A REPORT

ON

FIELD BASED PROJECT

"CNC MACHINE"

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For The Award of the Degree
Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINERRING

Submitted By

CH. Amber Singh 23P65A0303

S. Aleem Ali 23P65A0308

Under The Estimated Guidance Of

Mr. R. Venkateshwara Rao (Assistant Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VIGANANA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA & NAAC, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH)

Aushapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), R.R. Dist-501301

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 VIGNANA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY
(Accredited by NBA and NAAC, New Delhi)

(Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE)

Aushapur (v), Ghatkesar (m), R.R Dist., Hyderabad- 501301

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the FIELD BASED PROJECT report entitled, "STUDY OF CNC
MACHINE" by bearing Admin SYED ALEEM ALI (23P65A0308) submitted to the faculty of the
Mechanical Engineering, in partial full filment of the requirements of Degree of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY from VBIT, Aushapur, Hyderabad.

Signature of the Supervisor Signature of the Head of the department

Department [HOD]
Mr. R. Venkateshwara Rao, [Assistant Professor] Mr. M.K. Satya Sai

Sinature of the External

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 Aushapur (v),Ghatkesar (M),Hyderabad –501301

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that to the best of my knowledge.
And belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor
Material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree
or BTECH of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Mr. R. Venkateshwara Rao

(Asst. Prof.)

Mechanical Dept.

By
SYED ALEEM ALI - 23P65A0308

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have contributed to the completion
of this Field Based Project on CNC machines. First and foremost, we acknowledge NSIC for their
invaluable support in providing access to CNC equipment and facilities, without them which our
study would not have been possible to complete. We extend our appreciation to NSIC for their
expert guidance and assistance throughout the experimental phases of this project. Their insights
and feedback have significantly enriched our understanding of CNC machining processes. Special
thanks goes to NSIC for their assistance in data analysis and interpretation, which greatly
enhanced the quality and reliability of our findings.

By
SYED ALEEM ALI
[23P65A0308]

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 ABSTRACT

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines have revolutionized modern manufacturing

by automating and enhancing precision in machining processes. These machines operate
based on digital instructions encoded in computer programs, allowing for the precise control
of cutting tools and other mechanical components. The integration of CNC technology has
significantly improved productivity and consistency in industries ranging from aerospace
and automotive to electronics and medical devices. This abstract explores the fundamental
principles and functionalities of CNC machines, highlighting their key components such as
the controller, motors, and feedback systems. It discusses the advantages of CNC
machining, including reduced human error, increased repeatability, and the ability to
manufacture complex geometries with high accuracy. Furthermore, the abstract addresses
the evolution of CNC technology from its origins in the mid-20th century to its current
state, characterized by advanced software capabilities and integration with CAD/CAM
(Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing) systems. Additionally, the
abstract touches upon the future trends and potential advancements in CNC machining,
including the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning for real-time
process optimization and predictive maintenance. Finally, it underscores the critical role of
CNC machines in driving innovation and efficiency in modern manufacturing practices,
paving the way for continued advancements in industrial automation and precision
engineering.

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6
 CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 8

2 BASICS OF CNC 9 - 11
3 TYPES OF CNC MACHINES 12 - 14
4 PARTS OF CNC MACHINE 15 - 17
5 HOW CNC WORKS 18 - 20
6 ABOUT TURNING 21 - 23
CONCLUSION 24
REFERENCE 25

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 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

A CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine is an automated tool used in manufacturing

and industrial applications to control machinery with precision and efficiency. CNC
technology transforms traditional manufacturing processes by automating control of tools
through pre- programmed computer software. This allows for highly accurate and repeatable
production of complex parts and components.

The introduction of CNC machines revolutionized manufacturing by significantly enhancing

productivity, precision, and versatility. Traditional manual control, which required skilled
operators to manually guide machine tools, is replaced by automated systems that interpret
digital designs and control the movements of machinery with exceptional accuracy. These
machines can perform various functions, such as milling, turning, drilling, cutting, and
additive manufacturing, across a range of materials, including metals, plastics, and
composites.
CNC machines are integral to modern manufacturing due to their ability to produce intricate
designs with minimal human intervention, reduce material waste, and increase production
speeds. They are widely used in industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and
medical devices, where high precision and consistency are critical. By automating complex
machining tasks, CNC machines have set new standards in manufacturing, enabling
innovation and improving the overall quality of produced goods.

