1|Page

LIFE IN A SLUM (LOST SPRING)

AND
HOW CHILDREN ARE ENGAGED
IN VARIOUS KINDS OF WORK
(Below The age of 14)
2|Page

OBJECTIVES:
1. To raise awareness about the
challenges faced by residents of slum.
2. To explore the cultural and economic
significance of slum.
3. To analyse the impact of
urbanization on marginalized
communities.
4. To develop critical thinking and
research skills through investigation of
slum’s issues.
5. To create effective communication
materials (e.g., reports, presentations,
infographics) to convey findings.
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ACTION PLAN:
 Selection of Topic

 Approval of the topic by the teacher

 Reading of the prose of “The Lost Spring”

 Research on past events

 Developing own ideology on the topic

 Creating the project

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SLUM:
A slum is a place where people live in difficult conditions,
without access to basic necessities, and often face many
challenges.
A slum is an urban area where people live in:

1. Poor conditions
2. Overcrowded spaces
3. Lack of basic services (water, sanitation, healthcare)
4. Unstable or illegal housing
5. Unsafe environments

Key Characteristics:

 Bad living conditions

 Limited access to basic needs
 High poverty rates

LIVING CONDITIONS IN A SLUM:

The parts of the cities, where these slums are located, are
quite congested, as they are over populated. The conditions of
the slum areas in metropolitan cities have deteriorated to such
an extent due to the high density of population that the people
there hardly enjoy even the basic amenities. The lanes are
narrow and the houses are nothing but a single room tenement
without the facilities of an open courtyard or an enclosure,
thus depriving the people of natural gifts like sunshine and air.
In such areas, people use common latrines and water taps.
Some of the slum areas do not even have single rooms, they
are thick clusters of small, dilapidated mud huts, the roofs and
ceilings of which are made of scraps of wood, gunny sacks,
metal or some sort of waste material. Sometimes, 10 to 12
people live, eat and sleep in the same room. The streets are
narrow and the sewage water stagnates in open surface
drains, which emit bad smell. The children often play in places
where the drains are used as open latrines.
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Living conditions in many urban slums are worse than those in

the poorest rural areas of the country. This can be attributed
party to the slum’s exceptionally unhealthy environment. Many
of the most serious diseases in cities are ‘environmental’
because they are transmitted through air, water, soil and food
or through insect or animal vectors.
The concentration of people in areas where the provision of
water, sanitation, garbage collection and health care is
inadequate creates the conditions where infectious and
parasitic diseases thrive and spread. Around half the slum
population is suffering from one or more of the diseases
associated with inadequate provision of water and sanitation.
CASE STUDY: Dharavi Slum
Dharavi, located in Mumbai, India, is Asia's largest slum,
covering an area of 215 hectares and housing approximately
850,000 residents. Established in 1887 as a fishing village,
Dharavi has grown into a thriving informal economy despite
facing numerous challenges.
The demographic profile of Dharavi reveals a population
density of 50,000 people per square kilo meter, with a slight
bias towards males (57%) compared to females (43%). A
significant proportion of the population (33%) lives below the
poverty line, and 50% remain illiterate.
Despite these challenges, Dharavi's informal economy
generates an impressive ₹1,500 crore in annual turnover,
driven by over 5,000 businesses engaged in textiles, pottery,
leather, and recycling. A remarkable 80% of residents are self-
employed, showcasing their entrepreneurial spirit.
However, living conditions in Dharavi remain dire. Fifty-one
percent of households lack access to toilets, while 60% share
water sources. Electricity supply is also inadequate, with 40%
of households lacking access. Narrow alleys and poor
ventilation exacerbate health concerns.
To address these issues, various redevelopment efforts have
been initiated, including the Dharavi Redevelopment Project
(DRP), Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA), and Maharashtra
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Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA). Public-

private partnerships have also been forged to improve
infrastructure.
Despite these initiatives, challenges persist. Residents resist
redevelopment due to concerns about displacement and loss of
livelihoods. Insufficient infrastructure, funding constraints, and
regulatory hurdles further complicate the redevelopment
process.

Key findings from this case study highlight Dharavi's resilient

informal economy and strong community bonds. However,
redevelopment efforts must address the complex interplay
between economic, social, and environmental factors.
To achieve sustainable redevelopment, recommendations
include inclusive planning, community-led initiatives, phased
redevelopment, and collaboration among stakeholders.
In conclusion, Dharavi's transformation requires a holistic
approach, balancing economic growth, social welfare, and
environmental sustainability.

Positive side from Dharavi:

 Dharavi's informal economy plays a significant role in the

local economy.
 Community engagement and participation are crucial for
successful redevelopment.
 Phased redevelopment is preferable to wholesale
redevelopment.

