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    Gases

    Uploaded by

    Laila Wajdane

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Gases

    Uploaded by

    Laila Wajdane
    1 views32 pages

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    1 views32 pages

    Gases

    Uploaded by

    Laila Wajdane

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 32

    Dr. W.

    Rizvi
    Units of Pressure
    ➢ Pascals ➢ atm
     1 Pa = 1 N/m2  1 atm = 101.3 kPa
     1 N = 1 kg∙m/s2  1 atm = 760 torr
     1 Pa = 1 kg/(m∙s2)  1 atm = 1.01 bar
    ➢ bar
     1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 ➢ psi (pounds per square
    kPa inch)
    ➢ mmHg  1 psi = 6.89475 kPa
     760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa  14.6959 psi = 1 atm
     1 mmHg = 1 torr
    Standard Pressure
    ➢Normal atmospheric pressure at sea level.
    • 1 atm
    • 760 torr
    • 760 mm Hg
    • 101.325 kPa (= 1.01 x 105 Pa)
    • 1 bar (= 1 x 105 Pa)
    Measuring Pressure
    ➢ Two instruments are commonly used
    to measure pressure using the
    height in mm (h) of mercury.
     Barometer: measures atmospheric
    pressure
     Manometer: measures the
    difference in pressure between
    atmospheric pressure and that of
    a gas in a vessel
    Gas Laws
    ➢ Behavior and properties of the
    gas depends on:
    ✓ Pressure of the gas; P (atm)
    ✓ volume of the container; V
    (Liters)
    ✓ Temperature ; T (Kelvins)
    ▪ average speed of the gas particles
    ✓ number of gas particles in a
    given volume; n (moles)
    ➢ These quantities are related by
    the following gas laws:
    Boyle’s Law
    The volume of a fixed quantity of gas at constant
    temperature is inversely proportional to the
    pressure.
    As P and V are inversely
    proportional
    V vs. 1/P yields a
    A plot of V versus P results straight line with slope k
    in a curve. and intercept = 0
    Example
    An inflated balloon has a volume of 0.55
    L at sea level (1.0 atm) and is allowed to
    rise to a height where the pressure is
    about 0.40 atm. If the temperature
    remains constant and no gas escapes,
    what is the volume at this height?
    Use:
    P1V1 = P2V2
    Charles’s Law
    The volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant
    pressure is directly proportional to its absolute
    temperature (Kelvin).
    A Plot of V vs. T
    Example
    a) If a 452 ml sample of gas is heated from 22oC to
    187oC at constant pressure, what is the final
    volume?

    b) 35.2 ml of hydrogen has a temperature of 385K. If


    the gas is allowed to cool until volume is 4.79 ml,
    what is the new temperature?
    Use:
    V1/T1 = V2/T2 Don’t forget to convert T to Kelvin
    Gay Lussac’s Law
     At constant volume, the pressure of a fixed mass of a
    gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

    P1/T1 = P2/T2
    Combined Gas Law
    ➢Literally combines Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law and
    Gay Lussac’s law.
    ➢Used only when pressure, volume, and temperature
    are changing in a system.
    ➢Temperature must be in Kelvin.
    ➢Pressure and volume units must be the same on
    both sides.
    Example
    In a diesel engine, 1.00 L of air at 23 oC
    and a pressure of 1.01 atm is compressed
    until its volume is 0.0500 L and pressure
    is 25.3 atm. What is the temperature at
    this point?
    Avogadro’s Law
    ➢The volume of a gas at constant temperature
    and pressure is directly proportional to the
    number of moles of the gas.
    ➢22.4 L of any gas under standard temperature
    (273 K) and pressure (1 atm) – at STP - contain
    6.023 x 1023 gas molecules, i.e. 1 mole
    Example
    At standard temperature and pressure, a
    hot-air balloon is filled with helium only to
    a volume of 4480 L. How many grams of
    helium are needed to fill the balloon?
    Ideal-Gas Equation
    ➢So far we’ve seen that
    V  1/P (Boyle’s law)
    V  T (Charles’s law)
    V  n (Avogadro’s law)
    P  T (Gay Lussac’s law)

