0.01495
0.01490
0.01485
0.01481
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0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
0.07148
Art Montemayor
February 10, 2003

Rev: 0
Pressure Drop in Smooth Plastic Pipe
Natural Gas Flow in Plastic Pipe

Mueller Formula
for smooth pipe:
Q=
2826
G 0 . 425
{[
P 12 P 22
InPut Basic Data:

Gas Flow
Q = unknown Scfh
Gas Gravity
G=
0.9 Sp.Grav.
P
=
Inlet Pressure
2 Psia*
1
P
=
Outlet Pressure
1 Psia
2
Pipe Length
L=
300 feet
Pipe ID
d=
0.5 inches
0 . 575
d 2 . 725
Q = unknown Scfh
G=
0.9 Sp.Grav.
P1 =
30 Psia*
P2 =
18 Psia
L=
6,800 feet
d=
3.68 inches
OutPut Results:
Q=
=
32 Scfh
1 MM Scfd
Q=
=
24,931 Scfh
598 MM Scfd
* Maximum working pressure for plastic pipe should be verified when using this calculation
SDR 11
MAOP = 68 psig @ 100 oF
Page 70 of 148
WorkSheet: Smooth Pipe
Art Montemayor
Gravity Flow in a Pipe
February 12, 2004

Rev: 1(02-22-04)
Designing Piping For Gravity Flow

P. D. Hills, Imperial Chemical Industries PLC
Chemical Engineering Magazine; Sept 05, 1983
Gas entrained in liquid flowing by means of gravity from a vessel can reduce the outlet
pipe's capacity and cause flow to surge cyclically. These problems can be avoided by
carefully designing for either full-liquid or two-phase flow.
Entrainment curtails liquid gravity flow from vessels by raising the pressure drop (above that for singlephase flow) through the outlet piping, and reducing the static head available for overcoming the pressure
drop. A similar problem can arise when a liquid is near its boiling point, or contains dissolved gas,
especially if the absolute pressure at any point in the piping falls below atmospheric pressure, as occurs
in a syphon.
Consider the case of liquid flowing from the bottom of an absorption column through a pipe that has
been sized for full liquid flow (Figure 1).
When the liquid level in the column is low enough, the pressure drop and reduction of head restrict the
flowrate, and the liquid level rises (Figure 1b). Eventually, the level rises high enough to stop entrainment
(Figure 1c). However, gas still in the outlet pipe causes the level to continue to rise until the gas is all
swept out (Figure 1d). Now, the outlet pipe is running full flow (as was assumed in the design), but the
static head, becoming higher than was assumed, creates excessive flow, which causes the level to fall
until entrainment occurs again and the cycle is repeated (Figure 1e).
Such ascillations can be severe, depending on system geometry. In one case, the peak flow from a tank
exceeded the capacity of its vacuum breaker sufficiently to collapse the tank.
General expression for liquid flowrate

In this article, liquid flowrates are generally expressed in terms of a dimensionless superficial volumetric
flux, JL, which is defined by:
J L=
Here,
QL = the volumetric flowrate;
d = the pipe ID
4 QL
d2
g d
g = the gravitational acceleration constant (32.174 ft/s2 or 9.81 m/s2)

Equation (1) is similar to the Foude number. It is used in preference to the Froude number, because
the later's definition varies, depending on circumstances. All Equations in this article are in consistent units.
Designing for gravity flow

Three approaches to the design of gravity drainage systems are possible:
Page 71 of 148
Worksheet: Hills' Gravity Flow
Art Montemayor
February 12, 2004

Rev: 1(02-22-04)
1. For full flow, with the outlet piping size based on single-phase criteria;
2. For self-venting, with the liquid velocity in the outlet pipe kept low enough to allow gas to
flow counter-currently to the liquid.
3. For gas entrainment, but with the system designed to accommodate it.
In general, the first approach can be expected to result in the smallest pipe diameter and should be given
preference. However, in many instances, it is not possible to ensure full pipe flow - in which case, the
alternatives may have to be adopted.
Designing for flooded flow

To avoid gas entrainment in the full-pipe-flow design, the liquid level in the vessel must always be high
enough to keep the pipe inlet flooded. To achieve this, some form of control will be necessary, such as
via a control valve (Figure 2a) or a vertical loop in the piping (Figure 2b). If the latter is used, a syphon
break will be necessary (shown in Figure 2b), and the piping downstream of the syphon break cannot be
assumed to run flooded because gas is likely to be entrained at the syphon break. Of course, either
arrangement will increase the system pressure drop and reduce somewhat the benefits of the
flooded-flow design.
Single-phase criteria can be applied to designing sections of outlet piping in which flow can be expected
to be flooded. If piping that is certain to be flooded is preceded by a self-venting section, the self-venting
section's minimum length should be 0.5 m, to provide for gas disengagement, before the piping is
reduced for single-phase flow (Figure 2c).
The criteria for flooded outlets are Equation (2) for outlets from the base of vessels, and Equation 3 for
outlets from the side of vessels:
2 0 . 23
h
J L 1 . 6
d
: h0 . 892
[ ]
QL
g d
Here, h is the liquid's depth in the vessel away from the region of the outlet.
2h
J L
d
1
2 : h0 . 811
Q L
g d
Here, h is the liquid's height above the top of the outlet away from the region of the outlet.
Designing unflooded (self-venting) piping

Side-outlet piping - Coming off from the side of a vessel, piping should be sized such that:
J L 0. 3 : d
0.4
4 QL
1
0.3 g
This ensures that the line will run less than half full at its entrance. The level in the vessel away from the
Page 72 of 148
Art Montemayor
February 12, 2004

Rev: 1(02-22-04)
outlet will be less than 0.8 d above the base of the line. The capacity of such an overflow line can be
found from Curve 1 in Figure 3.
Near-horizontal piping - If such a pipeline will run only partially full, it must be inclined to provide the
static head to overcome friction losses. A minimum slope of 1:40 is recommended.
To avoid having the liquid carrying gas forward, adequate free area must be left in the pipe to allow gas
to pass backward. For pipes up to 200 mm (8") diameter, liquid depths should not be more than half the
pipe diameter. For larger pipes, depths up to three-fourths of the diameter may be possible.
When flow in a partially-filled pipe is uniform (i.e., constant depth), the energy lost through friction is
balanced by the potential-energy change due to the inclination of the pipe. In such a case, the mean
velocity, VL is related to the inclination and the depth of flowing liquid by equation (5) [1]:
1
V L = 32 g m i
Here,
m
i
log
{[
14 . 8 m
0 . 22
1
m g mi
]}
= the hydraulic mean depth (flow area/wetted perimeter);

= the inclination of the pipe from the horizontal;
= the pipe roughness; and,
= the kinematic viscosity
Figure 3 gives the volumetric capacity for established flow in half-full and three-quarters-full rough and
smooth pipes. The curves were calculated via Equation (5) for pipes of slope 1:40 and a fluid having
a kinematic viscosity of 10-6 m2/s (e.g., water at 20 oC). The absolute roughness used for the rough
pipes was 0.25 mm (moderately rusty mild steel). The results are not very sensitive to liquid viscosity.
The capacity of a rough pipe is increased by about 1% for a totally inviscid liquid, and is only reduced
by about 10% for a liquid having a kinematic viscosity of 10-5 m2/s. Thus, the Figure 3 water curves
can be safely used for most liquids.
The initial velocity in an outlet line designed to run half full is less than the equilibrium velocity in a pipe
having a slope of 1:40. As the liquid accelerates down the pipe, the liquid depth diminishes with distance
to that of the depth corresponding to the established flow at a given flowrate. To maintain a constant
relative depth, a tapered pipe would be necessary. As this is impractical, reducing the pipe diameter
stepwise is recommended. Tapered reducers should be installed to avoid sudden disturbances in the flow.
For long lengths of pipes, the following design approach is suggested:
1. Size the outlet line on the side of a vessel for JL = 0.3 (Curve 1 of Figure 3). If the resulting
pipe size is not standard, choose the standard size higher than the calculated size. Continue
the size so chosen for at least ten pipe diameters.
2. Determine the pipe diameter corresponding to half-full established flow for the required flowrate
(using Curve 2A or 2B or Figure 3). Again, select the nearest standard pipe size higher than the
calculated size.
3. Reduce the pipe diameter from the outlet size to the established-flow size, using an eccentric
reducer that will not change the slope of the bottom of the pipe. Preferably, the reducer's
Page 73 of 148
Art Montemayor
February 12, 2004

Rev: 1(02-22-04)
minimum length should be twice that of the upstream pipe diameter.

If the foregoing procedure is followed for pipes of 1:40 slope, the liquid depth after the reducer will not
exceed 75% of the pipe diameter.
For long, large-diameter (>200 mm or 8") inclined pipes, it may be worth considering a second reduction
down to the size corresponding to an established-flow relative depth of 75%. This reduction can be made
after 50 pipe diameters (see Curve 3A or 3B of Figure 3).
For short pipe runs, the additional cost of tapered reducers - especially if of a "gentle" angle, as
recommended (which may not be standard), or of lined pipe - may exceed the savings in going to
smaller-diameter piping. In such cases, the entire length of the pipe should be of the large size.
Self-venting flow in vertical pipes

Liquid flowing vertically down does so as an annular film. In such cases, low superficial velocities are
necessary to avoid gas being sucked down with the liquid. Simpson's suggestion of basing pipe outlet
diameters on a limiting Froude number of 0.5 is recommended[2]:
J L 0 . 3
Equation (6) being the same as Equation (4), pipe diameters can be determined from Curve 1 in Figure 3.
This approach should be adopted when gas entrainment is to be avoided, as when a vertical pipe extends
into a vessel to below the liquid surface, or when the downstream piping must be designed for flooded flow.
Smaller pipe than that dictated by Equation (6) can be expected to cause surging.
Self-venting flow in complex systems

Little information is available on unflooded flow in systems that include bends, especially for flow changes
from vertical to nearly horizontal, and vice versa. Limited evidence suggests that even if the pipe diameter
is chosen for self-venting flow (as in a prior section on designing unflooded piping), entrainment and surging
may still occur due to the effects of the bends in the system. The design recommendations now given are,
therefore, offered only tentatively.
Bends in the horizontal (or nearly horizontal) plane will not necessarily cause problems if the 1:40 slope is
continued with the bend and the bend is gentle (preferably, the radius equaling five diameters).
In the vertical plane, the number of bends should be limited as much as possible. Gently sloping piping is
preferable to vertical runs. The radius of bends should be at least five diameters.
Bends from, or to, vertical sections should be sized as for vertical piping. Inclined piping following a vertical
section can be sized for half-full established flow via the criteria for near-horizontal piping in the previous
discussion on designing unflooded (self-venting) piping. Changes in pipe diameter should be made by
means of asymmetric tapered (eccentric?) reducers whose lengths are equal to twice the larger diameter, and
which are installed so that the bottom of the reducer has a slope equal to that of the piping at either end.
Page 74 of 148
Art Montemayor
February 12, 2004

Rev: 1(02-22-04)
If entrainment is acceptable
There are many occasions when it is not necessary to prevent entrainment. Sometimes, moderate surging
will not present a problem. In such cases, piping can be sized for smaller diameters at considerable savings.
Sometimes, surging caused by gas entrainment can be reduced by providing a means for the gas to escape
at a point downstream in the outlet pipe, such as via some type of gas-liquid separator. If this is practical,
the piping can be of smaller diameter. However, because it is not possible to predict the extent of
entrainment - and hence, calculate the pressure drop with certainty - any such approach should be adopted
cautiously.
Acknowledgment
The author wishes to thank Imperial Chemical Industries for its permission to publish this article.
References
1. Ackers, P.; Tables for the hydraulic design of storm drains, sewers, and pipelines;
Her Majesty's Stationery Office; 1969.
2. Simpson, L. L., Sizing piping for process plants; Chemical Engineering Magazine; June 17, 1968.
The Author
P. D. Hills is an engineering department heat-transfer and fluid-flow specialist with Imperial Chemical
Industries PLC (P. O. Box No. 7; Winnington, Northwich; Cheshire CW8 4DJ; England). Previously,
he had been a process engineer involved with process developemnt, plant troubleshooting, and process
design. He holds a B.Sc (Eng.) and a Ph.D. from Imperial College, London.
Page 75 of 148
Art Montemayor
February 12, 2004

Rev: 1(02-22-04)
Liquid
Liquid
Gas
Fig. 1a. Gas is entrained in outlet,

restricting flow. Liquid flow in
exceeds flow out, and level rises.
Gas
Fig. 1d. Liquid level now stops gas flow in.