Future research directions could explore:

 The impact of redevelopment on livelihoods and economic

opportunities.
 The role of community organizations in facilitating
redevelopment.
 Comparative studies with other slum redevelopment
projects to identify best practices.

Conclusion:
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 Dharavi, Mumbai's largest slum, presents a complex

paradox of challenges and opportunities. Despite facing
overcrowding, poor infrastructure, and health issues, it
thrives as a vibrant economic and social hub. Addressing
Dharavi's needs requires a nuanced, comprehensive
approach balancing physical improvements with socio-
economic development.

SLUMS CHILDREN EDUCATION:

Education is critical to the economic prosperity of every
economy. The majority of the urban poor are unskilled or semi-
skilled workers. The plight of the urban poor in slum regions
stems mostly from their inability to keep up with the skilled
workforce class and afford a respectable level of living. To
increase the education for slum’s children the government had
introduced a various number of programs
Educating the children of semiskilled and unskilled workers leads to country’s
economy success

Slum education in India:

Slums in India have a low educational level. Various evaluations
of slum regions suggest that slightly more than half of the
children attend school.
It also states that slum children have a significant over-age and
dropout rate. Overage is frequently the result of late enrolment
in school.
Late admission is caused by demand (migration from rural
regions to slums) and supply (lack of educational facilities for
all children, short admission period, birth certificate need, etc.).
One of the primary reasons why children do not receive a basic
education is also financial difficulties.

2)Major problems for education in slums are:

1) School: The condition of the facilities themselves is among
the main issues slum education in India faces. These schools
frequently have too many students and not enough supplies or
infrastructure.
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Children struggle to study and achieve as a result. Additionally,

a lot of the teachers in the slums lack the necessary training
and credentials. As a consequence, they are unable to give
their kids a quality education.
In addition, tuition might be prohibitively expensive for families
with low incomes, preventing many kids from attending school
at all.
Each class has an excessive number of pupils, and the
instructors lack adequate training. As a result, a large number
of kids in slums do not receive the education they require.

2) Teacher:
Unqualified Teachers: A Major Hurdle
Teachers in slum schools often lack the necessary
qualifications, including college degrees and teaching
certifications. This results in inadequate instruction, leaving
students without access to modern teaching techniques.
Overworked and underpaid, these dedicated educators struggle
to provide effective learning experiences.
Overcrowding and Resource Scarcity
Slum schools face overwhelming student-to-teacher ratios,
exacerbating the shortage of textbooks, school supplies, and
basic amenities. This hostile learning environment stifles
students' potential, making it challenging for them to grasp
fundamental concepts.
Transportation Barriers: A Significant Obstacle
For many slum-dwelling children, attending school regularly is a
distant dream due to limited access to transportation. This
significant hurdle prevents eager young minds from receiving
the education they deserve.

3. Government
Lack of facilities, a lack of qualified teachers, and a lack of
management are a few issues slum education in Varanasi,
India, is dealing with.
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Children who live in poverty experience low educational

achievements as a result of these issues. As a result, these kids
frequently get left behind and miss out on opportunities to
better their life. India’s slum education has to be improved, and
the government must do more.
Kids in these institutions receive a poor level of instruction and
do not gain fundamental abilities like reading and writing. The
most vulnerable children are those who live in poverty. They are
compelled to live in slums and lack access to quality education.
They are unable to pay for private education. The government
must take action to solve this issue.
Health and Infrastructure in Slums

Slums often face significant challenges regarding health and

infrastructure. Here’s an overview of the key issues:

Health Challenges

1. Inadequate Sanitation
o Limited Access: Many slums lack proper sanitation
facilities, leading to reliance on communal toilets or
open defecation.
o Health Risks: Poor sanitation increases the risk of
waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and
typhoid.

2. Contaminated Water Supply

o Unsafe Drinking Water: Access to clean drinking
water is often limited. Residents may rely on
contaminated sources, leading to health issues.
o Waterborne Diseases: The lack of safe water
contributes to high rates of gastrointestinal diseases.

3. Overcrowding
o Spread of Disease: High population density
facilitates the rapid spread of infectious diseases,
such as tuberculosis and respiratory infections.
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o Mental Health Issues: Overcrowding can lead to

stress, anxiety, and depression among residents.

4. Limited Healthcare Access

o Under-resourced Clinics: Healthcare facilities in
slums are often inadequate, with few medical
personnel and limited supplies.
o Preventive Care: Residents may lack access to
preventive healthcare, vaccinations, and health
education.

