DRAMA PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL THEATRE

ASSOCIATION (PETA)
- Comes from the Greek Word, "Dran"
(Etymologically) ● Promotes theatre education
● Before, their plays are being performed in
- Means "To do" or "To Dulaang Rajah Sulayman in Fort Santiago,
Intramuros, Manila
Act"

- The Doing/Acting Makes Drama

TWO TYPES OF DRAMA: THE TRAGEDY AND

COMEDY

● • Tragedy is a form of drama in which

events lead to the downfall of the main
character, often a person of great
significance, like a king or hero. One of the
best examples of tragedy is Oedipus Rex by
Sophocles.

● Comedy, on the other hand, is a form of

drama that has a happy ending. Humor
comes from the dialogue and situations in
the play. An example of this is a comic play
entitled, "The Frogs" written by Orchestra
Aristophanes. - The orchestra (literally, "dancing space")
was normally circular. It was a level space
Elements of Drama where the chorus would dance, sing, and
interact with the actors who were on the
● Playwright- the author of a play stage near the skene.
● Actors- the people who perform
● Acts- the units of action Theatron
● Scenes- parts of the acts - The theatron (literally, "viewing-place") is
where the spectators sat. The theatron was
MUSICALE usually part of hillside overlooking the
- A play where music is an integral part. orchestra, and often wrapped around a
ANDREW LLOYD WEBER'S "CATS" large portion of the orchestra (see the
diagram above.
“CATS”
● Largely made up of songs and dances with SKENE
few dialogue scenes. - The skene was directly in back of the
● "PHANTOM OF THE OPERA" stage, and was usually decorated as a
palace, temple, or other building,
THEATRE OF THE ABSURD - depending on the needs of the play.
- Human beings react to a world like a puppet
controlled by invisible outside forces.
PARADOS THRUST STAGE THEATRES
- The parodos (literally, "passageways") are - Thrust stage theatres are those in which the
the paths by which the stage thrusts out from one side of the space
- chorus and some actors (such as those into the midst of the audience. They are
representing messengers or people also known as o pen stage theatres and
- returning from abroad) made their entrances sometimes as courtyard theatres.
and exits. The audience also used
- them to enter and exit the theater before ARENA THEATRES
and after the performance. - Arena theatres are those that have an
audience around four sides of the stage.
"THEATRE" -
- A live performance before an audience. COMEDY
- Amusing play that echoes typical issues and
GREEK STAGE pokes fun at important people.
- Greek Stage REGION V BICOL Greek
Classicism Plays in ancient Greece were MELODRAMA
staged in amphitheaters, which were - A sensational theatre of suspense where
marked by a round stage about three the hero is spotlessly good and the innocent
quarters surrounded by the audience. Since victim is saved only at the end.
amphitheaters were very large and could FEATURES of ONE-ACT-PLAY
hold great masses of people (up to 25,000)
PLOT
- The plot of a one-act play is limited to a
THE MIDDLE AGES STAGE
single interesting episode. The plot of any
- The Middle Ages Stage Medieval plays piece of literature is a story that has been
were primarily performed during religious woven into a closely related chain of
festivities (mystery plays, morality plays). events arranged in sequence.
They were staged on wagons, which
stopped somewhere in the market place THEME
- A theme is the central idea around which
and were entirely surrounded by the
the plot revolves. It is directly stated
audience. through the playwright's instructions,
dialogues and other features. It focuses
RENAISSANCE ENGLAND STAGE on the subject of the play.
- Renaissance England Stage The
SETTING
Elizabethan stage was typically found in
- Setting or location is a place where the
public theatres, i.e., plays were no longer story takes place. A drama is meant for
performed outside. However, the stage performance, the location or setting
Elizabethan theatre was still an open-air is revealed through effective use of a
theatre as the lack of artificial lighting made variety of props.
daylight necessary for performances.
LANGUAGE
- The dialogues of the playwright use
RESTORATION PERIOD STAGE techniques like projection, articulation and
- Restoration Period Stage enteenth and phrasing for effective communication.
eighteenth Theatres of the seventeenth
centuries were considerably smaller than CHARACTERS
the Elizabethan theatre (they held around - There are a limited number of characters
in one-act plays. There are two types of
500 people), and performances took place
characters-main and supporting.
in closed rooms with artificial lighting.
LITERARY DEVICES USED in DRAMA INTERTEXUALITY
- Intertextuality is the modeling of a text's
1. SYMBOLISM meaning by another text. It is defined as the
● Refers to when a symbol, such as an object, connections between language, images,
color, person or place, is used to represent characters, themes, oг subjects depending
an abstract idea or concept. on their similarities in language, genre or
discourse.

2. Monologue and Soliloquy The definition of intertextuality was created by the

● Monologue: French semiotician Julia Kristeva in the 1960s.
- A long speech delivered by a character to She created the term from the Latin word
other characters or the audience. intertexto, which means weaving." "to intermingle
● Soliloquy: while
- A character speaks their thoughts
aloud, typically when alone, INTERTEXT VS. PLAGIARISM
revealing inner feelings. - intertextuality does not require citing or
referencing punctuation (such as quotation
marks) and is often mistaken for plagiarism
(Ivanic, 1998)
3. DRAMATIC IRONY
- When the audience knows something the Appropriation
characters do not, creating tension or - Borrowing from another text
humor. - Adaptation (old becomes new)
- Reuse
- Reinterpretation
- Reimagining an existing text and making it
4. FIGURES of SPEECH new
● Definition: Literary tools that convey
meanings creatively. Parody
● Common Types in Drama:
- A funny imitation of a serious piece of
○ Metaphor: Comparing two things literature, writing, art or music
without using "like" or "as". - "Pokes fun" at something to entertain the
■ Example: "All the world’s a audience/reader
stage..." (As You Like It). - Satire = mocks or ridicules something to
○ Simile: Comparing two things using make a social or political change.
"like" or "as".
■ Example: “As merry as the Sociological Criticism approach understands
day is long” (Much Ado literature in its larger cultural, economic and
About Nothing). political context in which it is written or received. It
○ Hyperbole: Exaggeration for also analyses how literature works in society
emphasis. because literature is the reflection of society.
■ Example: “I will wait till all
eternity” (Romeo and Juliet). 1. Marxist criticism - focuses on the
economic and political elements of arts
often emphasizing the ideological content of
literature.
Marxist Perspective- Marxist Perspective is an
approach that examines literature for its reflections
on how dominant elites exploit subordinate groups,
how people become "alienated" from each other,
and how middle class values lead to the control and
suppression of the working classes.

2. Feminist literary criticism - is a literary

criticism informed by the feminist theory, or
more broadly, by the politics of feminism.

Feminist Perspective - Feminist Perspective is an

approach that typically sees literature as an arena
in which to contest for power and control and thus
an agent for social transformation.