All gas has been swept from the outlet
piping, and a syphon is formed. Singlephase flow in outlet piping is helped by
higher head. Now, outlet flow exceeds inlet
flow, and level falls rapidly.
Liquid
Liquid
Gas
Gas
Figurej1b. Higher liquid level reduces

entrainment, but flow out is still
restricted. Level continues to rise.
Figure 1d. Entrainment starts again.
Liquid flow is still high, helped by
syphon. Built-up gas pressure in inlet
pipe is released in a surge. System
is returning to first stage.
sistent units.
Page 76 of 148
Art Montemayor
February 12, 2004

Rev: 1(02-22-04)
Liquid
Gas
Figure 1c. Liquid level is now high enough to
prevent further entrainment. However, some
bubbles are still trapped in outlet, restricting
flow. Level continues to rise. Gas inlet flow is
beginning to be choked.
Entrainment causes surging by increasisng pressure drop in

piping and lowering head in vessel.
Figure 1.
Figure 2a. Control valve

maintains level in vessel
h > hmin
LC
Page 77 of 148
ed flowrate
Art Montemayor
February 12, 2004

Rev: 1(02-22-04)
Syphon break
h > hmin
Unflooded section
Figure 2b. Hydraulic loop ensures minimum level
Unflooded section
>0.5 m
Figure 2c. Self-venting section precedes flooded piping

Page 78 of 148
Art Montemayor
February 12, 2004

Rev: 1(02-22-04)

Figure 2c. Self-venting section precedes flooded piping
Figure 2.
Designs ensure flooded flow in outlet piping
Flowrate, m3/hr
1,000.0
ooded flow.
100.0
Column
Column
Column
Column
Column
10.0
W
Z
AD
AH
AL
1.0
75 125 175 225 275 325 375

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Pipe Diameter, mm
ow changes
pe diameter
t and surging
The five curves on Figure 3 were regressed into convenient equations using the DataFit Program.
The resulting equations were as follows (X = pipe nominal diamter):
Curve 1 - Entrance
(1.61291*10-16)X8 - (2.54*10-13)X7 + (1.6471*10-10)X6 - (5.708*10-8)X5 + (1.15*10-5)X4
Flowrate, m3/hr = - 0.0013715X3 + 0.095755X2 - 3.5023X + 52.2236

Curve 2A - 50% Full, Rough Pipe
Flowrate, m3/hr = (2.62564*10-10)X5 - (2.66294*10-7)X4 + 0.000101X3 - 0.0118969X2 + 0.757077X - 16.1818
Curve 2B - 50% Full, Smooth Pipe
Flowrate, m3/hr = (1.08964*10-9)X5 - (8.775*10-7)X4 + 0.000272X3 - 0.033197X2 + 2.03677X - 43.8909
Curve 3A - 75% Full, Rough Pipe
Flowrate, m3/hr = (1.38617*10-5)X3 + 0.00376969X2 - 0.24957X + 6.7
Page 79 of 148
Art Montemayor
February 12, 2004

Rev: 1(02-22-04)
Curve 3B - 75% Full, Smooth Pipe

Flowrate, m3/hr = (-1.17109*10-7)X4 + 7.27977*10-5)X3 - 0.0039268X2 +0.287834X - 6.1111
ble savings.
ne 17, 1968.
Page 80 of 148
Art Montemayor
January 18, 2004

Rev: 0
Equivalent Length Calculations
One of the most basic calculations performed by any process engineer, whether in design or in the plant,
is line sizing and pipeline pressure loss. Typically known is the flow rate, temperature, and corresponding
viscosity and specific gravity (or density) of the fluid that will flow through the pipe. These properties are
entered into a computer program or spreadsheet along with some pipe physical data (pipe schedule and
roughness factor) and out pops a series of line sizes with associated Reynolds Number, velocity, friction
factor and pressure drop per linear dimension. The pipe size is then selected based on a compromise
between the velocity and the pressure drop. With the line now sized and the pressure drop per linear
dimension determined, the pressure loss from the inlet to the outlet of the pipe can be calculated.
Calculating Pressure Drop
The most commonly used equation for determining pressure drop in a straight pipe is the Darcy-Weisbach
equation. One common form of the equation which gives pressure drop in terms of feet of head is given below:
hL= f

L
D
v2
2g
The term (v2/2g) is commonly referred to as the Velocity Head.

Another common form of the Darcy-Weisbach equation that is the most often-used by engineers because it
gives pressure drop in units of pounds per square inch (psi) is:
f LW2
P=0 . 00000336
d5
To obtain pressure drop in units of psi/100 ft, the value of 100 replaces L in Equation 2.
The total pressure drop in the pipe is typically calculated using these five steps.
(1) Determine the total length of all horizontal and vertical straight pipe runs.
(2) Determine the number of valves and fittings in the pipe. For example, there may be two gate valves,
a 90o elbow, and a flow-through tee.
(3) Determine the means of incorporating the valves and fittings into the Darcy equation. To accomplish this,
most engineers use a table of equivalent lengths. This table lists the valve and fitting and an associated
length of straight pipe of the same diameter, which will incur the same pressure loss as that valve or fitting.
For example, if a 2 90o elbow were to produce a pressure drop of 1 psi, the equivalent length would be a
length of 2 straight pipe that would also give a pressure drop of 1 psi. The engineer then multiplies the
quantity of each type of valve and fitting by its respective equivalent length and adds them together.
(4) The total equivalent length is usually added to the total straight pipe length obtained in step one to give a
total pipe equivalent length.
(5) This total pipe equivalent length is then substituted for L in Equation 2 to obtain the pressure drop in the pipe.
There are some basic errors and misconceptions in the above calculation procedure.
Relationship between K, Equivalent Length and Friction Factor
The following discussion is based on concepts found in reference 1, the CRANE Technical Paper No. 410.
It is the authors opinion that this manual is the closest thing the industry has to a standard on performing various
piping calculations. If the reader currently does not own this manual, it is highly recommended that it be obtained.
As in straight pipe, velocity increases through valves and fittings at the expense of head loss. This can be
expressed by another form of the Darcy equation similar to Equation 1:
v2
hL= K
2g
3
Page 81 of 148
WorkSheet: Using Equivalent Lengths
Art Montemayor
hL
v
= KEquivalent Length
3 Calculations
January 18, 2004

Rev: 0
2g
When comparing Equations 1 and 3, it becomes apparent that:

K is called the Resistance Coefficient and is defined as the number of velocity heads lost due to the valve
or fitting. It is a measure of the following pressure losses in a valve or fitting:
K= f
L
D
Pipe friction in the inlet and outlet straight portions of the valve or fitting;
Changes in direction of flow path;
Obstructions in the flow path; and,
Sudden or gradual changes in the cross-section and shape of the flow path.
Pipe friction in the inlet and outlet straight portions of the valve or fitting is very small when compared to the other
three. Since friction factor and Reynolds Number are mainly related to pipe friction, K can be considered to be
independent of both friction factor and Reynolds Number. Therefore, K is treated as a constant for any given
valve or fitting under all flow conditions, including laminar flow. Indeed, experiments showed1 that for a given
valve or fitting type, the tendency is for K to vary only with valve or fitting size. Note that this is also true for the
friction factor in straight clean commercial steel pipe as long as flow conditions are in the fully developed
turbulent zone (Re > 4,000). It was also found that the ratio L/D tends towards a constant for all sizes of a
given valve or fitting type at the same flow conditions. The ratio L/D is defined as the equivalent length of the
valve or fitting in pipe diameters and L is the equivalent length itself.
In Equation 4, f therefore varies only with valve and fitting size and is independent of Reynolds Number. This only
occurs if the fluid flow is in the zone of complete turbulence (see the Moody Chart in reference 1 or in any
textbook on fluid flow). Consequently, f in Equation 4 is not the same f as in the Darcy equation for straight pipe,
which is a function of Reynolds Number. For valves and fittings, f is the friction factor in the zone of
complete turbulence and is designated ft, and the equivalent length of the valve or fitting is designated Leq.
Equation 4 should now read (with D being the diameter of the valve or fitting):
The equivalent length, Leq, is related to ft, not f, the friction factor of the flowing fluid in the pipe. Going back to
step four in our five step procedure for calculating the total pressure drop in the pipe, adding the equivalent
length to the straight pipe length for use in Equation 1 is fundamentally wrong.
Calculating Pressure Drop - The Correct Way

So how should we use equivalent lengths to get the pressure drop contribution of the valve or fitting? A form of
Equation 1 can be used if we substitute ft for f and Leq for L (with d being the internal diameter of the valve or
fitting):
P =0 . 00000336
Leq W 2
d5
The pressure drop for the valves and fittings is then added to the pressure drop for the straight pipe to give the
total pipe pressure drop.
Another approach would be to use the K values of the individual valves and fittings. The quantity of each type of
valve and fitting is multiplied by its respective K value and added together to obtain a total K. This total K is then
substituted into the following equation:
Page 82 of 148
Art Montemayor
January 18, 2004

Rev: 0
KW 2
P=0. 00000028
d4
Notice that use of equivalent length and friction factor in the pressure drop equation is eliminated, although both
are still required to calculate the values of K1. As a matter of fact, there is nothing stopping the engineer from
converting the straight pipe length into a K value and adding this to the K values for the valves and fittings before
using Equation 7. This is accomplished by using Equation 4, where D is the pipe internal diameter and f is the
pipeline friction factor.
How significant is the error caused by mismatching friction factors? The answer is: it depends. Below is a real
world example showing the difference between the Equivalent Length method (as applied by most engineers)
and the K value method to calculate pressure drop.
An Example:
A fluid being pumped is 94% Sulfuric Acid through a 3, Schedule 40, Carbon Steel pipe:
Pipe ID, inches:
63,143
70
112.47
1.803
10
127
3.07
Velocity, fps:
Reynolds No:
3.04
12,998
Mass Flow Rate, lb/hr:

Volumetric Flow Rate, gpm:
Density, lb/ft3:
Specific Gravity:
Viscosity, cP:
Temperature, oF:
0.03
Darcy Friction Factor, (f) Pipe

Pipe Line P/100 ft.
Friction Factor at Full Turbulence (ft):
1.31
0.02
31.5
Straight Pipe, ft:

(Leq/D)1
Fittings:
20
60
50
18
90o Long Radius Elbow

Branch Tee
Swing Check Valve
Plug Valve
None5
3 x 1 Reducer4
(Leq)2, 3
K1, 2 = ft (L/D)
Quantity
5.12
15.34
12.78
4.6
0.36
1.08
0.90
0.324
2
1
1
1
1222.55
86.1
TOTAL
Total Leq Total K

