Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
Schools Division of Zambales
Zone 6, Iba, Zambales
Tel./Fax No. (047) 602 1391
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Website: www.deped.zambales.ph

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

BIOTECHNOLOGY
WEEK 4

I. Introduction
Generally, there are many cellular activities in which living organisms
carry out to support their survival. This includes cell division and ATP
production.

Cell Division involves the process of dividing cells in two ways: mitosis
and meiosis. These two are almost similar, however, the mechanism is
different in meiosis. Unlike in mitosis, which you already learned in the
previous lesson, meiosis divides reproductive cells or sex cells.

ATP Production is a system on how organisms supply their body with

the needed energy and how they release these stored energies from the food
they eat to utilize different cellular activities.

In your previous lessons, you studied the transport of materials in and

out of the cell and mitosis. Now, on this learning material, you are going to
learn about meiosis and the production of ATP.

II. Learning Competency

Explain different cell functions such as transport of materials, cell
division, and ATP production.

III. Objectives:
At the end of this learning activity sheet, you are expected to:

1. identify and explain the different phases of meiosis;

2. differentiate mitosis and meiosis based on the role they play in cell
division;
3. discuss the different stages of cellular respiration; and
 4. count the number of ATP produced from one glucose molecule.

IV. Discussion
Meiosis – Cellular division of Sex Cells
Most living organisms begin their life as a single cell. This cell undergoes
numerous divisions to support their continued existence such as growth,
repair of damaged cells, and reproduction. The process responsible for all
these activities is called cell division.

There are two types of cell division: mitosis, and meiosis. Mitosis focuses
on the division of somatic cells while meiosis involves the division of
reproductive cells or sex cells. Mitosis and meiosis are merely the same except
that meiosis has two stages namely; Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Also in meiosis,
the division of cells with diploid pairs of homologous chromosomes produces
four daughter cells with haploid chromosomes.

Let us now start your exploration of meiosis.

Meiosis I or Reduction Division concentrates on reducing the diploid

chromosomal number to haploid, while Meiosis II focuses on producing four
haploid daughter cells.

After gap phase 2, the cell can proceed to the meiotic division. Remember
meiosis is intended only for gamete or sex cell production as shown in the
figure below. The figures have two diploid homologous pair of chromosomes
(2N=2), bear in mind that 23 diploid homologous chromosomes pairs are
involved in this process.

A. Meiosis I

Interphase

 The cell is in the preparation stage wherein,

the cell undergoes replication including DNA and
chromosomes.
 Nucleolus is visible
 This phase happens only once.

Prophase I

 This phase has five substages, namely;

leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, and
diakinesis.

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 Chromosomes are twisted and are already evident.
 Homologous chromosomes begin to pair and twist around each other.
The pairing is called synapsis forming bivalent tetrad (four
chromatids)
 Chromosomes become shorter and thicker.
 An exchange between homologues takes place in a specific region, this
process is called crossing-over. Through this, chromosomes are
recombined (genetic recombination).
 The tetrad begins to separate after crossing-over takes place.
 The four sister chromatids become more condensed and the chiasma
(area of contact between two non-sister chromatids) becomes more
evident.

Metaphase I

 Spindle fibers are completely formed and

microtubules are attached to the centromere of the
homologous chromosomes.
 The tetrads align themselves at the equatorial plate
of the cell.
 Spindle fiber will be attached to the kinetochore of
the chromosome to enable the movement.

Anaphase I

 Chromosome in tetrad separate and migrate toward

the opposite poles.
 Since there are 46 chromosomes in humans, each
pole will have 23.

Telophase – Karyokinesis I

 The spindle fibers disintegrate

 The re-appearance of the nuclear envelope and
nucleoli takes place.

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 Telophase – Cytokinesis I

 The daughter cells are completely divided.

 Both cells contain an equal number of haploid
chromosomes.
 Nuclear envelope and nucleoli reappear.
 Complete separation of cytoplasm and
organelles.

As soon as the cytokinesis I (telophase) is done, Meiosis II will begin. In

this stage, no interphase will happen. Therefore the chromosome and DNA
will not be replicated, thus the haploid number of chromosomes in the cell
will remain. The events in Meiosis II are quite similar to mitosis. The difference
lies in the number of chromosomes that each daughter cell receives. While
the original number of chromosomes is maintained in mitosis, the
chromosome number in meiosis is reduced to half.

B. Meiosis II

Prophase II

 Nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate.

 Nucleoli are still visible.
 Centrioles are doubled.
 The sister chromatids (dyads) contract.

