22POP13/23 Module 4

Principles of Programming using C

Module 4 (Part 1)
Strings and Pointers: Introduction, string taxonomy, operations on strings, Miscellaneous string
and character functions, arrays of strings. Pointers: Introduction to pointers, declaring pointer
variables, Types of pointers, Passing arguments to functions using pointers.

STRINGS
• String is a NULL character ('\0') terminated sequence of characters enclosed inside
double quotes.
• ‘\0’ is also called as string delimiter.

Length of a string
• Number of characters stored in string till the delimiter \0,exclude \0 (NULL character).

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Explain how strings are declared and initialized. (June 2017/Jan 20)
Declaring String Variable
Syntax:
char stringname[size];

• Size of the string should always be number of characters plus 1 because string should end
with '\0'.
Example: char name[20]; where name can store up to 20 characters.
Syntax:
char stringname[number of strings][number of characters];

Example: char name[5][20]; where name can store up to 5 strings and each string can have 20
characters.

Initialization of strings
• Storing characters in character array when they are declared.
Ex:
1: char str[6] = {‘I’,‘N’,‘D’,‘I’,‘A’,‘\0’};
2: char str[ ] = {‘I’,‘N’,‘D’,‘I’,‘A’,‘\0’};
3: char str[6] = “INDIA”;
In above example 3, we are declaring an array that has five characters, namely, I, N, D, I, and A.
Apart from these characters, a null character ('\0') is stored at the end of the string. So, the
internal representation of the string becomes INDIA '\0'. To store a string of length 5, we need 5
+ 1 locations (1 extra for the null character).

4. char str[10] = “INDIA”;

5: char str[ ] = “INDIA”;
Here, NULL character is automatically added by the compiler

• The following declaration is illegal.

char str[3] = “GOOD”;

• Storing strings in two dimensions of character array when they are declared.

Example1: char str[2][4]={“ABC”, “XY”};

Example2: char str[ ][4]={“ABC”,“XY”};

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Explain I/O functions for strings.(Jan 21)
READING A STRING
If we declare a string by writing char str[100]; Then str can be read in following ways:
a) scanf()
Syntax:
scanf(“control string”,argument1,argument2,….);

• The control string %s is used without & in arguments.

Ex: char str[20];
scanf(“%s”,str);
• We can specify the field width in the form %ws for reading a specified number of
characters.
Ex: scanf(“%5s”,str);
• The field width w should be large enough to contain the input data size. When w is less ,
the excess characters in the input will be truncated.
• The main difficulty of using this function is that the function terminates as soon as it
finds a blank space. For example, if the user enters Hello World, then the str will contain
only Hello.
• Below example is used to read a line including white spaces using format specification
%[..] known as edit set conversion code.
char str[100];
………
scanf(“%[^\n]”,str);

b) gets()
Reads a string from keyboard including white space. The string inputted using gets() is
automatically terminated with a null character.
Syntax:
gets(stringname);

Example:
char str[20];
………
gets(str);

c) getchar(),getch() or getche()
Syntax: charactername=getchar();
Strings can also be read by calling the getchar() function repeatedly to read a sequence of single
characters (unless a terminating character is entered) and simultaneously storing it in a character
array as shown below.

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i=0;
ch = getchar();// Get a character
while(ch != '*')
{
str[i] = ch;
i++;
ch = getchar();
}
str[i] = '\0';// Terminate str with null character
PRINTING A STRING
a) printf()
• Strings can be displayed using printf() by writing
printf("%s", str);
• We use the format specifier %s to output a string.
• We may also use width and precision specifications along with %s.
For example,
printf ("%5.3s", str);
The above statement would print only the first three characters in a total field of five
characters.
b)puts()
Syntax:
puts(stringname);
• This is unformatted output statement to display a string.
• Control string is not used.
Example:
char str[20];
………
puts(str);
Example Program:
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char s1[100];
printf("Enter string\n");
gets(s1);
puts(s1);
}
Output:
Enter string
Hello
Hello
c) putchar() Strings can also be displayed by calling the putchar() function repeatedly to print a
sequence of single characters as shown below.