10.23
0.72
15.34
1.08
12.78
0.90
4.6
0.324
822.68
865.63
57.92
60.94
Notes:
1. K values and Leq/D are obtained from reference 1
2. K values and Leq are given in terms of the larger sized pipe
3. Leq is calculated using Equation 5 above.
4. The reducer is really an expansion; the pump discharge nozzle is 1 (Schedule 80) but the
connecting pipe is 3. In piping terms, there are no expanders, just reducers. It is standard to
specify the reducer with the larger size shown first. The K value for the expansion is calculated
as a gradual enlargement with a 30o angle.
5. There is no L/D associated with an expansion or contraction. The equivalent length must be
back calculated from the K value using Equation 5 above.
Page 83 of 148
Art Montemayor
January 18, 2004

Rev: 0
Summarizing and comparing both methods, we obtain:

Calculation
Typical Equivalent
Length Method
K Value Method
Not applicable
0.41
11.32
Not Applicable
Not applicable
6.83
11.32
7.24
Straight Pipe P, psi

Total Pipe Equivalent Length P, psi
Valves and Fittings P, psi
Total Pipe P, psi
0.00
0.76
The line pressure drop is greater by about 4.1 psi (about 56%) using the typical equivalent length method
(adding straight pipe length to the equivalent length and using the pipeline fiction factor and Equation 1).
One can argue that if the fluid is water or a hydrocarbon, the pipeline friction factor would be closer to the friction
factor at full turbulence and the error would not be so great, if at all significant; and this is correct.
However hydraulic calculations, like all calculations, should be done in a correct and consistent manner. If the
engineer gets into the habit of performing hydraulic calculations using fundamentally incorrect equations, he
takes the risk of falling into the trap when confronted by a pumping situation as shown above.
Another point to consider is how the engineer treats a reducer when using the typical equivalent length method.
As we saw above, the equivalent length of the reducer had to be back-calculated using equation 5. To do this,
we had to use ft and K. Why not use these for the rest of the fittings and apply the calculation correctly in the
first place?
Final Thoughts - K Values

The 1976 edition of the Crane Technical Paper No. 410 first discussed and used the two-friction factor method
for calculating the total pressure drop in a piping system (f for straight pipe and ft for valves and fittings). Since
then, Hooper2 suggested a 2-K method for calculating the pressure loss contribution for valves and fittings.
His argument was that the equivalent length in pipe diameters (L/D) and K was indeed a function of Reynolds
Number (at flow rates less than that obtained at fully developed turbulent flow) and the exact geometry of smaller
valves and fittings. K for a given valve or fitting is a combination of two Ks, one being the K found in CRANE
Technical Paper No. 410, designated KY, and the other being defined as the K of the valve or fitting at a
Reynolds Number equal to 1, designated K1. The two are related by the following equation:
K=
K1
N Re K 1
1
D
The term (1+1/D) takes into account scaling between different sizes within a given valve or fitting group.
Values for K1 can be found in the reference article2 and pressure drop is then calculated using Equation 7.
For flow in the fully turbulent zone and larger size valves and fittings, K becomes consistent with that given
in CRANE.
Darby3 expanded on the 2-K method. He suggests adding a third K term to the mix. Darby states that the
2-K method does not accurately represent the effect of scaling the sizes of valves and fittings. The reader is
encouraged to get a copy of this article.
The use of the 2-K method has been around since 1981 and does not appear to have caught on as of yet.
Some newer commercial computer programs allow for the use of the 2-K method, but most engineers inclined
to use the K method instead of the Equivalent Length method still use the procedures given in CRANE.
The latest 3-K method comes from data reported in the recent CCPS Guidlines4 and appears to be destined
Page 84 of 148
Art Montemayor
January 18, 2004

Rev: 0
to become the new standard; we shall see.
Conclusion
Consistency, accuracy, and correctness should be what the Process Design Engineer strives for. We all add
our fat or safety factors to theoretical calculations to account for real-world situations. It would be comforting
to know that the fat was added to a basis using sound and fundamentally correct methods for calculations.
NOMENCLATURE
D
=
Pipe Internal Diameter, ft
d
=
Pipe Internal Diameter, inches
f
=
Darcy friction factor
ft
=
Darcy friction factor in the zone of complete turbulence
g
hL
K
K1
K
L
Leq
Acceleration of gravity, ft/sec2
=
=
Fluids Head loss in feet

Resistance coefficient or velocity head loss
K for the fitting at NRe = 1
=
=
=
K value obtained from Crane Tech Paper #410

Straight pipe length, ft
Equivalent length of valve or fitting, ft
=
=
=
=
Reynolds Number
Fluids Pressure drop, psi
Fluid Velocity, ft/sec
Fluid Flow Rate, lb/hr
Fluid Density, lb/ft3
NRe
P
REFERENCES
1. Crane Co.; Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings and Pipe, Crane Technical Paper No. 410;
New York, 1991.
2. Hooper, W. B.; The Two-K Method Predicts Head Losses in Pipe Fittings; Chem. Eng.; p. 97-100;
August 24, 1981.
3. Darby, R.; Correlate Pressure Drops through Fittings; Chem. Eng.; p. 101-104; July, 1999.
4. AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety; Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling systems;
pp. 265-268; New York; 1998.
Art's Note: This excellent discussion on equivalent pipe lengths was written by Phil Leckner and downloaded
from the Chemical Engineering Resources Web Page, at
http://www.cheresources.com/eqlength.shtml. A further discussion from the author follows.
1.
Could you please give me in layman terms a better definition for K values. I know that K is defined as
the number of velocity heads lost"...But what exactly does that mean???"
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A. Well, I'll try to give you the Chemical Engineer's version of the layman answer. Velocity of any fluid
increases through pipes, valves, and fittings at the expense of pressure. This pressure loss is referred to
as head loss. The greater the head loss, the higher the velocity of the fluid. So, saying a velocity head
loss is just another way of saying we loose pressure due to and increase in velocity and this pressure loss
is measured in terms of feet of head. Now, each component in the system contributes to the amount of
pressure loss in different amounts depending upon what it is. Pipes contribute (f L/D) where L is the pipe
length, D is the pipe inside diameter and f is the friction factor. A fitting or valve contributes K.
Each fitting and valve has an associated K.
2.
It appears that the K values in CRANE TP-410 were established using a liquid (water) flow loop. Is this K
value also valid for compressible media systems? (Can a K value be used for both compressible and
incompressible service?)"
A. Crane also tested their system on steam and air. Now, this is where things get sticky. As per
CRANE TP-410, K values are a function of the size and type of valve or fitting only and are independent of
fluid and Reynolds number. So yes, you can use it in ALL services, including two-phase flow. However,
as I point out towards the end of my article, there is now evidence that shows using a single K value for
the valve and fitting is not correct and that K is indeed a function of both Reynolds number and fitting/valve
geometry. I reference an article by Dr. Ron Darby of Texas A&M University which can be found in
Chemical Engineering Magazine, July 1999. Dr. Darby just published a second article on the subject
which can be found in Chemical Engineering Magazine, April 2001.
I don't believe there is any question as to the proper way to use K values in pressure drop calculations.
The only question is whether industry will accept the new data.
3.
When answering my first question, you stated: Velocity of any fluid increases through pipes, valves and
fittings at the expense of pressure. When you say this, you are talking about compressible (gas) flow right?
For example, in a pipe of constant area, the velocity of a gas would increase as the fluid traveled down
the pipe (due to the decreasing pressure). However, the velocity of a liquid would remain constant as it
traveled down the same pipe (even with the decreasing pressure). Is this a correct statement?
A. Sorry for the confusion. Yes to both of your questions. If you look at the Bernoulli equation, you will see
that velocity cancels out for a liquid as long as there is no change in pipe size along the way and pressure
drop is only a function of frictional losses and a change in elevation.
However, the K value of a fitting is still a quantifier of the head loss (frictional loss) in that fitting and this
head loss is still calculated as the velocity head of the liquid (V2/2g). So in essence, you still achieve a
liquid velocity at the expense of pressure loss; the velocity head just happens to be constant. Read section
2-8 in CRANE TP-410. They define the velocity head as a decrease in static head due to velocity.
The big thing is not to get too hung up on the definitions and just remember you can't have flow unless
you have a driving force and that force is differential pressure. Also, in a piping system there are frictional
losses which comes from the pipe and all fittings and valves. The use of K is just a way of quantifying the
frictional component of the fittings and valves. You can even put the piping friction in terms of K by using
(f*L/D) for the pipe and multiplying that by (V2/2g).
4.
I'm reading the Crane Technical Paper #410 and I have the following questions/comments:
Page 2-8 of TP 410 states that:
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Velocity in a pipe is obtained at the expense of static head. This makes sense and Equation 2-1 shows
this relationship where the static head is converted to velocity head. However, there is no diameter
associated with this. So is it correct to say based on equation 2-1 that if you had a barrel of water with a
short length of pipe attached to the bottom that discharged to atmosphere, and in this barrel you had 5 feet
of water (5' of static head), the resulting water velocity would be 17.94 ft/sec (regardless of the pipe diameter)?
Maybe the real question is how do you use equation 2-1. Do you have to know the velocity and then you
can calculate the head loss? And why does equation 2-1 and equation 2-3 seem to show headloss
equaling two different things?
Also, why does it say that a diameter is always associated with the K value, when as I mentioned above
there is no diameter associated with equation 2-1?
Maybe I'm trying to read into all of this too deeply, but I still do not feel that I fully grasp what page 2-8
is trying to reveal.
A. You need a diameter to get velocity. Velocity is length/time (for example, feet/sec). Flow is usually given
in either mass units (weight/time or lb/hr for example) or in volumetric units (cubic feet per minute for
example). To get velocity, you need to divide the volumetric flow by a cross sectional area (square feet).
To get an area, you need a diameter. So the velocity is always based on some diameter.
As I show in my paper, equation 2-1 is just the basis of the velocity head. To get the frictional loss, you
need to know the contribution of each component in the system; pipe, fitting and valve. To get that
contribution, you use K (equation 2-2). Each component has an associated K value. You multiply the
velocity head by the appropriate K value. Equation 2-3 is just another way of expressing the same thing.
As you can see, this means you can calculate a K for a component such as a pipe using the formula fL/D
as shown in Equation 2-3. Again, I explain this in my paper so I would suggest you re-read it. I would also
suggest that you look at the examples in the CRANE Tech Paper 410, in Chapter 4.
K is associated with the velocity and therefore the diameter. Look at the values for K in CRANE
(starting on page A-26). You will see that for the most part, K is a function of a constant times the friction
factor at fully turbulent flow. This friction factor changes with pipe diameter as shown on page A-26.
Again, re-read my paper and look at the examples in Chapter 4.
Page 87 of 148
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Kpipe = f*(L/D) =
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0.03
(Art's Note: I think Phil has a mistake here; the total K should =1*86.1 = 86.1 - and not 57.92; the total Leq should be 1,222.9
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Art's Calculations:
For equivalent length method, total Leq =
1,297.35 ft (this includes fittings & straight pipe)
P = 0.00000336 (f*L*W^2/ * d^5) =

For the K value method, the total K =
16.97 psi
89.150 (this includes the fittings & straight pipe)
P = (28 * 10^-8) *K*W^2/ * d^4 =
Page 91 of 148
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al Leq should be 1,222.9 instead of 822.68.)
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The 2-K Method
The Two-K Method Predicts

William B. Hooper, Monsanto Co.
Chemical Engineering Magazine; August 24, 1981
This is a new (1981) technique that requires only two constants, plus the Reynolds number and fitting
diameter, to predict the head loss in an elbow, valve, or tee. It is accurate even for large-diameter
and alloy fittings, and at low Reynolds numbers.
Forcing a fluid through a pipe fitting consumes energy, which is provided by a drop in pressure across the
fitting. This pressure drop - or head loss - is caused by two known factors:
1. friction between the fluid and the fitting wall; and,
2. creation of turbulence in the body of the fluid.
The loss due to wall friciton is best handled by treating the fitting as a piece of straight pipe, of the same
physical length as the fitting. All common predicition methods, and the two-K method, do this. But each
method predicts the remaining "excess" head loss a different way.
Equivalent length - Method #1