5. Malnutrition
o Food Insecurity: High poverty levels lead to
inadequate nutrition, particularly among children,
which can stunt growth and lead to long-term health
issues.
o Lack of Awareness: Limited education about
nutrition can exacerbate health problems.

Infrastructure Challenges

1. Poor Housing Quality

o Substandard Construction: Homes are often built
with inadequate materials, making them vulnerable
to environmental hazards such as flooding.
o Overcrowded Living Conditions: Families may
share small, poorly ventilated spaces, leading to
health problems.
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2. Inadequate Transportation
o Limited Access: Poorly maintained roads and
limited public transportation options make it difficult
for residents to access jobs, healthcare, and
education.
o Isolation: Many slums are physically isolated from
the rest of the city, impacting residents' ability to
connect with essential services.

3. Lack of Waste Management

o Garbage Accumulation: Inefficient waste disposal
systems lead to garbage piling up, creating
unsanitary conditions and attracting pests.
o Environmental Pollution: Poor waste management
contributes to air and soil pollution, further
exacerbating health issues.

4. Limited Public Services

o Inconsistent Utilities: Access to electricity and
clean water is often irregular, impacting daily life and
health.
o Emergency Services: Slums may lack adequate fire
and emergency services, increasing vulnerability
during crises.

5. Urban Planning Challenges

o Informal Settlements: Many slums develop without
formal planning, leading to chaotic layouts that
complicate service delivery.
o Neglect by Authorities: Slums often receive little
attention from urban planners, resulting in continued
neglect of infrastructure needs.

Conclusion

The intertwined challenges of health and infrastructure in slums

create a cycle of disadvantage that is difficult to break.
Improving living conditions requires comprehensive strategies
that address sanitation, healthcare access, housing quality, and
infrastructure development. By investing in these areas, cities
can enhance the health and well-being of slum residents and
foster more equitable urban environments.
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GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR SLUM REDEVELOPMENT:

1)VARIOUS ACTS BY THE GOVERNMENT:

1) Slum Areas Act (1956): Aimed at upgrading and clearing
slums in Union Territories, empowering officials to label areas as
slums, explore improvement options, or eradicate them.
2) National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) (1996):
Offering loans and subsidies based on the urban slum
population to state governments for slum redevelopment.
3) Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) (2001): Targeted
shelter provision for urban poor, allocating a portion of funds to
community sanitation as part of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan.
4) Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP): Part of JNNURM,
focused on delivering basic services to the urban poor in India’s
largest cities.
5) Slum Redevelopment Scheme (SRS) (1995): Introduced
in Maharashtra, it encouraged slum redevelopment by allowing
private developers to use public land, offering incentives like
TDR and FSI.
6) Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)
: Combined NSDP and VAMBAY schemes to offer adequate
housing and infrastructure to slum dwellers.
7) Smart City Mission: Focused on basic amenities,
education, health, IT, e-governance, and sustainable
development for urban areas.
8) Housing for All by 2022: Aims to build houses for slum
dwellers and offer subsidised loans to the economically weaker
sections.
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9) Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation

(AMRUT):Ensures basic services like water, sewerage, and
urban transport to improve life quality, especially for the
disadvantaged.
10) National Heritage City Development and Augmentation
Yojana (HRIDAY): Seeks to preserve and develop the
heritage cities of India holistically.
2) Proposed Approach for Slum Redevelopment
To effectively redevelop slums, consider:
Customized Solutions: Tailor redevelopment to local needs,
considering population growth and urban density.
Local Services: Implement decentralized sanitation and
energy systems to improve service delivery.
Prevent Misuse: Enforce strict measures against illegal
subletting and sale of redeveloped housing.
Financial Support: Provide affordable financing options for
low-income families to cover housing costs.
Microfinance Growth: Expand microfinance services to
provide accessible housing funds to the urban poor.
This approach prioritizes community needs, efficient services,
and sustainable financing to create thriving, redeveloped
neigbourhood.
ROLE OF YOUTH IN UPLIFTMENTS OF SOCIETY:

Empowering Change: The Youth's Role in Uplifting

Marginalized Communities
Young people are the driving force for positive change,
equipped with fresh ideas, boundless energy, and compassion.
To understand their role in uplifting marginalized communities,
we must first recognize the challenges these communities face.
Challenges Faced by Marginalized Communities

 Poverty
 Illiteracy
 Discrimination
 Limited access to education, healthcare, and employment
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Youth-Led Solutions

1. Education: Mentorship, tutoring, and workshops to

empower marginalized communities.
2. Advocacy: Promoting inclusive policies, social justice, and
challenging stereotypes.
3. Economic Empowerment: Entrepreneurship, skill
development, and job training.
4. Volunteerism: Community service, healthcare support,
and infrastructure development.
5. Political Activism: Amplifying marginalized voices,
advocating for policy change.