Metaphase II

 Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli

completely disappear.
 The centromeres are directed to the
middle part of the cell and then divide.

Anaphase II

 The sister chromatids detached and

pulled by the spindle fiber towards the opposite
poles.

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 Telophase – Karyokinesis II

 The chromatids move toward each pole,

resulting in two groups of chromosomes.
 Spindle fibers disintegrate after the
release of the chromatids, and the
reappearance of the nuclear envelope and
nucleolus.

Telophase – Cytokinesis II

 Complete separation of cytoplasm and

organelles in each daughter.
 The chromosomes uncoil and extend.
 Four haploid daughter cells are formed.

The four mature haploid daughter cells are ready to become four
sperm cells in the testes of males or three polar bodies and one egg cell
in the ovary of females.

ATP Production

In your previous science class, you have learned that the energy from the
sun is trapped by plants and is stored as chemical energy. This energy
conversion process that is performed by plants is called photosynthesis.

Plants are consumed by other organisms for food. Living organisms

convert this stored energy in food to a form that can be beneficial to them -
ATP. This process is known as cellular respiration. Before we start our
journey in the production of ATP, let us first revisit one important organelle
that you learned prior to this learning material, which is the MITOCHONDRIA.

Mitochondria are organelles mostly found in

eukaryotic cells. It is a membrane-bound
organelle distributed in the cytoplasm of a cell.
This cellular structure plays an important role in
converting potential energy from food molecules
into ATP. It has important parts as shown in
figure 1.
Figure 1. The Mitochondria

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 Now that you already know the parts of mitochondria, let us study the
role of this organelle in the production of ATP.

The Processes of Cellular Respiration

There are different chemical reactions taking place within the cells of
an organism. Many of these reactions are involved in providing energy for
cells. This lesson will focus on the reactions involved in the process of cellular
respiration.

Cellular respiration is a process in which energy is collected from food.

It has different steps namely; glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex,
Krebs’s cycle, and electron transport system.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is a series of
enzyme-controlled reactions that
takes place in the cytoplasm of
cells, which results in the
breakdown of a glucose molecule
with the release of electrons and
the formation of ATP.

The six-carbon sugar

glucose is split into two smaller
three-carbon molecules attached
to a phosphate group (PGAL). The
two PGAL molecules will undergo
further conversion to form two
pyruvate or pyruvic acid
molecules.

Some of the bonds holding

hydrogen atoms present in the
glucose molecule are broken, and
the electrons are picked up by Figure 2. Glycolysis
NAD+, an electron carrier
molecule, and transport it to a series of electron-transfer reactions.

There are two phases of Glycolysis:

1. Investment Phase – this happens in the cytoplasm of the cell, classified

as an anaerobic process (no presence of oxygen) and requires input
energy in the form of 2 ATPs per glucose molecule, in which this energy
makes the glucose unstable and can be easily broken down.

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 2. Pay Off Phase – 4 ATPs are formed from 2 glyceraldehyde molecules.

The result of Glycolysis is two pyruvate molecules which can be used by

the Citric Acid cycle if oxygen is present, or can be reduced to lactate or
ethanol in the absence of oxygen in a process known as fermentation, which
can either be lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Table 1. Showing the summary of glycolysis

Summary of Glycolysis
Stage Input Output ATP
Investment 1 Glucose 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-carbon - 2 ATP
Stage (6 carbon sugar) phosphate (3 carbons) (Used)
Pay Off 2 Glyceraldehyde- 2 pyruvate/Pyruvic acids + 4 ATP
Stage 3-phosphate (gained)

2 NAD+ 2 NADH
Net ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) +2 ATP

In eukaryotes, if there is a presence of oxygen in the cell, the pyruvate

will undergo aerobic respiration. However, if the cell has no enough oxygen,
the pyruvate will undergo anaerobic respiration.

On the other hand, in prokaryotes, some do not perform aerobic

respiration because they do not have the necessary enzyme to carry out the
Krebs cycle and ETC.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase Complex

After the pyruvic acid enters the

mitochondrion, it is acted immediately by an
enzyme, together with a molecule known as Acetyl
Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA). This reaction is known
as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex as shown in
figure 3.

Figure 3. Breakdown of
pyruvic acid
Krebs Cycle

Krebs cycle, also known as Citric Acid Cycle, is an enzyme-controlled

reaction that takes place in the mitochondrion that completes the breakdown
of Acetyl CoA from pyruvic acid/pyruvate oxidation with the release of carbon
dioxide, electron, and ATP.