The equivalent-length method adds some hypothetical length of pipe to the actual length of the fitting,
yielding an "equivalent length" of pipe (Le) that has the same total loss as the fitting. The unfortunate
drawback to this simple approach is that the equivalent length for a given fitting is not constant, but depends
on Reynolds number and roughness, as well as size and geometry. Therefore, use of the equivalentlength method requires consideration of all these four factors.
The excess head loss in a fitting is due mostly to turbulence caused by abrupt changes in the direction and
speed of flow. Thus it is best to predict this loss by using a velocity-head approach.
Velocity head - Method #2

The amount of kinetic energy contained in a stream is the velocity head. An equivalent statement is that the
velocity head is the amount of potenetial energy (head) necessary to accelerate a fluid to its flowing velocity.
For example: Pressure gages on both sides of a gradual, friction-free pipe entrance would show that the
pressure in the flowing fluid is lower than the pressure in the feed tank by one velocity head. (This is why
an eductor works.) The potential (pressure) energy of the fluid in the tank is not lost; it has been converted
to kinetic energy. The number of velocity heads (Hd) in a flowing stream is calculated directly from the
velocity of the stream ():
2
H d=
2g
Page 102 of 148
WorkSheet: Hooper's 2-K Method
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The 2-K Method
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With this background, consider a square elbow. The entering fluid experiences a pipelike frictional head
loss as it moves down the inlet leg. At the turn, the flow stops abruptly and starts in a new direction. Since
the inlet velocity vector has no componenet in the outlet dirrection, all of the inlet kinetic energy is lost.
Thus, this part of the loss in a square elbow is close to one velocity head. The remaining losses are the
fricitional losses in the turn and the outlet leg.
The total head loss in the elbow is the sum of the frictional and directional losses. The excess head losss
(H) is less than the total by the amount of frictional loss that would be experienced by straight pipe of the
same physical length. (Of course, the actual frictional loss in the fitting will be different than the loss in a
pipe.) The excess loss in a fitting is normally expressed by the dimensionaless "K factor".
H=K H d
The two-K method - Method #3

K is a dimensionless factor defined as the excess head loss in a pipe fitting, expressed in velocity heads.
In general, it does not depend on the roughness of the fitting ) or the attached pipe) or the size of the system,
but it is a function of Reynolds Number and of the exact geometry of the fitting. The two-K method takes
these dependencies into account in the following equation:
K=
K1
N Re
K 1
1
ID
where,
K1 = K for the fitting at NRe = 1
K = K for a large fitting at NRe =
ID = Internal diameter of the attached pipe, inches
How NRe and fitting size affect K

Why two Ks, when the literature usually reports a single K value? Most published K values apply to
fully-developed turbulent flow. This is convenient because K is independent of NRe when NRe is sufficiently
high. However, K starts to rise as NRe decreases toward 1,000, and becomes inversely proportional to
NRe when NRe is below 100.
Figure 1 is a plot of K vs. NRe for short-radius elbows[2]. Note that the two-K expression, with 800 for K1
and 0.40 for K, fits the points accurately in all flow regimes. In this case, K1 has no effect on the predicted
K at NRe above 10,000; K is negligible below an NRe of 50.
Theoretically, K should be the same for all fittings that are geometrically similar. In fact, smaller fittings are
more sensitive to surface roughness and have more abrupt changes in cross-section. Thus K is greater for
smaller fittings of a given type.
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The 2-K Method
The 1/ID correction the the two-K expression accounts for the size differences: K is higher for small sizes,
but nearly constant for large sizes. Figure 2 is a plot of K vs. pipe size data for long-radius (R/D = 1.5)
elbows [1, 3, & 4]. The solid line shows how the two-K correlation fits these points; the other lines are
correlations that will be discussed later.
Recommended values
The table lists values of K1 and K derived from plots of K vs. NRe and size (similar to Figures 1 & 2).
The reader is encouraged to keep this and use it, because it is the heart of the two-K method.
Three special cases are not listed in the table because the size correction of the two-K equation does not
apply to them. The following equation applies to:
1. pipe entrances;
2. pipe and other exits;
3. orifices.
K=
K1
N Re
The constants are (K is the "classic" K):

1. Pipe entrances
(Fig. 3): K1 = 160; K = 0.5 for "normal" entrance,
and 1.0 for "Borda" entrance.

2. Pipe exit: K1 = 0; K = 1.0
3. Orifice: K1
is variable; K = 2.91 (1 - 2) ((1/4) - 1), where is the ratio of orifice
diameter to pipe ID.
Two-K vs. Equivalent length

Why use the two-K method when the equivalent-length method is more familiar and easier to use?
This classic method, in which each type of fitting has one "equivalent length", is reliable for 1" to 6" carbonsteel piping in normal runs (see the dashed line in Figure 2). In large,complex alloy systems, the method
could predict head losses 1.5 to 3 times too high. That means oversized pumps and a large waste of
energy and capital. In laminar flow, on the other hand, it could predict head losses a whole order of
magnitude too low.
The equivalent-length concept also contains a booby trap for the unwary. Every equivalent length has a
specific friction factor (f) associated with it, because the equivalent lengths were originally developed from
K factors by the formula Le = KD/f. This is why the latest version of th equivalent-length method
(the 1976 edition of Crane Technical Paper 410 [6] properly requires the use of two friction factors.
The first is the actual friction factor for flow in the straight pipe (f), and the second is a "standard" friction
factor for the particular fitting (fR). Thus the two-K method is as easy to use as the updated equivalentlength method. And the results are just as accurate.
Page 104 of 148
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The 2-K Method
What about the widely-used K-factor graphs published by the Hydraulic Institute? (See [5] for a good
presentation of these graphs.) The graphs are good for 1" to 8" pipe in fully turbulent flow (see the dotted
line in Figure 2), but extrapolation to larger sizes can cause errors. For example, the K-factor line in Figure
2 shows a K of 0.075 for a 36-inch elbow, but the actual K is about 0.200. Of course, these charts greatly
underestimate laminar head losses, and should not be used for NRe below 10,000.
Example
Consider a 16-inch Schedule 10S stainless steel system as shown in Figure 4. The system contains 100
actual feet of pipe; 6 long-radius (normal for most systems) elbows; 2 side-outlet ("branch") tees; 2 gate
valves and an exit into a tank. The fluid has a viscosity of 1.0 cP, a specific gravity of 1.00, and is flowing
at 10 feet/sec. What is the head loss through this system?
Let us first calculate and convert the given data to get the needed information:
Fluid density = = (1.00) (62.43) =
62.43 lb/ft3
Fluid viscosity = = (1.0) (6.72 x10-4) =

Pipe ID (from Sch 10S pipe tables) =
=
Reynolds Number =D/ =
(this assumes 40 oF as sp gr basis & is not specified!)
0 lb/ft-s
15.62 inches
1.3 feet
1,209,581
Fluid's Velocity Head = Hd = /2g =

2
1.554 feet of fluid
Given = 0.00005 feet for stainless pipe, we can find f from the Colebrook equation: f = 0.0122.
Thus, f*L/D = (0.0122) (100)/(1.302) = 0.937 (this is the K value for the pipe itself).
The four enclosed boxes show how to calculate the total head loss by the two-K method and three other
methods. The results show the following:
1. Two-K method yields H = 8.15 ft.
2. Old Equivalent length method yields H = 9.28 ft.
(14% Higher than 2-K)
3. K-factor method yields H = 6.52 ft.

4. Revised Crane method yields H = 7.45 ft
(20% Lower than 2-K)

(8.5% Lower than 2-K)
Note that flow was fully turbulent in this example. For laminar flow, the equivalent-length and K-factor
methods would have been off considerably more.
References
1. Freeman, J. R., "Experiments Upon the Flow of Water in Pipe and Pipe Fittings", ASME; NY; 1941
2. Kittridge, C. P., and Rowles, D. S., Resistance Coefficients for Laminar and Turbulent Flow through
1/2 Inch Valves and Fittings, Trans. ASME, 79 (Nov 1957); p. 1739.
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The 2-K Method
3. Pigott, R. J. S., Pressure Losses in Tubing, Pipe and Fittings; Trans. ASME, 72 (July 1950); p.679
4. Pigott, R. J. S., Losses in Pipe and Fittings; Trans. ASME, 79 (Nov 1957); p. 1767
5. Simpson, L. L., Sizing piping for process plants; Chem. Eng.; June 17, 1968; p. 192
6. Flow of Fluid through Valves", Crane Technical Paper 410; 15th printing; Crane Co, Chicago; 1976.
The Author
William B. Hooper is a Monsanto Fellow in the Corporate Engineering Dept. of Monsanto Co., 800 N.
Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63166. He functions primarily as a process-design consultant in the
Monsanto Chemical Intermediates Co., where he is currently involved in designing a maleic anhjydride plant.
Past assignments have included acrylonitrile, styrene, methane and ethylene plants. Mr. Hooper holds a
B.S. degree in chemical engineering from the University of Oklahoma. He is a member of A.I.Ch.E. and
is a registered professional engineer in Missouri.
Nomenclature
D
f
fT
Inside Pipe diameter, feet

Moody fricition factor (f = 64/NRe for laminar flow)
g
Hd
H
ID
K
K1
Acceleration due to gravity, 32.17 ft/s2
K for very large fittings at NRe = , velocity heads
L
Le
Linear length of pipe, including physical length of fittings, ft
NRe
Reynolds Number for flow (NRe = D/
n
P
R/D
Number of fittings of a given type

Pressure drop (P = H/144), psi
Standard" fricition factor for head loss in fittings

Velocity head, feet of fluid
Head loss, feet of fluid
Inside pipe diameter, inches
Excess head loss for a fitting, velocity heads
K for fitting at NRe = 1, velocity heads
Equivalent length of a fitting (Le = KD/f), ft
Bend radius of an elbow divided by inside diameter of pipe

Average Fluid velocity, ft/s
Ratio of orifice diameter to pipe inside diameter
Roughness of pipe wall, ft
Fluid's viscosity, lb/ft-s
Fluid's density, lb/ft3
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The 2-K Method
Figure 1 - a plot of points and a fitted curve on log-log coordinates.

The Ordinate is "Excess head loss (K), in velocity heads.
The Abscissa is the Reynolds Number.
The description reads: "The two-K method fits head-loss data for laminar, transitional, and
turbulent flow."
Figure 2. - a plot of points and various fitted curves on log-log coordinates.