Collective Impact
By recognizing and nurturing youth potential, we can:

 Create a more equitable society

 Break cycles of poverty
 Foster empathy and understanding
 Drive positive change

Call to Action
Let's empower youth to:

 Develop innovative solutions

 Engage in meaningful dialogue
 Drive social change
 Build a brighter future for all

LARGEST SLUMS IN THE WORLD:

 Khayelitsha in Cape Town (South Africa): 400,000

 Kibera in Nairobi (Kenya): 700,000
 Dharavi in Mumbai (India): 1,000,000
 Neza (Mexico): 1,200,000
 Orangi Town in Karachi (Pakistan): 2,400,000

Khayelitsha in Cape Town (South Africa):

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Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa, is home to

approximately 400,000 residents, with a population
density of 12,000 people per square kilo meter.
Established in 1985, this township faces numerous
challenges, including overcrowding, poverty, limited
access to education and healthcare, high crime rates,
and inadequate sanitation and infrastructure. Despite
these issues, initiatives such as community-led housing
upgrades, social programs for youth and vulnerable
groups, and the Khayelitsha District Hospital aim to
improve living conditions.

Kibera in Nairobi (Kenya)

Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya, is Africa's largest urban slum,

with a population of around 700,000. Residents struggle
with poor sanitation and hygiene, limited access to
electricity and water, high unemployment, and a 12%
HIV/AIDS prevalence rate. Community-driven initiatives,
slum upgrading projects, and education and economic
empowerment programs are underway to address these
challenges.

Neza (Mexico):

Neza, Mexico City, Mexico, is Latin America's largest

slum, with a population of around 1.2 million. Residents
face overcrowding, poverty, limited access to education
and healthcare, and high crime rates. Government-led
housing upgrades, social programs, and economic
empowerment initiatives are underway to address these
challenges.

Dharavi in Mumbai (India): Dharavi, Mumbai, India, is

Asia's largest slum, housing approximately 1 million
residents. Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and limited
access to healthcare and education are pressing
concerns. However, Dharavi boasts an informal economy
with an estimated annual turnover of $1 billion.
Initiatives such as community-led housing upgrades,
economic empowerment programs, and the Dharavi
Redevelopment Project aim to improve living conditions.
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Orangi Town in Karachi (Pakistan):

Orangi Town, Karachi, Pakistan, is the world's largest

slum, with a staggering population of 2.4 million.
Residents struggle with overcrowding, poor sanitation,
limited access to healthcare and education, and
inadequate infrastructure. Community-led housing
upgrades, economic empowerment programs, and the
Orangi Pilot Project aim to improve living conditions.
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TRANSFORMED SLUMS AND FACTORS HELPED THEM:

Singapore's Chinatown Transformation

 1960s: Chinatown was a densely populated slum with poor

sanitation and housing.
 1980s: Government-led urban renewal and conservation
efforts began.
 1990s: Chinatown Heritage Trail established to preserve
cultural heritage.
 2000s: Public housing, commercial developments, and
tourism infrastructure upgraded.
 Today: Vibrant cultural and tourist hub with restored
shophouses, temples, and street art.

New York City's Lower East Side Revitalization

 Late 19th century: Immigrant slum with overcrowding and

poverty.
 Mid-20th century: Urban renewal efforts and public
housing development.
 1980s-1990s: Gentrification and artist influx transformed
the area.
 2000s: Upscale housing, boutiques, and cultural
attractions emerged.
 Today: Trendy neighbourhood with luxury apartments, art
galleries, and restaurants.

Mumbai's Bandra Transformation

 1950s-60s: Suburban slum with poor infrastructure.

 1980s-90s: Rapid urbanization and economic growth.
 2000s: Upscale residential complexes, restaurants, and
boutiques developed.
 Today: Trendy suburb with shopping centres, cafes, and
Bollywood connections.

Rio de Janeiro's Santa Teresa Revitalization

 19th century: Wealthy neighbourhood with mansions and

art.
 Mid-20th century: Decline into slum conditions.
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 1980s-90s: Government-led revitalization and cultural

programs.
 2000s: Arts district emerged with galleries, studios, and
restaurants.
 Today: Vibrant cultural hub with historic architecture and
stunning views.

Medellín's Commune 13 Transformation

 1980s-90s: Notorious for violence and poverty.

 2000s: Urban planning and community-led initiatives
began.
 2010s: Cable car system, library, and cultural center
developed.
 Today: Symbol of urban resilience with street art, cultural
events, and social entrepreneurship.