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i=0;
while(str[i] != '\0')
{
putchar(str[i]);// Print the character on the screen
i++;
}
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Explain string manipulation functions.(June 2018/Jan2018/June 2017/Jan 2017/June 2016)

Define a string. Explain any 4 string library functions with syntax and example.(July 19)

STRING HANDLING/MANIPULATION FUNCTIONS:

C programming language provides a set of pre-defined functions called string handling

functions to work with strings. We have to include <string.h> header file that contains various
predefined string handling functions.
1. Finding length of a string
strlen()
2 Reverse a string
strrev()
3. Copy a string
strcpy(), strncpy()
4. Conacatenate (combining/joining) strings
strcat(),strncat()
5. Compare strings
strcmp(), strncmp()
6. Extracting substring
strstr()
7. Converting a string
strupr(), strlwr()

1. FINDING LENGTH OF A STRING strlen()

• defined in string.h and returns the length of string

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• Syntax
strlen(stringname);

• Example:
strlen(“INDIA”);
Above statement returns 5

Example program to find length of string using strlen()

#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[ ]=“Programming”;
printf("Length of the string is %d\n",strlen(str));
}

Output:
Length of the string is 11

2. REVERSE A STRING strrev()

• defined in string.h and returns a given string in reverse.
• Syntax
strrev(stringname);

• Example:
strrev(“INDIA”);
Above statement returns AIDNI
Example program using strrev()
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[ ]= "programming";
printf("The reversed string is %d\n", strrev(str));
}
Output:
The reversed string is gnimmargorp

3. COPY A STRING

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• There are two converting functions strcpy() and strncpy().

strcpy()
• This function copies the contents of source string to destination string.
• Syntax
strcpy(dest, source);
Example:
char s1[ ] = “Morning”
char s2[ ]= “Good”
strcpy(s1,s2);
Above statement returns
s1=Good
Example program using strcpy()
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[10],s2[10];
printf("Enter first string\n");
gets(s1);
printf("Enter second string\n");
gets(s2);
strcpy(s1,s2);
printf("Copied Sting is = %s",s1);
}

Output
Enter first string Programming
Enter second string Problem
Copied Sting is = Problem

strncpy()
• This function allows us to copy first 'n' character from one string to another.
• Syntax
strcnpy(dest, source,n);

• Example

char s1[ ] = “Morning”

char s2[ ]= “Good”
strncpy(s1,s2,2)
Above statement returns

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s1=Go
Example program using strncpy()
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[10],s2[10];
printf("Enter first string\n");
gets(s1);
printf("Enter second string\n");
gets(s2);
strncpy(s1,s2,4);
printf("Copied Sting is = %s",s1);
}
Output
Enter first string Programming
Enter second string Problem
Copied Sting is = Prob

4. CONACTENATE A STRING
• There are two concatenating functions strcat() and strncat().
strcat()
• defined in string.h and used to join two strings together.
• Syntax
strcat(dest, source);
• Example:
char s1[ ] = “good”;
char s2[ ] = “morning”;
strcat(s1,s2);
Above statement returns
s1=goodmorning
Example program using strcat()
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[10],s2[10];
printf("Enter first string\n");
gets(s1);

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printf("Enter second string\n");

gets(s2);
strcat(s1,s2);
printf("Combined Sting is= %s",s1);
}
Output
Enter first string Programming
Enter second string Problem
Combined Sting is=ProgrammingProblem
strncat()
• defined in string.h and concatenates first n characters of source string to destination
string.
• Syntax
strncat(dest,source,n);

• Example:
char s1[ ] = “good”;
char s2[ ] = “morning”;
strncat(s1,s2,4);
Above statement returns
s1=goodmorn
Example program using strncat()
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

void main()
{
char str1[100], str2[100];
printf("Enter first string\n");
gets(str1);
printf("Enter second string\n");
gets(str2);
strncat(str1, str2, 2);
printf("Concatenated string is %s\n", str1);
}
Output:
Enter first string
hai
Enter second string
hello
Concatenated string is haihe
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5. COMPARE STRINGS
• There are two comparing functions strcmp() and strncmp().
strcmp()
• The library function strcmp(s1, s2) which is defined in string.h compares string s1 with
s2.
• It returns one among the following three values by subtracting ASCII values of string s2
from string s1.
• Positive integer – When ASCII value of string s1 is greater than the ASCII value of string
s2.
• Negative integer – When ASCII value of string s1 is smaller than the ASCII value of
string s2.
• Zero – When S1 and S2 are equal
• Syntax
result=strcmp(s1, s2);
Example 1
char s1[ ] = “AB”
char s2[ ]= “AE”
strcmp(s1,s2)
Above statement returns -3 i.e., s1<s2
Example 2
char s1[ ] = “ZA”
char s2[ ]= “AF”
strcmp(s1,s2)
Above statement returns 25 i.e., s1>s2
Example 3
char s1[ ] = “AA”
char s2[ ]= “AA”
strcmp(s1,s2)
Above statement returns 0 i.e., s1=s2

Example program using strcmp()