    ➢PV = nRT
    Example
    a) Nitrogen gas in an airbag with a volume of 35 L
    exerts a pressure of 850 mmHg at 25 oC. How
    many moles of N2 are in the bag? How many
    grams?

    b) Calculate the volume occupied by 7.40 g of


    carbon dioxide at STP.
    STP is 0 oC (273 K) and 1 atm
    Gas Stoichiometry
    ➢Amounts of gaseous reactants and products can be
    calculated by utilizing:
    ✓ The ideal gas law to relate moles to T, P and V.
    ✓ The coefficients in the balanced equation to
    relate moles of reactants and products
    ✓ Moles can be related to mass by the molar
    mass
    ✓ Avogadro’s Law can be used to calculate volume
    or moles for reactions involving gases at STP
    Example *** Possible exam question ***

    i. Calculate the volume of oxygen required


    for the complete combustion of 2.64 L of
    acetylene at STP.

    2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

    i. How many grams are these?


    Example
    i. If 98.0 grams of solid carbon dioxide evaporates,
    how many liters of CO2 gas will be formed at a
    temperature of 200 K and 1280 mmHg of pressure?

    1 atm = 760mmHg
    Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
    ➢ The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the
    sum of the pressures that each would exert if it were
    present alone.
    ➢ Total pressure depends only on the molar amounts of
    the gases present, and not on their chemical
    identities
    ➢ Pressure of each individual gas is called its PARTIAL
    pressure
    Dalton’s Law

    Add O2
    Example
    A gaseous mixture made from 6.00 g O2 and 9.00 g CH4
    is placed in a 15.0 L vessel at 0oC.
    i. What is the partial pressure of each gas?
    ii. What is the total pressure of the vessel?
    Kinetic-Molecular Theory
    This is a model that aids in
    our understanding of what
    happens to gas particles as
    environmental conditions
    change.

    ✓ Ideal gas law describes


    how the conditions
    change
    ✓ KMT describes why the
    conditions change
    Assumptions of KMT
    1. The gas consists of tiny particles with a defined
    mass and zero volume
    ✓ The volume (size) of each individual particle is
    negligible compared to the total volume occupied by
    the gas

    ✓ The average distance between the particles is very large


    compared to their size.
    Assumptions of KMT
    2. Gases consist of large numbers of tiny particles in
    constant, random, straight-line motion. The rapidly
    moving particles constantly collide with each other and
    with the walls of the container.
    ✓ Gas particles are always in motion except for the very specific
    condition known as Absolute Zero.

    ✓ Molecules will move in a straight-line path unless they collide with


    other particles or the walls of any container that they might be in.

    ✓ These collisions cause the pressure exerted by the gas


    ➢ The magnitude of pressure is directly proportional to how often and
    how forcefully the molecules strike the walls
    Assumptions of KMT
    3. Molecular collisions with the container walls are
    perfectly elastic.
    ✓ Energy can be transferred between molecules during collisions, but
    the average kinetic energy of the molecules does not change with
    time, as long as the temperature of the gas remains constant.

    ✓ Total Ek of a sample is constant, but that of individual molecules


    can change.

    ✓ When collisions occur, total momentum is conserved even though


    individual molecules may change speed.
    Assumptions of KMT
    4. The interactions between molecules are
    negligible. They exert no forces on one
    another except during collisions.
    ✓ No attractive or repulsive forces exist between molecules. (Thus
    gases will not condense.)

    ✓ As the gas particles collide with one another, they will not interact
    with each other. They will not establish any bonding or interactions
    of any sort.

    ✓ Pressure of a gas is caused by collisions of the molecules with the


    walls of the container and themselves
    Assumptions of KMT
    5. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is
    proportional to absolute Kelvin temperature.

    ✓ If 2 different gasses are at the same temperature, the average kinetic


    energy is the same.

    ✓ Increase the temperature, increase the average kinetic energy


    Example
    a) If 3.50 mol of NH3 occupy 5.20 L at 47 oC,
    calculate pressure of the gas
    i. Assuming ideal behavior

    b) Calculate the temperature of 2.30 mol of water


    vapor if it has a volume of 4.50 L and a pressure of
    1.34 atm.

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