The Ordinate is " Excess head loss (K), in velocity heads.
The Abscissa is the Internal Diameter of elbow, inches.
The description reads: "Size of elbow affects K"
but depends
Constants for the 2-K Method

K1
Standard (R/D = 1), screwed
800
0.40
Standard (R/D = 1), flanged/welded
800
0.25
Long-radius (R/D = 1.5), all types
800
0.20
1,000
1.15
800
0.35
800
0.30
800
0.27
800
0.25
Standard (R/D =1), all types
500
0.20
Long-radius (R/D = 1.5), all types
500
0.15
Mitered, 1 weld; 45o angle
500
0.25
Mitered, 2 weld; 22.5o angle
500
0.15
Standard (R/D =1); screwed (not pract.!!)
1,000
0.60
Standard (R/D =1); flanged or welded
1,000
0.35
Long-radius (R/D = 1.5); all types
1,000
0.30
500
0.70
800
0.40
Fitting Type
90o
nt is that the
wing velocity.
Elbows
n converted
1-Weld (90 angle)

o
Mitered 2-Weld (45 angles)

elbows 3-Weld (30o angles)
(R/D=1.5)
4-Weld (22.5o angles)
o
5-Weld (18 angles)

o
45o
180
Standard; screwed
Used as Long-radius; screwed
elbows
Tees
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The 2-K Method
Used as
elbows Standard; flanged or welded
Tees
Stub-in-type branch
tion. Since
Screwed
Runthrough Flanged or welded
tee
Stub-in-type branch
Full line size; = 1.0
Gate, Ball,
Reduced Trim; = 0.9
Plug
Reduced Trim; = 0.8
pipe of the
Valves
All types are

fully opened
0.80
1,000
1.00
200
0.10
150
0.05
100
0.00
300
0.10
500
0.15
1,000
0.25
Globe, standard
1,500
4.00
Globe, angle or Y type
1,000
2.00
Diaphragm, dam type
1,000
2.00
800
0.25
Lift
2,000
10.00
Swing
1,500
1.50
Tilting-disk
1,000
0.50
Butterfuly
Check
f the system,
800
Note: Use R/D = 1.5 values for R/D = 5 pipe bends, 45o to 180o.
Use appropriate tee values for flow through crosses.
Two-K method
Form: H = K Hd; K = K1/NRe + K(1 + 1/ID)
Find K for fittings:
n
K1
nK1
nK
90o elbows
800
4,800
0.20
1.20
Tees (side outlet)
800
1,600
0.80
1.60
Gate valves
500
1,000
0.15
0.30
Fittings
Totals
sufficiently
he predicted
7,400
K =
3.10
3.305
Find K for exit and straight pipe:

K=
1.0 for normal pipe exit;
K=fL/D=
0.94 for pipe
Find the head loss:

H = K Hd =
8.15 ft
er fittings are
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The 2-K Method
Old equivalent-length method[1]

Form: H = (f Le / D) Hd
Find equivalent lengths:
Fittings
Le
nLe
90 elbows
42
252
Tees (side outlet)
89
178
Gate valves
18
Pipe Exit
89
89
Straight pipe
100
Total Le
637
feet
Find the head loss:

H = (f Le / D) Hd =
9.28 ft
K-factor method [5]

Form: H = (f Le / D) + K) * Hd
Find K for fittings and exit:
Fittings
nK
90o elbows
0.22
1.32
Tees (side outlet)
0.44
0.88
Gate valves
0.03
0.06
Pipe Exit
1.00
1.00
Total
3.26
o 6" carbonFind K for the straight pipe:

K=fL/D=
0.937 for pipe
Find head loss:

H = K Hd =
6.52 ft
loped from
New Crane method [6]
Form: H = ((f L/D) + K) * Hd
fT for this system is
0.01
(see Crane's TP #410, p. A-26)
Find K for fittings and exit:
Page 109 of 148
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90o elbows
ne in Figure
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The 2-K Method

Fittings
K = 14*fT
nK
0.182
1.092
Tees (side outlet)
K = 60*fT
0.780
1.560
Gate valves
K = 8*fT
0.104
0.208
1.000
1.000
Pipe Exit
Total
3.860
Find K for the straight pipe:

K=fL/D=
0.937 for pipe
Find head loss:

H = ((f L/D) + K) * Hd
is flowing
H =
(0.937 + 3.860) * (1.554) =
7.46 ft
K = 1.0
K = 0.5
Normal, square-edged entrance to pipe
Inward-projecting ("Borda") entrance to pipe
Figure 3
Pipe-entrance K values do not depend on diameter
Pipe and fittings: 100 ft of 16", Sch 10S SS pipe

6 - long radius (R/D=1.5) elbows
2 - side-outlet Tees
2 - gate vales
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The 2-K Method
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Figure 4
Pipe schematic for examples
hjydride plant.
Page 111 of 148
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Eden Yuturi Oil Recovery
CALCULATION OF REYNOLD'S NUMBER, PRESSURE DROP, AND REQUIRED UPSTREAM PRESSURE BASED ON DARCY'S FORMULA
Fill the Input values in the Yellow cells:
FLUID DATA
Fluid Name =
Specific Gravity =
INPUT
Density =
Kinematic Viscosity =
INPUT
Absolute Viscosity =
Flowing Temperature =
=
Prepared by: Art Montemayor

Diesel
0.850
53.02
6.00
5.10
100
37.8
Checked by:
lb / cu.ft. (water = 1)
centistokes (cs)
centipoise (cp)
F
C
Kinematic Viscosity = Absolute Viscosity / Specific Gravity

Absolute Viscosity = Kinematic Viscosity x Specific Gravity
Temperature[=] C = (Temperature [=] F) - 32 ) x 5/9
Note: The viscosity used should be at the flowing temperature. If it is not, then it is necessary to use ASTM Viscosity vs. Temperature Charts to interpolate or
extrapolate a viscosity at the flowing temperature. Two values of viscosity at known temperatures are required to do this. For fluids susceptible to wax or paraffin
formation, knowledge of the cloud point is also needed. At temperatures below the cloud point, the fluid behaves in a non-Newtonian manner.
PIPELINE DATA
INPUT
INPUT
INPUT
INPUT
INPUT
INPUT
INPUT
INPUT
OD =
12.750
WT =
0.312
ID =
12.126
Flow Cross-Sectional Area =
115.485
=
0.802
Unit Volume =
0.802
= 4,234.444
= 31,675.762
=
754.185
Length of Pipeline =
=
Beginning Elevation =
Ending Elevation =
Pipeline Head
(Elevation Differential) =
Pipeline Head Pressure =
Pipeline Head Pressure =
3.000
15,840
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
in.
in.
in.
sq.in.
sq.ft.
cu.ft. / Linear Foot
cu.ft. / Mile
gal / Mile
Bbl / Mile
Miles
feet
feet
feet
feet
psi (for water)
psi (for specified fluid)
FLOW DATA
Receiving Pressure =
Receiving Head =
50
135.9
Flow Rate =
=
=
Velocity =
=
10,000
240,000
7,000
13.26
19.45
Bbl / Hr or BPH
Bbl / Day or BPD
Gallons per minute
MPH
ft / second
Reynolds Number (Re) =
303,720
(dimensionless)
friction factor =
0.02
Head Loss =
Pressure Loss =
Unit Pressure Drop =
1,472.58
541.74
180.58
feet
psi
psi / mile
Inlet Head =
Inlet Pressure =
1,608.49
591.74
feet
psig
psig
feet
ID =
X-Area =
=
Unit Volume =
=
=
=
OD - 2 x WT
(ID/2)^2 x PI
(ID/2)^2 x PI / 144
X-Area x (1 ft / 1 ft)
X-Area x (5280 ft / 1 Mile)
X-Area x (5280 ft / 1 Mile) x (7.4805 gal / cu.ft.)
X-Area x (5280 ft / 1 Mile) x (7.4805 gal / cu.ft.) / (42 gal / BBL)
Length = (Length [=] Miles) x (5280 ft / 1 Mile)
Pipeline Head = Beginning Elevation - Ending Elevation

Pipeline Head Pressure = Pipeline Head / 2.3105 x 1 (for water)
Pipeline Head Pressure = Pipeline Head / 2.3105 x Specific Gravity (for specified fluid)
Receiving Pressure = Minimum Pressure Required at end of Pipeline

Receiving Head = Receiving Pressure x 2.3105 / Specific Gravity + Ending Elevation
Flow Rate [=] BPD = (Flow Rate [=] BPH) x 24

Velocity = Flow Rate / (Unit Volume [=] BBL / Mile)
= Flow Rate / (Unit Volume [=] BBL / Mile) x (5280 feet / mile) / (3600 seconds / Hr)
Reynolds Number (Re) = 123.9 x ID x (Velocity [=] ft / second) x Density / Absolute Viscosity
from Page A-25, "Friction Factors for Clean Commercial Steel Pipe" in Crane "Flow of Fluids through Valves,
Fittings, and Pipe" (Tech. Paper No. 410). The basis of the friction factor is the Reynolds Number and the Pipe Diameter.
Head Loss = 0.1863 x Friction Factor x (Length [=] ft) x (Velocity)^2 / ID
Pressure Loss = Head Loss / 2.3105 x Specific Gravity
Unit Pressure Drop = Pressure Loss / (Length [=] Miles)
Inlet Head = Receiving Head + Head Loss + Pipeline Head
Inlet Pressure = Inlet Head / 2.3105 x Specific Gravity
Page 112 of 148

WorkSheet: Common Flow Calculations
The listed friction factors are for the Zone of Complete Turbulence and
applies to Reynold's Numbers equal to or greater than those listed for the
specified pipe diameter.
Nominal Size
Friction
Factor
1/2"
3/4"
1"
1-1/4"
1-1/2"
2"
2-1/2" & 3"
4"
5"
6"
8" to 10"
12" to 16"
18" to 24"
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
Reynold's Number
Required for Complete
Turbulence
100,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
1,800,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
7,000,000
10,000,000
16,000,000
Art Montemayor
March 12, 2002

Rev: 0
Simplified Pressure Drop Calculation
Pressure Drop in Plant Piping

Simplification of the Darcy Formula
Stream: Liquid Diesel fuel to Oil Flash Vessels
The Darcy Formula:

W = mass flow lbs/hr
= single phase fluid density, lb/ft3
fm = Moody friction factor
(W )/ ))*(0.000336*fm/d )
2
P100 =
d = internal diameter, in
Simplifies to the following:
C1 = W2*(10-9)
C2 = 336,000 fm/d5
C1*C2/
P100 =
W =
=
C1 =
C2 =
P100 =
See GPSA Fig 17-8

See GPSA Fig 17-9
25,908 lbs/hr
Pipe Size =
53.015 lbs/ft
Schedule =
S40
0.67122
169
2.14 psi/100 ft of pipe
Determination of Value of C2
Pipe Size
1.5
10
12
Column Number
10
5.17
6.75
11.80
18.59
0.610
0.798
1.376
1.861
0.146
0.185
0.333
0.317
S40
X80
Schedule
160
XX
5,950
9,640
22,500
114,100
627
904
1,656
4,630
169
236
488
899
21.4
28.7
48.3
96.6
Page 114 of 148
0.0447
0.0569
0.1052
0.0180
0.0231
0.0423
WorkSheet: Simplified Darcy
Art Montemayor
March 12, 2002

Rev: 0
Liquid Velocity in Pipe Flow
Velocity of liquid in pipeline

Pipe dimensions for ASTM A-106 Gr B
Convert Bbl/day to Gal/min
Bbl/day :
40
Liquid Flow Rate =
Stream: SRF Crude from Crude Export Pipeline
Gal/min
1.2 Gal/min
0.16 Ft3/min
Nominal Pipe Size =

Outside Diameter, in.
1
1.3150
1.5
1.9000
2
2.3750
3
3.5000
4
4.5000
6
6.6250
S40
X80
Schedule160
XX
0.133
0.179
0.250
0.358
0.145
0.200
0.281
0.400
0.154
0.218
0.343
0.436
0.216
0.300
0.438
0.600
0.237
0.337
0.531
0.674
0.280
0.432
0.718
0.864
Pipe Wall Thickness, inches

0.322
0.365
0.375
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.875
1.125
1.312
0.906
S40
X80
Schedule
160
XX
1.049
0.957
0.815
0.599
1.610
1.500
1.338
1.100
2.067
1.939
1.689
1.503
3.068
2.900
2.624
2.300
4.026
3.826
3.438
3.152
6.065
5.761
5.189
4.897
Pipe Inside Diameter, inches

7.981
10.020
12.000
7.625
9.750
11.750
6.875
8.500
10.126
6.813
S40
X80
Schedule
160
XX
0.00600
0.00500
0.00362
0.00196
0.01414
0.01227
0.00976
0.00660
0.02330
0.02051
0.01556
0.01232
0.05134
0.04587
0.03755
0.02885
0.08840
0.07984
0.06447
0.05419
0.20063
0.18102
0.14686
0.13079
Nominal Pipe Size =