Key Factors in Slum Transformation

1. Government Initiatives: Policy support, funding, and

urban planning.
2. Community Engagement: Resident participation, social
entrepreneurship, and community-led initiatives.
3. Economic Growth: Investment, job creation, and
economic empowerment.
4. Innovative Solutions: Social entrepreneurship,
technology integration, and sustainable development.
5. Gentrification: Private investment, urban renewal, and
changing demographics.

UN-HABITAT's Slum Upgrading Facility

 Established: 2002.
 Objective: Improve living conditions in slums.
 Focus: Community-led initiatives, infrastructure upgrading,
and policy support.
 Impact: Benefited over 1 million people across 100 cities.

World Bank's Urban Development Programs

 Objective: Support sustainable urban development.

 Focus: Infrastructure, institutional strengthening, and
policy reform.
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 Impact: Financed over $50 billion in urban development

projects worldwide.

USAID's Urban Poverty Reduction Programs

 Objective: Reduce poverty and improve livelihoods.

 Focus: Community-driven development, economic
empowerment, and service delivery.
 Impact: Reached over 100 million people in urban areas.

India's Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal

Mission

 Launched: 2005.
 Objective: Upgrade urban infrastructure and services.
 Focus: Water supply, sanitation, transportation, and
housing.
 Impact: Improved living conditions for over 100 million
urban residents.
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how are children engaged in

various kinds of work under 14
Introduction
Child labour is a pervasive issue affecting millions of children
worldwide, depriving them of basic rights and childhood
experiences. This report examines child Labour among children
under 14, its types, causes, consequences, and solutions. The
international community recognizes child labour as a violation
of human rights and a hindrance to children's development.
Types of Child Labour
AGRICULTURE:
In many countries child labour is mainly an agricultural issue.
Worldwide 60 percent of all child labourers in the age group 5-
17 year work in agriculture, including farming, fishing,
aquaculture, forestry, and livestock. This amounts to over 98
million girls and boys. The majority (67.5%) of child labourers
are unpaid family members. In agriculture this percentage is
higher, and is combined with very early entry into work,
sometimes between 5 and 7 years of age1. Agriculture is one of
the three most dangerous sectors in terms of work-related
fatalities, non-fatal accidents and occupational diseases. About
59 percent of all children in hazardous work aged 5–17 are in
agriculture.
Poverty is the main reason for child labour in agriculture. Other
factors include poor access to quality education, outdated
farming technology, limited help from adults, and cultural views
on children working. In family farming, small-scale fishing, and
raising livestock, some children do light tasks that can be
beneficial, as they help pass down skills and support food
security. However, it’s crucial to differentiate between light
work that doesn’t harm children and child labour, which can
disrupt schooling and negatively affect health and
development. This distinction depends on the amount of work,
conditions, the child’s age, and the risks involved.
Not all child participation in agriculture is considered child
labour. In family farming, small-scale fisheries, and livestock
husbandry, children can safely engage in low-risk, age-
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appropriate tasks that don't interfere with school or leisure

time. This hands-on learning benefits children by:

 Teaching technical and social skills

 Enhancing food security
 Boosting self-confidence and self-esteem
 Developing work skills

However, child labour harms children's health, education, and

development. To distinguish between harmless tasks and child
labour, consider:

 Hours and conditions of work

 Child's age
 Type of activities
 Potential hazards

Light duties with family are acceptable, but exploitative or

hazardous work that interferes with schooling is unacceptable.
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2) Manufacturing:
Child Labour in manufacturing is a pervasive issue, with
millions of children employed in factories, workshops, and
supply chains worldwide. This exploitation occurs in various
sectors, including textiles, electronics, food processing,
construction materials, and automotive. Countries with high
prevalence include Bangladesh, India, China, Vietnam, and
Indonesia. Children in manufacturing face hazardous
conditions, such as machinery accidents, chemical exposure,
fire risks, physical strain, and exploitation.
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), 11%
of child Labourers work in manufacturing, with 40% of garment
workers in Bangladesh being children. In India's textile industry,
1 in 5 children are under 14. Child Labour in manufacturing has
severe consequences, including reduced education, physical
harm, respiratory problems, psychological trauma, limited
social skills, isolation, and stigma.
To combat child Labour in manufacturing, solutions include
enforcing Labour laws through regular inspections and
penalties, improving working conditions with safety measures
and training, providing education and vocational training for
youth, engaging communities through awareness campaigns
and support, and certification and labelling to ensure child-
Labour-free products.
International initiatives, such as ILO conventions and
guidelines, UNICEF programs and advocacy, and World Vision
community-based initiatives, are crucial. National and local
efforts include government policies, NGO partnerships, and
industry self-regulation and certification.
Efforts to eradicate child Labour in manufacturing require
collective action from governments, industries, NGOs, and
communities.
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Hazardous child labour is defined by Article 3 (d) of ILO

Convention No. 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate
Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour,
1999, as:
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(d) work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is

carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of
children.

