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    Biology Chapter 3 A

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    nainikaahuja12

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Biology Chapter 3 A

    Uploaded by

    nainikaahuja12
    1 views10 pages

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    1 views10 pages

    Biology Chapter 3 A

    Uploaded by

    nainikaahuja12

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    biology

    chapter 3A

    @reallygreatsite
    skeletal
    SYSTEM
    PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
    PARTS OF THE SPINE
    circulatory
    SYSTEM
    PARTS OF THE HEART
    PARTS OF THE HEART

    THE HEART IS CENTERALLY LOCATED IN THE THORACIC


    CAVITY OF THE HUMAN BODY
    THE SEPTUM DIVIDES THE HEART INTO THE RIGHT AND
    LEFT
    THE HUMAN HEART HAS 4 CHAMBERS. THE UPPER
    CHAMBERS ARE KNOWN AS AURICLES (ATRIUM--
    PLURAL-ATRIA). THE LOWER CHAMBERS ARE KNOWN
    AS THE VENTRICLES.
    THE AURICLES ARE THIN WALLED AND THE VENTRICLES
    ARE THICK WALLED.
    THE LEFT VENTRICLE HAS THE THICKEST WALL
    THE LEFT SIDE CONTAINS OXYGENATED BLOOD AND
    THE RIGHT SIDE CONTAINS DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
    BLOOD ENTERS THROUGH AURICLES AND LEAVES
    THROUGH VENTRICLES

    VALVES IN THE HEART

    VALVE BETWEEN RIGHT AURICLE AND VENTRICLE IS


    THE TRICUSPID VALVE (RIGHT AURICULOVENTRICULAR
    VALVE)
    THE VALVE BETWEEN THE LEFT AURICLE AND
    VENTRICLE IS THE BICUSPID VALVE (LEFT
    AURICULOVENTRICULAR VALVE OR THE MITRAL VALVE)
    VALVE THAT CONTROLS THE ENTRY OF BLOOD IN THE
    PULMONARY ARTERY IS THE PULMONARY SEMILUNAR
    VALVE
    VALVE THAT CONTROLS THE ENTRY OF BLOOD IN THE
    AORTA IS THE AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE

    ARTERIES CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD (EXCEPT THE


    PULMONARY ARTERY)
    VEINS CARRY DEOXYGENATED BLOOD (EXCEPT THE
    PULMONARY VEIN)
    digestive
    SYSTEM
    DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

    1.) Mouth: In humans, digestion begins in the mouth. The digestion


    in the mouth is both physical and chemical. The teeth are
    responsible for physical digestion as they cut, tear and grind the
    food into smaller particles. Enzymes present in saliva are
    responsible for chemical digestion as they breakdown
    carbohydrates to simple sugars.

    The tongue that is present in the oral cavity helps to mix the saliva
    with the food. This mixing helps to expose the carbohydrates to the
    saliva; thus, helping in their breakdown into sugars. The tongue
    also helps to roll the broken down food into a ball-like structure
    called the bolus. It then pushes the bolus into the pharynx (the
    common passage for food and air). The process by which the food
    is pushed from the mouth into the pharynx is called swallowing.
    From the pharynx, the bolus enters the oesophagus (food pipe).
    When the food is entering the oesophagus, the trachea (wind pipe)
    is shut by a cartilage structure called the epiglottis. This ensures
    that food and liquid do not enter the trachea.

    In the oesophagus, no digestion takes place. The oesophagus,


    therefore, is just a tube that connects the opening of the pharynx to
    the stomach. The food is pushed down the oesophagus through a
    series of muscular movements (contractions and relaxations)
    called peristalsis. Peristaltic movements are involuntary (they
    are not controlled by our will).

    2.) Stomach: The bolus enters the stomach through the


    oesophagus. In the stomach, the food particles in the bolus are
    further broken down as they are mixed with digestive fluid (gastric
    juice). In the stomach, food remains for about 6 to 8 hours. Only
    protein digestion occurs here. From the stomach the food passes
    into the small intestine. When the food leaves the stomach it is in
    the form of chyme. Chyme is acidic in nature.
    DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

    3.) Small Intestine: The acidic chyme that leaves the stomach
    enters the small intestine. In the small intestine, digestion and
    absorption take place. The small intestine is made up of 3 parts:
    ■ Duodenum: Responsible for digestion only.
    ■ Jejunum: No digestion or absorption takes place
    ■ Ileum: Responsible for both digestion and absorption.

    The liver (releases bile which is stored in the gall bladder) and the
    pancreas (releases pancreatic juice) are two organs associated with
    the digestive system.

    4.) Large Intestine: Once food has passed through the small
    intestine what remains is the undigestible material and water. The
    large intestine has the following parts:
    ■ The caecum,
    ■ The colon and
    ■ The rectum.

    The undigested material and water enters the colon of the large
    intestine. Here, absorption of water takes place. The rectum is the
    final part of the large intestine. The material that remains, after the
    water and minerals have been absorbed from the undigested food,
    is called faeces. Faeces are carried to the rectum through
    peristalsis and finally removed through the anus.

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