#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str1[100], str2[100];
int result;
printf("Enter first string\n");
scanf("%s", str1);
printf("Enter second string\n");
scanf("%s", str2);
result = strcmp(str1, str2);
if (result == 0)

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printf("Strings are equal");

else if (result > 0)
printf("First string is greater than second string\n");
else
printf("First string is less than second string\n");
}
Output1:
Enter first string
hai
Enter second string
hai
Strings are equal
Output2:
Enter first string
HAI
Enter second string
hai
First string is less than second string
Output3:
Enter first string
hai
Enter second string
Hai
First string is greater than second string
strncmp():
• This function allows us to compare first 'n' characters from one string with those in
another.
• Syntax:
result= strncmp(s1, s2, n);

• Example:
char s1[ ] = “AACD”
char s2[ ]= “AA”
strncmp(s1,s2,2)
Above statement returns 0 i.e., s1=s2

strcmpi()
• The strcmpi() function is same as that of the strcmp() function but the only difference is
that strcmpi() function is not case sensitive and on the other hand strcmp() function is the
case sensitive.
• Syntax:
strcmpi(dest, source);

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• Example:
strcmpi(s1, s2);

6. EXTRACTING SUBSTRING strstr()

• It is used to locate substring in a string.
• Syntax
strstr(string1,string2);

Example: strstr(s1, “ABC”);

It will search if “ABC” is present in s1. If yes, returns the first occurrence of the substring
till the end of the string. Otherwise returns NULL.
Example program using strstr()
#include<stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char str[100]="C programming for problem solving";
printf("\nSubstring is: %s", strstr(str,"for"));
}
Output:
Substring is: for problem solving

7.CONVERTING A STRING
• There are two converting functions strupr() and strlwr().
[Note: These are only available in ANSI C (Turbo C/C++) and are not available in the
standard C-GCC compiler.]
strlwr()
• defined in string.h and returns given string in lowercase.
• Syntax
strlwr(stringname);

• Example:
strlwr(“INDIA”);
Above statement returns india
strupr()
• defined in string.h and returns given string in uppercase.
• Syntax
strupr(stringname);

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• Example:
strupr(“india”);
Above statement returns INDIA
Example program using strlwr():
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[ ]=“PROGRAMMING”;
printf(“The converted string is %d\n",strlwr(str));
}
Output:The converted string is programming

Example program using strupr():

#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[ ]=“programming”;
printf(“The converted string is %d\n",strupr(str));
}
Output:
The converted string is PROGRAMMING
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Write a program to find length of string without using built in function strlen(). (Appeared
in June 2018)
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[100];
int i;
printf("Enter string\n");
scanf("%s",str);
i=0;
while(str[i]!='\0')
{
i++;
}
printf("Length of the string is %d\n",i);
}
Output:
Enter string
Hello
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Length of the string is 5

//Same program with for loop

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[100];
int i;
printf("Enter string\n");
scanf("%s",str);
for (i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++);
printf("The length of %s is %d\n", str, i);
}
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Q) Write a program to reverse a given string without using built in function strrev().
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[100],s2[100];
int length,i,j=0;
printf("Enter string\n");
scanf("%s",s1);
length=strlen(s1);
for(i=length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
s2[j]=s1[i];
j++;
}
s2[j]='\0';
printf(“Reversed string = %s”, s2);
}
Output:
Enter string
CPS
Reversed string = SPC

Q) Write a program to reverse a string without using built in function strrev() and check
for palindrome. (June 2014)
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
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{
char s1[100],s2[100];
int length, result,i,j=0;
printf("Enter string\n");
scanf("%s",s1);
length=strlen(s1);
for(i=length-1;i>=0;i--)
{
s2[j]=s1[i];
j++;
}
s2[j]='\0';
printf("Reversed string is %s\n",s2);
result=strcmp(s1,s2);
if(result==0)
printf("Palindrome");
else
printf("Not Palindrome");
}

Output:
Enter string
wow
Reversed string is wow
Palindrome
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Q)Write a program to copy one string to another without using built in function and count
the no.of characters.(July 19)
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char s1[100], s2[100];
int i;
printf("Enter string\n");
scanf("%s",s1);
for (i = 0; s1[i] != '\0'; i++)
{
s2[i] = s1[i];
}
s2[i] = '\0';
printf("Copied string is %s\n", s2);
printf(“No.of copied characters are % d\ n”, i);
}

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Output:
Enter string
Hello
Copied string is Hello
No. of copied characters are 5
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Write a program to concatenate two strings without using built in function strcat().
(Appeared in June 2017/June 2016)