More specifically, hazardous child labour is work in dangerous or

unhealthy conditions that could result in a child being killed, or
injured or made ill as a consequence of poor safety and health
standards and working arrangements. It can result in permanent
disability, ill health and psychological damage. Often health
problems caused by being engaged in child labour may not develop
or show up until the child is an adult.

Hazardous child labour is the largest category of the worst forms of

child labour with an estimated 79 million children, aged 5-17,
working in dangerous conditions in a wide range of sectors,
including agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, as well
as in hotels, bars, restaurants, markets, and domestic service. It is
found in both industrialised and developing countries. Girls and
boys often start carrying out hazardous work at very early ages.

Because their bodies and minds are still developing, children are
more vulnerable than adults to workplace hazards, and the
consequences of hazardous work are often more devastating and
lasting for them.

When speaking of child labour it is important to go beyond the

concepts of work hazard and risk 1 as applied to adult workers and
to expand them to include the developmental aspects of childhood.
Because children are still growing, they have special characteristics
and needs, and in determining workplace hazards and risks their
effect on children’s physical, cognitive (thought/learning) and
behavioural development and emotional growth must be taken into
consideration.
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CAUSES FOR CHILD LABOUR:

Poverty

 Definition: Living on less than $1.90/day (World Bank,

2020)
 Impact: Families rely on children's income to survive,
leading to child Labour
 Statistics: 1 in 5 children live in extreme poverty (UNICEF,
2020)
 Examples: Child Labour in agriculture, domestic work, or
street vending

Lack of Access to Education

 Definition: Insufficient access to quality education

 Impact: Education helps break cycle of poverty, reducing
child Labour
 Statistics: 258 million children out of school (UNESCO,
2020)
 Examples: Child Labour in manufacturing, construction, or
hazardous work

Cultural and Social Norms

 Definition: Traditional practices, family expectations, and

community attitudes
 Impact: Children's roles in family businesses or
agricultural work perpetuate child Labour
 Statistics: 1 in 3 children in child Labour due to cultural
norms (ILO, 2020)
 Examples: Child Labour in family-owned businesses or
agricultural work

Conflict and Displacement

 Definition: Situations of armed conflict, natural disasters,

or displacement
 Impact: Increased vulnerability to exploitation and child
Labour
 Statistics: 1 in 5 children displaced or refugees (UNHCR,
2020)
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 Examples: Child Labour in refugee camps, conflict zones,

or disaster-affected areas

Weak Laws and Enforcement

 Definition: Insufficient regulations, poor inspections, and

lenient penalties
 Impact: Corruption undermines efforts to combat child
Labour
 Statistics: 71% of countries lack effective child Labour
laws (ILO, 2020)
 Examples: Child Labour in industries with lax regulations
or corrupt enforcement

Other Factors

 Large family size: Increased economic pressure

 Parental illness or death: Reduced household income
 Lack of birth registration: Limited access to social services
 Environmental degradation: Reduced livelihood options

UNICEF's Response

 Support quality education and vocational training

 Strengthen child protection systems
 Address poverty and economic instability
 Promote social norms change
 Respond to conflicts and disasters

CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOUR:

Physical Consequences

 Injury or disability (22,000 child Labour-related deaths

annually)
 Respiratory problems (dust, chemicals, and pollution)
 Hearing loss (loud noises in manufacturing or
construction)
 Vision problems (poor lighting or hazardous materials)
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 Musculoskeletal disorders (heavy lifting or repetitive

tasks)

Emotional and Psychological Consequences

 Emotional trauma and stress

 Anxiety and depression
 Low self-esteem and confidence
 Social isolation and stigma
 Limited cognitive development

Social Consequences

 Limited education and skills development

 Reduced economic opportunities
 Perpetuation of poverty cycles
 Social exclusion and marginalization
 Increased vulnerability to exploitation

Long-term Consequences

 Reduced lifetime earnings and economic mobility

 Increased risk of chronic diseases
 Limited access to healthcare and social services
 Intergenerational transmission of poverty
 Perpetuation of social and economic inequalities

Consequences for Girls

 Increased risk of early marriage and pregnancy

 Limited access to education and economic opportunities
 Greater vulnerability to exploitation and abuse
 Perpetuation of gender-based violence

Consequences for Communities

 Reduced economic growth and development

 Increased poverty and inequality
 Social unrest and instability
 Negative impact on community health and well-being
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GLOBAL CHILD LABOUR STASTICS:

 160 million children in child Labour (ILO, 2020).