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 CHAPTER - 2

BASICS OF CNC

2.1 : Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines are pivotal in modern manufacturing,
revolutionizing how various materials are processed with unparalleled precision and efficiency.
Unlike traditional manual machines, CNC machines are operated via computer programs that
dictate the movements of tools and workpieces in precise increments.

2.2 : Key Components and Functionality:

1.Control Console: The nerve center of a CNC machine where operators input instructions. It
contains a computer that processes the program and controls motors to move the machine
components.
2.Machine Tool: The physical equipment that performs operations such as cutting, drilling,
milling, or turning. CNC machines encompass various types based on their primary
function, like CNC mills, lathes, routers, and plasma cutters.
3.Programmed Instructions: CNC machines operate based on coded instructions (typically in
G-code) that detail each movement, speed, and operation. These instructions are generated by
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) software based on CAD (Computer-Aided Design)
models.
4.Motorized Movement: Precision is achieved through motors that precisely control the
movement of cutting tools or the workpiece along multiple axes (usually X, Y, and Z axes in 3-
axis machines).

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Figure - 2.1 CUTTING OF HELICAL TEETH

Figure - 2.2 COOLANT

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2.3 : CNC (Computer Numerical Control) is a transformative technology in manufacturing
that automates machine tools through precise computer programming. At its core, CNC
machines consist of a controller, which interprets programmed instructions (typically in G-
code), and a machine tool that executes these instructions with high accuracy. The process
begins with a CAD (Computer-Aided Design) model of the part to be manufactured, which
is translated into CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) software to generate the
necessary G-code. This code dictates the exact movements of the machine tool along
multiple axes (usually X, Y, and Z) to cut, drill, mill, or shape the material into the desired
form. CNC machines offer significant advantages such as enhanced precision, repeatability,
and the ability to produce complex shapes with minimal human intervention. They find
extensive application across industries including automotive, aerospace, medical, and
consumer electronics, where they streamline production processes and ensure consistent
quality. As CNC technology continues to advance, with trends towards integration with AI
for smarter operations and additive manufacturing for more intricate designs, its role in
modern manufacturing remains pivotal for achieving efficiency, flexibility, and innovation.

Figure 2.3 - DIRECTIONS OF AXIS

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 CHAPTER - 3

TYPES OF CNC MACHINES

3.1 : CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines come in various types, each designed for
specific manufacturing tasks. CNC milling machines, including vertical and horizontal
variants, are versatile for cutting and shaping materials. CNC lathes perform turning
operations by rotating the workpiece while the cutting tool moves linearly. CNC routers,
suitable for wood, plastic, and softer metals, are often used for cutting and engraving. CNC
plasma cutters and laser cutters are employed for precise cutting of electrically conductive
materials and a variety of other materials, respectively. CNC Electric Discharge Machines
(EDM) include sinker and wire EDM, using electrical discharges to machine complex shapes.
CNC grinders offer precision grinding for high surface quality and dimensional accuracy.
CNC drilling machines automate the drilling process with high precision. CNC 3D printers
utilize additive manufacturing to create objects layer by layer from materials like plastics and
metals. CNC punch presses efficiently punch holes in sheet metal, while CNC bending
machines shape sheet metal into various forms. Lastly, CNC waterjet cutters use high-pressure
water, often mixed with abrasive particles, to cut a wide range of materials. Each type of CNC
machine plays a crucial role in modern manufacturing, providing accuracy, efficiency, and
versatility.

Figure 3.1 - CNC VERTICAL MACHINE

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 Figure 3.2 - CNC HORIZONTAL MACHINE

3.2 : A CNC plasma cutting machine is a vital tool in modern manufacturing, designed to cut
electrically conductive materials with precision and efficiency. It uses a plasma torch to
generate a high-temperature plasma arc that melts the metal, which is then blown away to
create clean, precise cuts. Key components include the plasma torch, power supply, CNC
controller, cutting table, and gas supply. These machines are known for their high precision,
speed, versatility in cutting various metals, and efficiency, producing less waste and lower
operational costs. They are widely used in metal fabrication, the automotive industry,
construction, and art and design, offering advantages such as excellent cut quality, flexibility
in cutting different material thicknesses, and a reduced heat-affected zone, minimizing thermal
distortion of the workpiece. Overall, CNC plasma cutting machines are essential for achieving
accurate and efficient metal cutting in various industrial applications.