#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

void main()
{
char str1[100], str2[100];
int i, j;
printf("Enter first string\n");
scanf("%s", str1);
printf("Enter second string\n");
scanf("%s", str2);
for (i = 0; str1[i] != '\0'; i++);
for (j = 0; str2[j] != '\0'; j++, i++)
{
str1[i] = str2[j];
}
str1[i] = '\0';
printf("Concatenated string is %s\n", str1);
}
Output:
Enter first string
Good
Enter second string
Morning
Concatenated string is GoodMorning

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Write a program to compare strings without using built in function strcmp(). [appeared in
June 2018]
#include <stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

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#include<stdlib.h>

void main()
{
char str1[100], str2[100];
int i, length1, length2;
printf("Enter first string\n");
scanf("%s", str1);
printf("Enter second string\n");
scanf("%s", str2);
length1 = strlen(str1);
length2 = strlen(str2);
if (length1 != length2)
printf("Strings are different\n");
else
{
for (i = 0; str1[i] != '\0'; i++)
{
if (str1[i] != str2[i])
{
printf("Strings are different\n");
exit(0);
}
}
printf("Strings are equal\n");
}
}

Output:

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Arithmetic Operations on Characters:
C allows us to manipulate characters the same way we do with numbers.
ASCII value of a…z is 97 to 122.
ASCII value of A…Z is 65 to 91.
Egi):char x=’a’;
printf(“%d”,x); //will print 97 because ASCII value of a is 97.
ii)x=’z’-1; //It will assign 121 to x because ASCII value of z is 122

[Note:

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• The library functions toupper() and tolower() which are defined in ctype.h convert a
character into upper and lower case, respectively.
• The library functions isalpha() and isdigit() which are defined in ctype.h check whether
a character is alphabet and digit, respectively.
]
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Q) Write a C program that read a sentence and print frequency of vowels and total count
of consonants.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>

void main() {
char str[100];
int i = 0, va = 0, ve = 0, vi = 0, vo = 0, vu = 0, c = 0;
printf("Enter any string\n");
gets(str);
for (i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++)
{
if (isalpha(str[i]))
{
switch (tolower(str[i]))
{
case 'a':
va++;
break;
case 'e':
ve++;
break;
case 'i':
vi++;
break;
case 'o':
vo++;
break;
case 'u':
vu++;
break;
default:
c++;

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}
}
}
printf("a :%d\n", va);
printf("e :%d\n", ve);
printf("i :%d\n", vi);
printf("o :%d\n", vo);
printf("u :%d\n", vu);
printf("no. of consonants=%d\n", c);
}

Output:
Enter any string
VCET Puttur.
a :0
e :1
i :0
o :0
u :2
no. of consonants=7
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Q)Write a Program to count number of vowels and consonants.(Jan 21)
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[100];
int i=0, vowels=0,consonant=0;
printf("Enter any string\n");
gets(str);
while(str[i]!='\0')
{
if(str[i]=='a' || str[i]=='e' || str[i]=='i'|| str[i]=='o' || str[i]=='u' || str[i]=='A' || str[i]=='E' ||
str[i]=='I' ||str[i]=='O'|| str[i]=='U')
vowels++;
else
consonant++;

i++;
}
printf("No.of vowels is %d\n",vowels);
printf("No.of consonant is %d\n",consonant);
}
Output:

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Enter a string
Hello
No.of vowels is 2
No.of consonants is 3
//using switch-case

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>

void main() {
char str[100];
int i = 0, vowels = 0, consonants = 0;
printf("Enter any string\n");
gets(str);
for (i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++)
{
if (isalpha(str[i]))
{
switch (tolower(str[i]))
{
case 'a':
case 'e':
case 'i':
case 'o':
case 'u':
vowels++;
break;
default:
consonants++;
}
}
}
printf("no. of vowels=%d\n", vowels);
printf("no. of consonants=%d\n", consonants);
}
Output:
Enter any string
C programming.
no. of vowels=3

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no. of consonants=9
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Q)Write a program to read two strings s1 and s2 and compare whether they are equal or
not.If they are not, join them together.Then copy the contents of s1 to s3. Print and find the
length of all the three strings.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

void main() {
char s1[100], s2[100], s3[100];
int result, l1, l2, l3;
printf("Enter two strings\n");
scanf("%s%s", s1, s2);
result = strcmp(s1, s2);
if (result != 0)
{
printf("Strings are not equal\n");
strcat(s1, s2);
} else
printf("Strings are equal\n");

strcpy(s3, s1);
l1 = strlen(s1);
l2 = strlen(s2);
l3 = strlen(s3);
printf("Length of %s is %d\n", s1, l1);
printf("Length of %s is %d\n", s2, l2);
printf("Length of %s is %d\n", s3, l3);
}
Output:

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