 72 million children in hazardous work (ILO, 2020).
 1 in 10 children in child Labour

 Today, 160 million children are still engaged in child labour.

That is almost one in ten children worldwide.

 Africa ranks highest among regions both in the percentage

of children in child labour — one-fifth — and the absolute
number of children in child labour — 72 million. Asia and the
Pacific ranks second highest in both these measures — 7%
of all children and 62 million in absolute terms are in child
labour in this region.

 The Africa and the Asia and the Pacific regions together
account for almost nine out of every ten children in child
labour worldwide. The remaining child labour population is
divided among the Americas (11 million), Europe and
Central Asia (6 million), and the Arab States (1 million).
In terms of incidence, 5% of children are in child labour in
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the Americas, 4% in Europe and Central Asia, and 3% in the

Arab States.
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 While the percentage of children in child labour is highest in

low-income countries, their numbers are actually greater in
middle-income countries. 9% all children in lower-middle-
income countries, and 7% of all children in upper-middle-
income countries, are in child labour. Statistics on the
absolute number of children in child labour in each national
income grouping indicate that 84 million children in child
labour, accounting for 56% of all those in child labour,
actually live in middle-income countries, and an additional 2
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million live in high-income countries.

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Solutions and Interventions for child labour:

It is extremely necessary to stop child labour in India to see a

nation that is booming and prospering. Indian Government has
incorporated many regulations to prevent child labour such as
making employment below 14 years a punishable offense. But
it is the responsibility of every individual to do their bit. Here
are some of the essential ways how the citizens of India can
help in controlling childhood labour in the country.

1. Educate & Spread Awareness

Most childhood labour is a result of unawareness among
parents. Traffickers mostly target children of such parents who
are illiterate and such children end up being in the pothole of
child labour. It is extremely essential to educate such parents
and spread awareness about the different child rights in India
as well as the reasons why educating children is essential. Also,
when the bad consequences of child labour are explained in a
proper way, many parents Mold their minds and look toward
the development of their children.
2. Create Awareness of the Laws & Policies

A strict law is extremely essential to curb the situation of child

labour. India has come up with Article 24 according to which no
children below the age of 14 years should be engaged in any
hazardous environment for work. Different NGOs are working
on these policies and laws along with the authorities to prevent
child labour.

3. Educate Child Labourer's Parents

While spreading awareness has motivated many parents to
enrol their children in schools, there are still many parents who
consider earning more important than education. Often major
problems in India and their solutions require one-to-one
conversation. Hence, it is essential to have a discussion with
such parents to understand their problems and then offer a
solution to eradicate child labour. Many NGOs like CRY India
working to stop child labour , convince parents of many child
labourers in order to offer these children a new life by sending
them to school instead of work.
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4. Stop people to employ children in homes, shops, factories, etc

One of the major reasons why child labour is not reduced is that
people do not stop employing children. So, responsible citizens
of India should take preventive measures to stop other people
from employing children in homes, shops, and factories. One of
the ways is to stop buying items from a shop that has
employed a child for work. When children will stop getting
work, half of the issue will get solved here. These children will
go to school rather to make a great future.

5. Partner with NGOs

It's evident that individuals may feel limited in their ability to

address the issue beyond raising awareness and engaging with
parents in their immediate community. Therefore, to make a
broader impact on society, one solution to combat child Labour
involves participating in various movements and campaigns
organized by NGOs. These NGOs focus on grassroots efforts to
achieve tangible outcomes. Collaborating with relevant
authorities further enhances the effectiveness of such
initiatives. Simply by partnering with these NGOs, individuals
can contribute to the collective effort to combat child Labour
and support initiatives aimed at its eradication.

6. Send more children to school

Two of the major reasons for child labour are poverty and
labour problems in India. Most parents cannot afford education
for their children and so they consider children to be a useful
resource for employment. But today there are so many
solutions of child labour such as free elementary education,
mid-day meals, and others that can surely motivate children as
well as their parents. It is only that parents should be educated
about these schemes and ultimately send more children to
school.