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Figure 3.3 - CNC PLASMA MACHINE

Figure 3.4 - CNC PLASMA CUTTING

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 CHAPTER - 4

PARTS OF CNC MACHINE

A CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine comprises various components that work
together to perform precise machining operations.

1. Machine Bed
Function: Provides the structural foundation and rigidity for the entire machine.
Material: Usually made from cast iron or a similarly rigid material to dampen vibrations.
2. Spindle
Function: Rotates the cutting tool or workpiece, depending on the type of CNC machine.
Types: Can be horizontal or vertical, depending on the machine design.
3. Control Panel
Function: The interface where the operator inputs commands, starts, and stops the
machine.
Components: May include a touchscreen, buttons, and switches.
4. CNC Controller
Function: The computer or microcontroller that interprets G-code and controls the
machine's movements.
Key Elements: Includes software for programming and real-time operation.
5. Axes
Function: Provide movement and positioning for the cutting tool or workpiece.
Types: Typically labeled X, Y, and Z for three-axis machines; additional axes (A, B, C) for
more complex machines.
Components: Include linear guides, ball screws, and motors.
6. Motors
Function: Drive the movement of the machine's axes and spindle.
Types: Stepper motors or servo motors, depending on the precision and speed required.
7. Cutting Tools
Function: Perform the actual material removal process.
Types: End mills, drills, lathes, plasma torches, laser beams, etc., depending on the CNC
machine type.

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Figure 4.1 - CNC MACHINE PARTS

Figure 4.2 - CNC CUTTING WORK

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8. Workholding Devices
Function: Secure the workpiece in place during machining.
Types: Vices, clamps, chucks, fixtures, and jigs.
9. Tool Changer
Function: Automatically switches between different tools during the machining process.
Types: Carousel or linear tool changers, depending on the machine design.
10. Coolant System
Function: Provides lubrication and cooling to the cutting tool and workpiece.
Components: Pump, reservoir, and delivery nozzles.
11. Chip Management System
Function: Removes metal shavings and debris from the machining area.
Components: Chip conveyor, augers, and chip trays.
12. Feedback Devices
Function: Provide real-time data to ensure precision and accuracy.
Types: Encoders, resolvers, and linear scales.
13. Safety Enclosures
Function: Protect the operator from moving parts and debris.
Material: Usually made from transparent polycarbonate or metal.
14. Power Supply
Function: Provides the necessary electrical power for the machine's operation.
Components: Transformers, inverters, and power distribution units.
15. Lubrication System
Function: Keeps moving parts well-lubricated to reduce wear and friction.
Components: Pumps, reservoirs, and delivery lines.
16. Human-Machine Interface (HMI)
Function: Allows the operator to interact with the CNC system.
Components: Screens, keyboards, and input devices for programming and operation.

Each part plays a crucial role in the overall functionality of the CNC machine, ensuring
precision, efficiency, and reliability in various machining operations.

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 CHAPTER - 5

HOW CNC WORKS

1. Design and Programming

CAD Design: Create a digital design of the part using CAD (Computer-Aided Design)
software. CAM Software: Import the CAD design into CAM (Computer-Aided
Manufacturing) software to generate toolpaths and convert them into G-code, the
machine's programming language.

2. Loading the Program

Transfer G-code: Transfer the G-code to the CNC machine’s controller via a network, USB
drive, or other methods.
Verify Code: Check and verify the G-code for errors or issues before starting the machining
process.
3. Machine Setup
Mount Workpiece: Securely mount the raw material or workpiece onto the machine bed
using workholding devices such as clamps, vices, or chucks.
Install Tools: Load the necessary cutting tools into the machine’s spindle or automatic tool
changer.
4. Machine Calibration
Set Origin (Zeroing): Calibrate the machine to establish the starting point (origin) for the
workpiece. This ensures that all movements are accurate relative to this point.
Tool Offset: Measure and set the tool offset, which is the distance between the tool tip and
the workpiece surface, to ensure precision during cutting.
5. Starting the Machining Process
Initiate Program: Start the CNC machine and begin the execution of the G-code program.
Movement Control: The machine’s controller directs the motors to move the tool and
workpiece along the specified axes (X, Y, Z, and possibly additional axes) according to the G-
code instructions.
6. Cutting Operations
Material Removal: The cutting tool removes material from the workpiece by following the
programmed toolpaths, performing operations such as milling, drilling, turning, or cutting.
Coolant Application: Coolant may be applied to reduce heat, lubricate the cutting area, and
extend tool life.

