First-Law-of-Thermodynamics

1st
Law of
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
-Came the two Greek words
“thermos” means heat and
“dynamics” means flow.
In Chemistry,
Thermodynamics is the study of the
relationship between heat and work in
a chemical reactions.
The First Law of Thermodynamics
- states that energy cannot be created

or destroyed; it can only be converted
from one form to another.
Energy, Work and Heat
one of the
Energy overused terms in
our daily life.
“the ability to do work” or “the capacity

to do work or even transfer heat”
Potential and Kinetic Energy
Potential energy is defined as the energy
of an object at rest prior to its position
(stored energy)
kinetic energy is the energy possessed by
an object by virtue of its motion (energy in
motion).
Energy in Atoms and Molecules
The constant motion or movement of atoms and
molecules when they collide with one another and
bounce off from each other exhibits the kinetic
energy present.
Atoms and molecules exhibit potential energy

because of the presence of attractions and
repulsion of these particles.
Potential energy is evident when the skateboarder
is at the top of the platform since gravity is acting
on it while at rest.
Once the skateboarder slides down wherein motion is
evident, conversion from potential energy to kinetic
energy happens
This shows that energy is not lost during the whole
process instead, energy transform from one form to
another (potential to kinetic energy and vice-versa)
as the skateboarder goes up and down the platform.
Heat (Q)
“the energy transferred from one object to
another due to their temperature difference.
Where:
Q- heat in Joule, Calorie
m – mass in grams
c- specific heat capacity, J/g- 0C
∆T – change in temperature
1 cal – 4.184 Joule
UNITS OF EXPRESSING HEAT
Calorie (cal) is defined as the amount of energy
required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of
water by 1°C.
Joule (J) is the SI (International System of
Units) unit of energy which is equal to the work
done by a force of one newton acting through
one meter.
British Thermal Unit (Btu) is equal to
the amount energy needed in order to
increase the temperature of a pound (lb)
of water by one degree Fahrenheit (1 °F).
Specific heat and Heat capacity
Once a specific substance is heated or technically
absorbs heat, its temperature rises. The
relationship between the amount of heat and
temperature raise is given by:
𝒒 = 𝒎 × 𝒄 × (𝑻𝒇 − 𝑻𝒊)
𝒒 = 𝒎 × 𝒄 × ∆T
𝒒 = 𝑪 × ∆𝑻
𝒒 = 𝒎 × 𝒄 × (𝑻𝒇 − 𝑻𝒊)
𝒒 = 𝒎 × 𝒄 × ∆T
𝒒 = 𝑪 × ∆𝑻
Where: m = mass of the substance
C = heat capacity
c = specific heat of the substance
ΔT = change in temperature
Ti = final temperature
Tf = initial temperature
Specific heat (c) is the amount of heat required
to raise its temperature by 1 K (or 1 °C) of 1 g of
a substance. The greater the heat capacity, the
greater the heat required to produce a given
increase in temperature.
Heat capacity (C) of a substance is the amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of a
given amount of the substance by one degree
Celsius.
Have you ever wondered how chemists
measure energy changes in chemical reactions?
CALORIMETRY
- is the process of measuring the amount of
heat that is either released or absorbed
during a physical or chemical reaction
Calorimeter
instrument is used to measure the amount of
heat that is either released or absorbed in a
chemical reaction
Work
-the energy transferred when an object
is moved against force.
W= f x d
W
f
d
System, Surroundings and Boundary
In order for us to analyzed energy changes related
with chemical reactions, there is a need for us to
define
• System
• Surroundings and
• Boundary
Types of systems
* Open system – allows both matter as well
as heat to enter or leave the system
Therefore, both matter

and energy can flow
from the system to the
surroundings or from
surroundings to system.
The cup of coffee is an
open system since it
allows the exchange
of mass (coffee) and
energy (heat) with the
surroundings.
Closed system
– allows energy
to pass enter of leave
the system but does
not allow the matter to
transfer through the
system .
The cup of coffee
that has a plate on
the top is a closed
system since it only
allows the exchange
of energy but not
mass.
Isolated system
– has rigid walls
that do not allow
any substance or
heat to enter of
leave the system.
The stainless
vacuum tumbler is an
isolated system since
it allows neither
energy nor mass to be
exchanged.
Surroundings
everything that is not within the system
called the surroundings.
Boundary
- The system and the surrounding are
separate by a boundary or wall.
- We can classify wall as either
adiabatic or nonadiabatic (diathermal).
* Adiabatic wall is one that does not

conduct heat at all, thus heat cannot be
pass through
* non-adiabatic wall does conduct heat,
thus allowing heat to pass through.
This boiling tea kettle
represents energy in motion.
The water in the kettle is turning
to water vapor because heat is
being transferred from the stove
to the kettle.
As the entire system gets hotter,
work is done—from the
evaporation of the water to the
whistling of the kettle.
(credit: Gina Hamilton)
Internal Energy (U)
- It refers to energy contained within the
system. (Sum of Kinetic and potential
energy)
- Internal energy of a system can be
changed by
* heating the system
* doing work on it
* adding or taking away matter.
Internal Energy (U)
The first law of thermodynamics states that
the change in internal energy of a system
equals the net heat transfer into the
system minus the net work done by the
system. In equation form, the first law of
thermodynamics is
ΔU = Q – W
ΔU = Q – W
Where:
ΔU- is the change in internal energy U
of the system
Q - is the net heat transferred into the system
- is the sum of all heat transfer into and out of
the system
W - is the net work done by the system
- is the sum of all work done on or by the
system.
Remember!!!
sign conventions:
* Q > 0 (+) – heat transfer to the system

* Q < 0 (-) - heat transfer from the system
* W < 0 (-) – is work done on the system
* W > 0 (+) – is work done by the system
Calculating Change in Internal Energy:
(a) Suppose there is heat transfer of 40.00
J to a system, while the system does
10.00 J of work. Later, there is heat
transfer of 25.00 J out of the system while
4.00 J of work is done on the system.
What is the net change in internal energy
of the system?
(a) Suppose there is
heat transfer of 40.00 J
to a system, while the
system does 10.00 J of
work. Later, there is heat
transfer of 25.00 J out of
the system while 4.00 J
of work is done on the
system. What is the net
change in internal
energy of the system?

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1st

- states that energy cannot be created

“the ability to do work” or “the capacity

Atoms and molecules exhibit potential energy

Therefore, both matter

* Adiabatic wall is one that does not

* Q > 0 (+) – heat transfer to the system

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