While child labour is one of the major problems in India and

their solutions are still being incorporated, many individuals
have succeeded in prevention of child labour and offering a
dignified life to many children so that they can cherish their
childhood like other children. Governments can just make
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policies, following them and preventing child labour from

occurring is the responsibility of the
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Case Study: Exploitation of Child Labour in Bangladesh

Executive Summary
Child Labour remains a pervasive issue in Bangladesh, with 7.4
million children engaged in hazardous work. This case study
examines the exploitation of child Labour in Bangladesh's
garment industry, highlighting the causes, consequences, and
recommendations for addressing this complex issue.
Introduction
Bangladesh has made significant economic progress in recent
years, but child Labour remains a persistent problem. The
country has 7.4 million child Labourers, with 1.7 million working
in hazardous conditions. Child Labour is a complex issue, driven
by poverty, lack of education, and social norms.
Background
Bangladesh's garment industry is the country's largest export
earner, employing over 4 million workers. However, the
industry has faced criticism for exploiting child Labour. Children
as young as 10 years old work in garment factories, often in
hazardous conditions.
Case Overview
Meet 12-year-old Rahim, who works in a Dhaka garment
factory. Rahim earns $2 per day, working 12 hours a day, six
days a week. He dropped out of school to support his family.
Rahim's story is not unique; millions of children in Bangladesh
face similar circumstances.
Key Findings

1. Prevalence: 7.4 million child Labourers (22.4% of children

aged 5-14)
2. Hazardous work: 1.7 million children (3.7% of children
aged 5-14)
3. Sectors: Garment (15%), agriculture (54.6%),
manufacturing (23.4%), services (21.9%)
4. Reasons: Poverty (55.6%), lack of education (21.1%),
family pressure (14.5%)
5. Consequences: 64% of child Labourers do not attend
school; 45% suffer physical harm
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Causes of Child Labour

1. Poverty: Families cannot afford basic necessities, leading

children to work.
2. Lack of education: Limited access to quality education
drives children to work.
3. Social norms: Child Labour is culturally accepted in some
communities.
4. Family pressure: Children are forced to work to support
their families.

Consequences of Child Labour

1. Physical harm: Children suffer injuries from machinery and

hazardous conditions.
2. Emotional trauma: Children experience stress, anxiety,
and depression.
3. Limited education: Child Labourers often drop out of
school.
4. Social isolation: Children have limited contact with family
and friends.

Stakeholders

1. Government: Weak enforcement of Labour laws

contributes to child Labour.
2. Factory owners: Prioritize profit over Labour rights.
3. International brands: Demand cheap Labour, ignore
Labour rights.
4. NGOs: Advocate for Labour rights and child protection.

Recommendations

1. Enforce Labour laws and regulations.

2. Improve education and vocational training.
3. Enhance international cooperation and funding.
4. Promote social accountability and awareness.

Initiatives

1. National Child Labour Elimination Policy (2010)

2. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act (2013)
3. Ministry of Labour and Employment's Child Labour Unit
4. UNICEF's Child Protection Program
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5. ILO's Child Labour Elimination Program

Challenges

1. Corruption and lack of enforcement

2. Limited resources and funding
3. Social norms perpetuating child Labour
4. Complexity of garment industry's supply chains

Future Directions

1. Strengthen international cooperation

2. Enhance public awareness
3. Support vocational training and education

Conclusion
Child Labour in Bangladesh's garment industry is a complex
issue requiring multifaceted solutions. Addressing child Labour
requires government, factory owners, international brands, and
NGOs to work together to enforce Labour laws, improve
education, and promote social accountability .
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QUESTIONARIE
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfs5dV86qUB8pe8Ne9C2jf6FyJdWqifVlOop
yzRdn8q5rf1Zg/viewform
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CONCLUSION:
From the above data I can conclude that more
high school students have been attempting this
form and majority of the students do not want the
child labour to be present and many of them
believe that malnutrition is the major cause of
lack of health in slum and for many of them it is
important to address child labour and many of
them believe that providing education to children
will decrease the child labour and interestingly
there has been a equal opinion in the question
“do u think child labour Has been decreased in
recent years”
Most people think they can spread awareness in
social media about issues in slum.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
CASE STUDY(PG:3): https://www.scribd.com/document/647097358/Transformation-of-
a-Slum-a-Research-and-Case-Study-of-Dharavi-Mumbai-1-1
SLUMS CHILDREN EDUCATION(PG:5): https://edufund.in/blog/problem-of-education-
in-slums-in-india
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR SLUM REDEVELOPMENT(PG:8):
https://www.studyiq.com/articles/slum-development-in-india/?srsltid=AfmBOooqKNoW-
w7QXiSTVfyNI6Y6zSHFggoJlPTdYbPed369A7-iGtEl
LARGEST SLUMS IN THE WORLD:
https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2017/12/the-worlds-largest-slums-dharavi-
kibera-khayelitsha-neza/
CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOUR:
https://www.cry.org/blog/how-to-prevent-child-labour-in-india/
SOLUTIONS AND INTERVISIONS FOR CHILD LABOUR:
https://www.cry.org/blog/how-to-prevent-child-labour-in-india/