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 Figure 5.1 - CAD DESIGN

Figure 5.2 - CNC PROGRAMME CUTTING

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7. Monitoring and Adjustments
Real-Time Monitoring: The operator monitors the machining process through the machine
interface, ensuring that the operation runs smoothly.
Adjustments: If necessary, adjustments can be made to the feed rates, spindle speeds, or tool
positions to optimize the process.
8. Tool Changes
Automatic Tool Change: If the job requires multiple tools, the machine’s automatic tool
changer will switch tools as specified in the G-code.
Manual Tool Change: For machines without an automatic tool changer, the operator
manually changes the tools when required.
9. Finishing Operations
Secondary Processes: After primary machining, secondary processes like deburring,
polishing, or cleaning might be performed to achieve the desired finish and tolerance.
10. Completion and Inspection
Part Removal: Once machining is complete, the finished part is removed from the machine
bed.
Quality Inspection: The part is inspected for accuracy and quality using visual checks,
measurements, and precision instruments to ensure it meets specifications.
11. Repeatability
Batch Production: For multiple parts, the CNC machine can repeat the same process,
ensuring high consistency and precision in each part produced.

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 CHAPTER - 6

ABOUT TURNING

Turning is a fundamental machining process that involves rotating a workpiece while a cutting
tool removes material to shape it into the desired form. This process is primarily used to create
cylindrical parts and can be performed on various types of CNC (Computer Numerical Control)
machines, including lathes and turning centers.

6.1 : Overview of Turning

Process: In turning, the workpiece is clamped onto a rotating spindle, and a stationary
cutting tool is fed into the material to remove layers and shape the workpiece.
Primary Use: Turning is used to create symmetrical, round or cylindrical parts with external
and internal features such as grooves, threads, and tapers.
Machines Used: CNC lathes and CNC turning centers, which can handle simple to complex
operations and often include multiple axes for enhanced capability.

6.2 : Key Turning Operations

1.Facing:
Description: Cutting across the end of the workpiece to create a flat surface.
Purpose: Prepares the workpiece for subsequent operations and ensures a smooth
surface.
2.Parting (Cutoff):
Description: Cutting a piece from the main workpiece or cutting off a finished part.
Purpose: Separates a section of the material or finishes a part from the remaining stock.
3.Grooving:
Description: Creating a groove or channel on the external or internal surface of the
workpiece.
Purpose: Used for retaining rings, seals, or specific design features.

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 Figure 6.1 - FACING OPERATION

Figure 6.2 - PARTING OPERATION

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4. Threading:
Description: Cutting threads on the internal or external surface.
Purpose: Creates threaded features for fasteners or screw-like components.
5. Boring:
Description: Enlarging an existing hole or cavity in the workpiece.
Purpose: Achieves precise diameters and internal surface finishes.
6. Drilling:
Description: Creating holes using a drill bit.
Purpose: Adds holes for fasteners, assembly, or other purposes.

Figure 6.3 - THREADING OPERATION

Figure 6.4 - BORING OPERATION

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 CONCLUSION

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines represent a cornerstone of modern

manufacturing, revolutionizing industries with their precision, efficiency, and versatility. By
automating the control of machine tools through programmed commands, CNC machines enable
the production of complex parts with tight tolerances that would be challenging or impossible to
achieve manually. From CNC milling and turning to routing and plasma cutting, these machines
offer a broad spectrum of capabilities suited to various materials and applications.

The integration of CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing)

software empowers engineers and manufacturers to design intricate components and convert
these designs into precise toolpaths and commands that CNC machines execute flawlessly. This
seamless workflow not only accelerates production times but also ensures consistency and
repeatability across batches of parts.

Advancements in CNC technology continue to expand the boundaries of what is possible in

manufacturing, enhancing productivity while maintaining high standards of quality.
Industries ranging from aerospace and automotive to healthcare and consumer electronics
rely on CNC machines to deliver innovative solutions and meet evolving market demands.

As CNC machines evolve with developments in robotics, artificial intelligence, and automation,
they promise to further optimize production processes, minimize waste, and elevate
manufacturing capabilities to new heights. Embracing CNC technology not only enhances
competitiveness but also paves the way for future innovations in the global manufacturing
landscape.

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 REFERENCE

1. Mr. Sanjay Raut - Pune Vidyarthi Gruh - [CNC Machine]

2. Mr. Jitendra Kulkarni - Standard Publisher - [CNC Lathe Machine]
3. Antech Technology - [Advance CNC Machine]

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