S40
X80
Schedule160
XX
1.5
0.4
0.5
0.7
1.3
2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8
8.6250
10
10.7500
12
12.7500
14
14.0000
16
16.0000
18
18.0000
20
20.0000
22
22.0000
24
24.0000
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
13.000
15.000
17.000
19.000
21.000
23.000
1.22718
1.57625
1.96895
2.40528
2.88525
Pipe Cross-sectional Flow Area, Ft2

0.34741 0.54760 0.78540 0.92175
0.31711 0.51849 0.75301
0.25779 0.39406 0.55925
0.25317
6
8
10
12
14
Resultant Liquid Fluid Velocity Inside Pipe, ft/sec
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
16
18
0.0
20
0.0
22
0.0
24
0.0
Liquid flow recommended design velocity is 4 - 6 fps
Page 115 of 148
Worksheet: Liquid Velocity
0.0
Art Montemayor
August 21, 2003

Rev: 1
Gas Pipeline Velocity
Velocity of gas in pipeline

Gas Flow Rate
Temperature
Pressure
Z@T&P
=
=
=
=
200,000 MScfd
125 oF
955 psig
1.000
2,369 ACFM
1
1.315
1.5
1.900
2
2.375
3
3.500
4
4.500
6
6.625
Nominal Pipe Size, inches

8
10
12
8.625
10.750
12.750
Pipe Schedule
40
80
160
XXS
0.133
0.179
0.250
0.358
0.145
0.200
0.281
0.400
0.154
0.218
0.343
0.436
0.216
0.300
0.438
0.600
0.237
0.337
0.531
0.674
0.280
0.432
0.718
0.864
Pipe Wall Thickness, inches

0.322
0.365
0.375
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.875
1.125
1.312
0.906
Pipe Schedule
40
80
160
XXS
1.049
0.957
0.815
0.599
1.610
1.500
1.338
1.100
2.067
1.939
1.689
1.503
3.068
2.900
2.624
2.300
4.026
3.826
3.438
3.152
6.065
5.761
5.189
4.897
Pipe Internal Diameter, inches

7.981
10.020
12.000
7.625
9.750
11.750
6.875
8.500
10.126
6.813
OD-inches
Pipe Schedule
40
80
160
XXS
0.00600
0.00500
0.00362
0.00196
0.01414
0.01227
0.00976
0.00660
0.02330
0.02051
0.01556
0.01232
0.05134
0.04587
0.03755
0.02885
0.08840
0.07984
0.06447
0.05419
Pipe Schedule
40
80
160
XXS
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
446.6
494.5
NA
NA
16
16.000
18
18.000
20
20.000
24
24.000
30
30.000
36
36.000
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.38
15.250
17.250
19.250
23.250
29.250
35.250
1.62295
2.02110
2.94831
4.66637
6.77713
24.3
19.5
13.4
8.5
5.8
Pipe Internal Transverse Flow Area, Ft2

0.20063 0.34741 0.54760 0.78540 1.26843
0.18102 0.31711 0.51849 0.75301
0.14686 0.25779 0.39406 0.55925
0.13079 0.25317
196.8
218.1
268.8
301.8
Gas Velocity, fps:

113.6
72.1
50.3
124.5
76.1
52.4
153.1
100.2
70.6
155.9
Page 116 of 148
31.1
WorkSheet: Gas Velocity
Art Montemayor
August 21, 2002

Rev: 0
GPSA Pressure Drop Method
Liquid pressure drop calculations

Section 17 of GPSA Data Book
Darcy-Weisbach equation:
hL = fm*(L/D)*(V2/2*g)
Eq 17-6
hL = loss of static head pressure, feet of liquid
where
fm = Moody friction factor

L = Length of line - feet
V = Velocity - ft/sec
g = acceleration of gravity = 32.174 (ft-lbm)/(lbf/sec/sec)
D = ID of pipe - feet
converting to psi units:
Pf = (*fm*L*V2)/(144*D*2*gc)
where
Eq 17-7
Pf = frictional component of pressure drop, psi

= Fluid density, lbs/cuft
gc = acceleration of gravity = 32.174 (ft-lbm)/(lbf/sec/sec)
Reynolds Number Re = D*V* /

where
= Absolute fluid viscosity, lbm/ft-sec
Calculations - Fill in the YELLOW cells and the answers appear in RED
Input Data
Pipe OD
10.750 inches
Pipe ID =
wall
0.365 inches
Velocity =
4.07 ft/sec
=
Pipe ID
10.020 inches
65.5519 lb/ft3
=
Area
0.54760 ft2
0.00060480 lbm/ft-sec
Flow=
Velocity=
Flow=
Velocity=
Specific Gravity =
Density =
Calc. Density =
1,000 gpm
4.07 ft/sec
45,000 B/d
5.34 ft/sec
1.0510
62.50 lb/ft3
65.5519 lb/ft3
Viscosity=
Viscosity=
Viscosity=
1 cP
0.0 cs
0.00 lbm/ft-sec
Length=
Length=
Length=
gravity=
Inlet Elevation=
Outlet Elevation=
- Miles
500 feet
500 feet
32.2 ft/sec/sec
0 feet
0 feet
Re =
0.835 feet
368,227
Use pipe size and type in Fig 17-3 to get relative roughness
Assume relative roughness =
0 Fig 17-3
Use relative roughness & calculated Reynolds number to
enter Fig 17.2 (page 17-3) to get Moody friction factor
Moody Friction factor =
0.02 Fig 17-2
Pf = (*fm*L*V2)/(144*D*2*gc)
Eq 17-7
Pressure drop=
1.13 psi
Head Loss
11.9 psi/mile
- psi
Desired outlet
1 psig
Inlet Required
2 psig
Desired Inlet
- psig
Outlet Available
(1) psig
Total
Pressure Drop
1.13 psi
Page 117 of 148
WorkSheet: GPSA Method
October 27, 2005

Rev: 0
For the purpose of comparing personal engineering calculations on fluid flow with published results, I employed
an engineering website (http://www.engineeringpage.com/calculators/pressure_drop/fittings_a.html) to generate
a variety of fluid flow calculations. This website is said to employ the Hooper 2-K system of calculating the pressure
drop. The input and results are tabulated below.
Art Montemayor
Fluid Flow Calculations
Fluid
Flowrate
Density
Viscosity
Water
1,000 gpm
62.5 lb/ft3
0.9 cP
Pipe size
Schedule
Length
in.
40
500 feet
Through Branch 180o

45o Elbows
Tee
Tee Return
90o Elbows
Quantity
10
100% Open Valves
Quantity
3
R/D =
1
1
1.5
5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
1.5
5
1.5
1.5
1
1
1.5
1
1
1.5
0
Type
Std Rad.
Std Rad.
Long Rad.
Pipe Bend
Mitered
Mitered
Mitered
Mitered
Mitered
Std Rad.
Long Rad.
Pipe Bend
Mitered
Mitered
Std Rad.
Std Rad.
Long Rad.
Std Rad.
Std Rad.
Long Rad.
-
Connection
Screwed
Flanged / Welded
All Types
Not Applicable
2 pipes with 1 weld @ 90o angle
5 pipes with 1 weld @ 22.5o angle
All Types
All Types
Not Applicable
3 pipes with 1 weld @ 22.5o angle
Screwed
Flanged / Welded
All Types
Screwed
Flanged / Welded
All Types
Welded stub in branch
1 .1.5 Std / Long Screwed

1 .1.5 Std / Long Flanged / Welded
0
Welded stub in branch
Type
Gate / Ball / Plug
Gate / Ball / Plug
Gate / Ball / Plug
Globe
Globe
Diaphragm
Butterfly
Check
Check
Characteristics
Full Bore; = 1.0
Reduced Bore; = 0.9
Reduced Bore; = 0.8
Standard
Angle or "Y"-type
Dam-type ("Saunders")
Conventional
Lift type
Swing type
Page 118 of 148
WorkSheet: Calc Comparisons
100%
Art Montemayor
Check
Inlet &
Outlet
Quantity
1
1
Quantity
Fixed
Items
October 27, 2005

Rev: 0
1
1
Tilting Disk
Description
Entrance, Smooth with wall -- this is a normal entrance to pipe
Entrance, inward projecting -Exit of pipe
Description
Items with an assigned K factor [ P = (K)( v2/2) ]
Fixed, assigned Pressure Drop
Line diameters equivalent length [ L = (n) (d) ]
Fitttings
The summarized calculation results were as follows:

Quantity
90o Elbows
10
45o Elbows
4
180o Return
1
Branch Tee
1
Through Tee
1
Gate / Ball / Plug
3
Valves Check
1
Entrance
1
Inlet &
Exit
1
Outlet
External Diameter
Wall Thickness
Internal Diameter
4 1/2
0.237
4.026
inch
inch
inch
Flowrate
Density
Fluid Velocity
Reynolds Number
Wall Roughness
Relative Roughness
Moody Friction Factor
Straight Pipe Pressure Drop
Fittings Pressure Drop
Total Pressure Drop
1,000 gpm
62.5 lb/ft3
25.20 ft/s
873,825 (Turbulent Flow)
0.002 inches
0.0005
0.0174
363.47 psi
36.98 psi
400.45 psi
The exercise was run again, using a 10" sch 40 line instead of the 4" size, and the results were:
External Diameter
Wall Thickness
Internal Diameter
10 3/4
0.365
10.020
inch
inch
inch
Flowrate
Density
Fluid Velocity
1,000 gpm
62.5 lb/ft3
4.07 ft/s
Page 119 of 148
Costello's DP
Method
1,000 gpm
62.5 lb/ft3
4.06 ft/s
GPSA Simplified
Method
1,000 gpm
62.5 lb/ft3
4.06 ft/s
Pipe Tabl
1,000
62.5
4.06
Art Montemayor
October 27, 2005

Rev: 0
Reynolds Number
Wall Roughness
Relative Roughness
Straight Pipe Pressure Drop
Fittings Pressure Drop
Total Pressure Drop
351,096 (Turbulent Flow)

0.002 inches
0.0002
0.0161
3.54 psi
0.87 psi
4.41 psi
350,629
0.002 inches
0.0002
0.0160
1.05 psi
psi
1.05 psi
0.01
0.90 psi
psi
0.90 psi
After checking the above results with other calculations methods, a discreptancy was detected. I ran the
Engineering Page Website calculations again, to make sure. I got the same results - as follows:
CALCULATION INPUT
FLUID DATA
Medium
Water
Flowrate
1,000 GPM
Density
Dynamic Viscosity
PIPE DATA
ANSI B36.10
Size
10 inch
62.5 lb/ft3
0.9 mPa.s [ = cP]
Schedule
Pipe length
Sch 40
500 ft
FITTINGS AND VALVES

Number of fittings were manually put in
CALCULATION RESULTS
External Diameter
Wall Thickness
Internal Diameter
Flowrate
273.05 mm
9.27 mm
254.51 mm
0.06 m3/s
227.12 m3/h
Density
Fluid velocity
Reynolds Number
Wall Roughness
Relative roughness factor
Pressure Drop straight line
Total Pressure Drop
1001.15 kg/m3
1.24 m/s
351,096 turbulent flow
0.05 mm
0.0002
0.0161
24,395 Pa
24,395 Pa
10.75 inch
0.365 inch
10.0201 inch
1,000 GPM
8020.83 ft3/h
62.5 lb/ft3
4.0686 ft/s
0.002 inch
3.5383 psi
3.5383 psi
I wrote and sent the following Email:

To: [email protected]
From: [email protected]
Subject: Your Fluid Flow Calculation Webpage
Date: Oct 31, 2005; 5:08 PM
Sirs:
Page 120 of 148
1.05
1.05
Art Montemayor
October 27, 2005

Rev: 0
I visited your webpage after finding out about in one of the Engineering Forums. I like the way you've organized
the method of resolving a piping system's pressure drop calculation. I also admire the way you've presented
the results.
You say you use the Hooper 2-K calculation method and this provoked me to test your algorithm. I found
something wrong in the results when I tried to find the pressure drop for 1,000 gpm of water flowing in 500 feet
of 10", sch 40 pipe at a density of 62.5 lb/ft3.
Your results show a pressure drop of 3.54 psi for the straight pipe while I consistently get 1 to 1.25 psi with 5
other programs and this checks with the Hydraulic Institute's pipe tables for clean water.
I consider the 3.5 psi as a very high figure and wonder if others have noted this to you as well. I believe I'm
correct and would like to verify this with you since I consider your product as very well organized. There may
be a bug in your equations or algorithm and perhaps you can share this possibility with me.
Thank you for your attention to this. I'm an experienced, registered engineer with 45 years of field experience
and I'm at a loss to explain the difference.
Art Montemayor
Spring, TX
Page 121 of 148
Art Montemayor
Page 122 of 148
October 27, 2005

Rev: 0
Art Montemayor
Pipe Tables
gpm
lb/ft3
ft/s
GPSA Detailed
Method
1,000 gpm
62.5 lb/ft3
4.06 ft/s
James Anthony
Method
1,000 gpm
62.5 lb/ft3
3.8 ft/s
Stephen Hall's VBA

Method
1,000 gpm
62.5 lb/ft3
Page 123 of 148
October 27, 2005

Rev: 0
Hydraulic Institute
Tables
1,000 gpm
62.5 lb/ft3
Art Montemayor
October 27, 2005

Rev: 0

334,884
350,827
0.002 inches
psi
psi
psi
1.13 psi
psi
1.13 psi
1.22 psi
0.61 psi
1.82 psi
1.40 psi
psi
psi
Page 124 of 148
1.08 psi
psi
psi
Art Montemayor
October 27, 2005

Rev: 0
've organized
g in 500 feet
There may
Page 125 of 148
Polypropylene PP and Chemical Resistance

Chemical resistance of polypropylene - PP - to some common acids, bases, organic substances
and solvents
The chemical resistance of polypropylene to some common products and chemicals can be found in the tables below:
Acids and Polypropylene
Product
Benzoic acid
Boric acid
Hydrobromic acid 25 %
Citric acid
Hydrocyanic acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Phosphoric acid 25 %
Phosphoric acid 85 %
Phthalic acid
Tannic acid
Chromic acid
Maleic acid
Oleic acid
Oxalic acid
Nitric acid 5 %
Nitric acid 65 %
Chlorhydric acid 10 %
Chlorhydric acid 37 %
Butyric acid
Sulphuric acid 10 %
Sulphuric acid 78 %
Sulphuric acid 93 %
Tartaric acid
Acetic acid 10 %
Acetic acid 50 %
Acetic acid 75 %
Acetic acid 100 %
Perchloric acid
Rating 1)
20 oC
60 oC
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
4
4
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
4
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
Bases and Polypropylene

Product
Aqua ammonia
Calciumhydroxide
Potassiumhydroxide
Caustic soda
Acid salt 2)
Basic salt 3)
Neutral salt 4)
Various salt
Potassium bicarbonate
Potassium permanganate
Sodium cyanide
Natriumferricyanid
Rating 1)
20oC
60oC
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
Sodium hypochlorite
Organic Substances, Solvents and Polypropylene

Product
Acetone
Aniline
Benzol
Petrol
Butyl alcohol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl dichloride
Ethyl ether
Phenol
Formalin 37%
Heptanes
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Carbon disulphide
Carbon tetrachloride
Methyl alcohol
Methylene (di)chloride
Methyl ethyle ketone
Nitrobenzene
Toluene
Trichlorethylene
Gases:
Chlorine (damp)
Chlorine (dry)
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide (damp)
Sulphur dioxide (dry)
Hydrogen sulphide
1)
Rating:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rating 1)
20 C
60oC
3
4
1
1
3
4
4
4
1
1
2
4
1
1
3
4
4
4
2
2
1
2
3
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
4
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
4
o
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
4
4
1
1
3
3
1
Excellent (no attack)

Good (no significant attack)
Acceptable (light attack, limited use)
Unacceptable (significant attack)
Inferior (possible cracking or dissolving)
Acid salt (normally aqueous) aluminum chloride, aluminum phosphate, copper chloride, sulphate of copper, ferrous
sulphate, ferric chloride, stannic chloride, chloride of zinc, white vitriol etc
3)
Basic salt (normally aqueous) bicarbonate of potassium, potash, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium
phosphate etc.
4)
Neutral salt (normally aqueous) calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium sulphate, magnesium chloride, nitrate of
potassium, potassium sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium sulphate etc.
2)
PP Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PP pipes
Maximum support spacing for PP - PolyPropylene - pipes depends on the operating temperature. Maximum
spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables below:
PP - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing (feet)
NPS
Operating Temperature (oF)
(inches)
60
100
140
180
1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1
3/4
2
2
1 1/2
1 1/2
1
2
2
2
1 1/2
1 1/4
2 1/2
2
2
2
1 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
2
2
2
3
2 1/2
2 1/2
2
3
3 1/2
2 1/2
3
2 1/2
4
4
3
3 1/2
3
PP - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing (feet)
NPS
(inches)
60
100
140
180
1/2
2
2
2
1 1/2
3/4
2 1/2
2 1/2
2
2
1
2 1/2
2 1/2
2
2
1 1/4
3
2 1/2
2 1/2
2 1/2
1 1/2
3
3
2 1/2
2 1/2
2
3 1/2
3
3
2 1/2
3
4
4
3 1/2
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
4 1/2
4
3 1/2
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer, used in a wide variety of applications. Polypropylene is unusually
resistant to chemical solvents, bases and acids.
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 40 & 80
Standard dimensions and weight of PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - and CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride - pipes according AS
Typical weight and dimensions of PVC and CPVC pipes according ASTM D1785 "Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chlorid
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 40

Minimum
Nominal Outside
Wall
Pipe Size Diameter Thickness
(inches) (inches) (inches)
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.84
1.05
1.32
1.66
1.9
2.38
2.88
3.5
4.5
5.56
6.63
8.63
10.75
12.75
14
16
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.32
0.37
0.41
0.44
0.5
Weight
(lb/100 ft)
PVC
CPVC
16
17
21
23
32
34
43
46
51
55
68
74
107
118
141
154
201
220
273
353
386
539
581
755
824
1001
1089
1180
1543
PVC and CPVC Pipes - Schedule 80

Minimum
Nominal Outside
Wall
Pipe Size Diameter Thickness
(inches) (inches) (inches)
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
0.84
1.05
1.32
1.66
1.9
2.38
2.88
3.5
4.5
0.15
0.15
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.22
0.28
0.3
0.34
Weight
(lb/100 ft)
PVC
CPVC
20
22
27
30
41
44
52
61
67
74
95
102
145
156
194
209
275
305
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
5.56
6.63
8.63
10.75
12.75
14
16
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
0.38
0.43
0.5
0.59
0.69
0.75
0.84
387
542
805
1200
1650
1930
2544
582
883
1309
180
oride - pipes according ASTM D1785
ation for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120" can be found in the table below:
PVC Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PVC pipes
Maximum support spacing for PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride - pipes depends on the operating temperature. Maximum sp
PVC - Wall Schedule 40 - Support Spacing
(feet)
NPS
(inches)
60
100
140
1/2
4 1/2
4
2 1/2
3/4
5
4
2 1/2
1
5 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
1 1/4
5 1/2
5
3
1 1/2
6
5
3
2
6
5
3
3
7
6
3 1/2
4
7 1/2
6 1/2
4
6
8 1/2
7 1/2
4 1/2
8
9
8
4 1/2
PVC - Wall Schedule 80 - Support Spacing
(feet)
NPS
(inches)
60
100
140
1/2
5
4 1/2
2 1/2
3/4
5 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
1
6
5
3
1 1/2
6 1/2
5 1/2
3 1/2
2
7
6
3 1/2
3
8
7
4
4
9
7 1/2
4 1/2
6
10
9
5
8
11
9 1/2
5 1/2
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
temperature. Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the table below:
PVDF Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for PVDF pipes
Maximum support spacing for PVDF - PolyVinylidene Fluoride - pipes depends on the operating temperature. Maxi
PVDF - Wall Schedule 40 - Support
Spacing (feet)
NPS
(inches)
80
100
1401)
1/2
3 1/2
3 1/2
2
3/4
4
3 1/2
2 1/2
1
4
4
2 1/2
1 1/2
4 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
2
4 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
PVDF - Wall Schedule 80 - Support
Spacing (feet)
NPS
(inches)
80
100
1401)
1/2
4 1/2
4 1/2
2 1/2
3/4
4 1/2
4 1/2
3
1
5
4 1/2
3
1 1/2
5 1/2
5
3
2
5 1/2
5
3
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
T(oC) = 5/9[T(oF) - 32]
1) For temperatures above 140oF continuous support is needed.
PVDF is recognized by its high mechanical strength and excellent chemical resistance even at higher temperatures
erating temperature. Maximum spacing between supports at different temperatures can be found in the tables below:
en at higher temperatures.
Epoxy Pipes - Support Spacing

Support spacing for reinforced Epoxy fiberglass pipes
Maximum support spacing for epoxy fiberglass pipes at different operating temperatures can be found in the table
below. Maximum operating temperature for epoxy pipes should not exceed 300 oF (149 oC).
Nominal Pipe Size

(inches)
(mm)
1
25
1 1/2
40
2
50
3
80
4
100
6
150
8
200
10
250
12
300
14
350
(oC)
24
(oF)
75
(oC)
66
(oF)
150
(m)
3.2
3.5
4
4.6
5.1
5.8
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
(ft)
9.9
11.6
13.1
15
16.7
18.9
20
20
20
20
(m)
3
3.5
3.9
4.5
5
5.7
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
(ft)
9.8
11.4
12.9
14.8
16.5
18.6
20
20
20
20
Temperature
(oC)
(oF)
(oC)
(oF)
79
175
93
200
Maximum Support Spacing
(m)
(ft)
(m)
(ft)
3
9.7
2.9
9.4
3.4
11.3
3.4
11
3.9
12.8
3.8
12.4
4.5
14.6
4.3
14.2
5
16.3
4.8
15.8
5.6
18.4
5.5
17.9
6
19.8
5.9
19.3
6.1
20
6.1
20
6.1
20
6.1
20
6.1
20
6.1
20
(oC)
107
(oF)
225
(oC)
121
(oF)
250
(m)
2.8
3.3
3.7
4.3
4.8
5.4
5.8
6.1
6.1
6.1
(ft)
9.3
10.8
12.2
14
15.6
17.6
19
20
20
20
(m)
2.7
3.1
3.5
4
4.4
5
5.4
5.7
6
6.1
(ft)
8.7
10.1
11.4
13
14.5
16.4
17.7
18.8
19.7
20
Fiberglass Pipes - Temperature Limits

Temperature range for fiberglass Epoxy, Furan, Phenolic, Polyester and Vinyl Ester pipes
Recommended operating temperature ranges for some types of fiberglass pipes is as follows:
Epoxy glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 149oC (-20 to 300oF)
Vinyl Ester glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Furan glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Furan carbon fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Phenolic glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 149oC (-20 to 300oF)
Polyster glass fiber reinforced pipe: -29 to 93oC (-20 to 200oF)
Pipe Lengths
Single random, double random and cut lengths
Pipe is supplied and referred to lengths as follows:

1) single random
2) double random
3) longer than double random
4) cut lengths
Single Random Length
Single random pipe length is usually 18-25 feet plain end or 18-22 feet threaded and coupled pipes.
Double Random Lengths
Double random length pipes are made between 38-40 feet.
Longer than Double Random
The length of longer than double random pipes are more than 38-40 feet.
Cut Lengths
Cut length pipes are made in fixed lengths within +/- 1/8 inch.
ASTM A53 B Carbon Steel Pipes - Max. Allowable Working Pressure

Maximum working pressure of carbon steel pipe at temperature 400oF
The table below indicates maximum working pressure of carbon steel pipes manufactured according ASME/ANSI B
Carbon Steel Pipes - Working Pressure
Nominal
Size
(inches)
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
6
10
12
Pipe
Outside
Wall
Inside
Diameter Schedule Thickness Diameter Working Pressure ASTM A53 B
OD
-t-dto 400F
Number or
weight
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
Manufacturing
Process Joint Type
psig
40ST
0.088
0.364
CW1)
T
188
0.540
80XS
0.119
0.302
CW
T
871
40ST
0.091
0.493
CW
T
203
0.675
80XS
0.126
0.423
CW
T
820
40ST
0.109
0.622
CW
T
214
0.840
80XS
0.147
0.546
CW
T
753
40ST
0.113
0.824
CW
T
217
1.050
80XS
0.154
0.742
CW
T
681
40ST
0.133
1.049
CW
T
226
1.315
80XS
0.179
0.957
CW
T
642
40ST
0.140
1.380
CW
T
229
1.660
80XS
0.191
1.278
CW
T
594
40ST
0.145
1.610
CW
T
231
1.900
80XS
0.200
1.500
CW
T
576
40ST
0.154
2.067
CW
T
230
2.375
80XS
0.218
1.939
CW
T
551
40ST
0.203
2.469
CW
W
533
2.875
80XS
0.276
2.323
CW
W
835
40ST
0.216
3.068
CW
W
482
3.500
80XS
0.300
2.900
CW
W
767
40ST
0.237
4.026
CW
W
430
4.500
80XS
0.337
3.826
CW
W
695
40ST
0.280
6.065
ERW2)
W
696
6.625
80XS
0.432
5.761
ERW
W
1209
30
0.277
8.071
ERW
W
526
40ST
0.322
7.981
ERW
W
643
8.625
80XS
0.500
7.625
ERW
W
1106
30
0.307
10.136
ERW
W
485
40ST
0.365
10.020
ERW
W
606
XS
0.500
9.750
ERW
W
887
10.75
80
0.593
9.564
ERW
W
1081
30
0.330
12.090
ERW
W
449
ST
0.375
12.000
ERW
W
528
12.75
12
12.75
14
14.00
16
16.00
18
18.00
20
20.00
40
XS
80
30ST
40
XS
80
30ST
40XS
ST
30
XS
40
20ST
30XS
40
0.406
0.500
0.687
0.375
0.437
0.500
0.750
0.375
0.500
0.375
0.437
0.500
0.562
0.375
0.500
0.593
11.938
11.750
11.376
13.250
13.126
13.000
12.500
15.250
15.000
17.250
17.126
17.000
16.876
19.250
19.000
18.814
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
ERW
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
583
748
1076
481
580
681
1081
421
596
374
451
530
607
337
477
581
1) CW - continuous weld - a method of producing small diameter pipe (1/2-4")

2) ERW - electric resistance weld - most common form of manufacture for pipe in sizes from 2 3/8-22" OD
1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm
anufactured according ASME/ANSI B 36.10 and ASTM A53 B:
A106 Grade B Carbon Steel Pipes - Pressure and Temperature Ratings
Pressure (psig) and temperature (deg F) ratings of A106 Grade B carbon steel pipes at temperatures ranging from
Ratings are given for standard seamless pipe sizes at temperatures from 100 oF to 750 oF. All ratings are in psig b
Pipe Size
Pipe
(inches) Schedule
401)
802)
1"
160
40
80
1 1/2"
160
40
80
2"
160
40
80
3"
160
40
80
4"
160
40
80
5"
160
40
80
6"
160
40
80
8"
160
40
80
10"
160
100
2857
3950
5757
2116
2983
4331
1783
2575
4217
1693
2394
3600
1435
2075
3376
1258
1857
3201
1143
1794
3083
1006
1586
2976
913
1509
2950
1) STD (standard) = schedule 40

2) XS (extra strong) = schedule 80
200
2857
3950
5757
2116
2983
4331
1783
2575
4217
1693
2394
3600
1435
2075
3376
1258
1857
3201
1143
1794
3083
1006
1586
2976
913
1509
2950
Maximum Allowable Pressure (psig)

Temperature (oF)
300
400
500
600
2857
2857
2857
2857
3950
3950
3950
3950
5757
5757
5757
5757
2116
2116
2116
2116
2983
2983
2983
2983
4331
4331
4331
4331
1783
1783
1783
1783
2575
2575
2575
2575
4217
4217
4217
4217
1693
1693
1693
1693
2394
2394
2394
2394
3600
3600
3600
3600
1435
1435
1435
1435
2075
2075
2075
2075
3376
3376
3376
3376
1258
1258
1258
1258
1857
1857
1857
1857
3201
3201
3201
3201
1143
1143
1143
1143
1794
1794
1794
1794
3083
3083
3083
3083
1006
1006
1006
1006
1586
1586
1586
1586
2976
2976
2976
2976
913
913
913
913
1509
1509
1509
1509
2950
2950
2950
2950
650
2857
3950
5757
2116
2983
4331
1783
2575
4217
1693
2394
3600
1435
2075
3376
1258
1857
3201
1143
1794
3083
1006
1586
2976
913
1509
2950
emperatures ranging from 100 deg F to 750 deg F

F. All ratings are in psig based on ANSI/ASME B 31.1.
700
2743
3792
5526
2032
2864
4157
1712
2472
4049
1625
2298
3456
1378
1992
3241
1208
1783
3073
1098
1722
2960
966
1523
2857
876
1448
2832
750
2476
3423
4989
1834
2585
3753
1545
2232
3655
1467
2074
3120
1244
1798
2926
1090
1610
2774
991
1554
2672
872
1375
2579
791
1308
2557
ANSI B16.5 - Maximum Pressure and Temperature Ratings
Maximum allowable non-shock pressure (psig) and temperature ratings for steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings ac
Maximum Allowable non-shock Pressure (psig)

Temperat
ure
(oF)
-20 to 100
200
300
400
500
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
150
300
450
1125
285
260
230
200
170
140
125
110
95
80
65
50
35
20
740
675
655
635
600
550
535
535
505
410
270
170
105
50
Pressure Class (lb.)

400
600
900
Hydrostatic Test Pressure (psig)
1500
2225
3350
990
900
875
845
800
730
715
710
670
550
355
230
140
70
1480
1350
1315
1270
1200
1095
1075
1065
1010
825
535
345
205
105
2220
2025
1970
1900
1795
1640
1610
1600
1510
1235
805
515
310
155
1500
2500
5575
9275
3705
3375
3280
3170
2995
2735
2685
2665
2520
2060
1340
860
515
260
6170
5625
5470
5280
4990
4560
4475
4440
4200
3430
2230
1430
860
430
ges and flanged fittings according the American National Standard ANSI B16.5 - 1988
Stainless Steel Pipes - Pressure Ratings
Pressure ratings for standard seamless A312-TP316/316L stainless steel pipes - temperatures 100oF to 750oF
Ratings for standard seamless stainless steel pipes, temperatures from 100oF to 750oF. All ratings in psig based on
Pipe Size
Pipe
(inches) Schedule
1"
40
1"
80
1"
160
1.5"
40
1.5"
80
1.5"
160
2"
40
2"
80
2"
160
3"
40
3"
80
3"
160
4"
40
4"
80
4"
160
5"
40
5"
80
5"
160
6"
40
6"
80
6"
160
8"
40
8"
80
8"
160
10"
40
10"
80
10"
160
100
3048
4213
6140
2257
3182
4619
1902
2747
4499
1806
2553
3840
1531
2213
3601
1342
1981
3414
1219
1913
3289
1073
1692
3175
974
1609
3147
200
2629
3634
5296
1947
2744
3984
1640
2369
3880
1558
2202
3312
1321
1909
3106
1158
1709
2945
1052
1650
2836
926
1459
2738
840
1388
2714
Pressure Rating (psig)

Temperature (oF)
300
400
500
600
2362
2171
2019
1924
3265
3002
2791
2659
4759
4375
4068
3876
1750
1608
1496
1425
2466
2267
2108
2009
3580
3291
3060
2916
1474
1355
1260
1201
2129
1957
1820
1734
3486
3205
2980
2840
1400
1287
1196
1140
1979
1819
1691
1612
2976
2736
2544
2424
1187
1091
1014
967
1715
1577
1466
1397
2791
2566
2386
2273
1040
956
889
847
1535
1411
1312
1250
2646
2433
2262
2155
945
869
808
770
1483
1363
1267
1208
2549
2343
2179
2076
832
765
711
678
1311
1205
1121
1068
2460
2262
2103
2004
755
694
945
615
1247
1147
1066
1016
2439
2242
2085
1986
650
1867
2580
3761
1383
1949
2829
1165
1682
2755
1106
1564
2352
938
1355
2206
822
1213
2091
747
1172
2014
657
1036
1944
596
986
1927
atures 100oF to 750oF

All ratings in psig based on ANSI/ASME B 31.1.
700
1824
2528
3684
1354
1909
2772
1141
1648
2699
1084
1532
2304
919
1328
2161
805
1189
2049
732
1148
1973
644
1015
1905
584
966
1880
750
1810
2501
3646
1340
1889
2743
1129
1631
2671
1072
1516
2280
909
1314
2138
797
1176
2027
724
1136
1953
637
1005
1885
578
956
1868

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Nov 01, 2005

= The Reynolds Number, a dimensionless number

Nov 01, 2005

Nov 01, 2005

November 24, 1997

Valve Resistance to Flow

V-Port T-LINE model

BIG MAX Butterfly

Electronic FileName: 83236863.xls

November 22, 1997

JAMESBURY Valves ---- Cv values

VALVE SIZE, in inches

CLINCHER, Type 2000; screwed

Style A DOUBLE-SEAL; screwed

Series 4000, REDUCED PORT

8100 11000 16000

8000 10500 14000

Electronic File: 83236863.xls

November 24, 1997

Valve Flow Resistance

ORBIT Valves --- Cv values

Where, p = PSI drop across valve

p = 541 x 10-9 (Q/Cv)2(GT/P)

p = PSI drop across valve

ANSI, 150# flange

ANSI, 300# flange

ANSI, 1500# flange

Electronic File: 83236863.xls

Valve Flow Resistance

November 24, 1997

Electronic File: 83236863.xls

November 24, 1997

VOGT Valves --- Cv values (Reference: VOGT Catalog F-12, 1980)

TYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR VOGT VALVES &

Electronic File: 83236863.xls

November 24, 1997

TYPICAL PIPE-TANK RESISTANCES

Exit Loss: From Pipe to Tank

Any of the above, reversed1.00

SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") CONTRACTION

SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") EXPANSION

Electronic File: 83236863.xls

November 24, 1997

Electronic File: 83236863.xls

Ball Valve Flow Resistance

KTM Ball Valves --- Cv values

Reduced Percent Reduction

KTM Ball Valves Cv Values

KTM Ball Valves have inherent equal percentage

Equal percentage flow characteristics, in simple

Electronic File: 83236863.xls

Valve Flow Resistance

KITZ Valves --- Cv values

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Reduced

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Reduced

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Reduced