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 The Acetyl CoA enters a series of reactions known as the Krebs Cycle.
In this process, the Acetyl CoA is systematically dismantled by the removal of
its hydrogen atoms and the release of carbon dioxide from carbons.

Figure 4. Krebs Cycle

Table 2. Showing the summary of Krebs Cycle

Summary of Krebs Cycle

Input Chemicals 2 Acetyl CoA (2 carbons)
6 NAD+
2 FAD
2 ADP
Output Chemicals 4 Carbon Dioxide
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The electron transport chain is a series of an enzyme-controlled process

associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that converts the
kinetic energy of hydrogen electrons to ATP. These electrons are from
glycolysis, and the Krebs Cycle by NADH and FADH2 which are carried to the
electron transport system. Here, the carried electrons and the hydrogen ions
are released. The released hydrogen ions help in building the hydrogen ion
gradient in the intermembrane compartment. As the freed electrons passed

8
from one carrier to another, energy is released. When electrons lose energy,
additional protons are directed to the intermediate space. And this process
creates a concentration gradient which is essential for the ATP Production.
See Figure 5.

Figure 5. Electron Transport System

Table 3.1 Summary of Electron Transport Chain for Eukaryotes

Computation of ATP for Eukaryotes
From Number of NADH/FADH2 Number of
(Note: 1 NADH= 3 ATP, 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP) ATP produced
Glycolysis 2 NADH is converted to 2 FADH2

2 FADH2 x 2 4 ATP
Pyruvate 2 NADH x 3 6 ATP
Dehydrogenase
Krebs Cycle 6 NADH x 3 18 ATP
2 FADH2 4 ATP
Total ATP 32 ATP

An important thing to REMEMBER: The NADH produced in glycolysis of

EUKARYOTES (not applicable to prokaryotes) SHOULD BE CONVERTED to
FADH2 because NADH will not pass through the membrane of the
mitochondrion.

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Table 3.2 Summary of Electron Transport Chain for Prokaryotes

Computation of ATP for Prokaryotes

From Number of NADH/FADH2 Number of
(Note: 1 NADH= 3 ATP, 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP) ATP produced
Glycolysis 2 NADH

2 NADH x 3 6 ATP
Pyruvate 2 NADH x 3 6 ATP
Dehydrogenase
Krebs Cycle 6 NADH x 3 18 ATP
2 FADH2 x 2 4 ATP
Total ATP 34 ATP

Table 4. Summary of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Stage Input Chemical Output Chemical Number of ATP
Produced
Glycolysis 1 Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 ATP
2 NADH
Pyruvate Pyruvate Acetyl CoA 0 ATP
Dehydrogenase 2 FADH2
2 CO2
Krebs Cyc Acetyl CoA 6 NADH 2 ATP
le 2 FADH2
4 CO2
Electron NADH ATP 32/34 ATP
Transport Chain FADH2 6 H2O
6 O2
Summary 1 Glucose 6 O2 36/38 ATP
6 O2 6 H2O

Table 5. Summary of Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Alcoholic Fermentation
Stages Input Chemical Output Chemical Number of ATP
produced
Glycolysis 2 Pyruvic Acid 2 alcohol 2 ATP
2 NADH 2 CO2
2 NAD

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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Stages Input Chemical Output Chemical Number of
ATP produced
Glycolysis 2 Pyruvic Acid 2 lactate 2 ATP
2 NADH 2 CO2
2 NAD

Cellular respiration provides our body with the much-needed energy to

carry out our day-to-day activities. It is therefore very important to eat right
and to eat healthy foods to produce the energy that our body requires.

V. Activities
General Directions: Write all your answers in your activity notebook.

A. Phases of Meiosis

Directions: Complete the table by identifying the stage of meiosis described in

the following events listed below.

Name of Phase Important events in Meiosis

1. Homologous chromosomes pair up and formed
tetrad.
2. Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to
the opposite side.
3. Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4
daughter cells formed.
4. Chromosomes line up along the equator, not in
homologous pairs.
5. Crossing-over occurs.
6. Chromatids separate.
7. Homologous chromosomes line up along the
equator.
8. The cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed.
9. Preparation stage
10. Homologous chromosomes recombined.

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B. How Your Body Makes New Cells?

Directions: Identify what stage of meiosis each image represents.

A. Count Me In!
A. Directions: With Glycolysis as the reference process, compute for the
number of each material that can be produced from three (3) glucose
molecules.

1. Phosphoglyceraldehyde - _________________________________________
2. Pyruvate - _________________________________________
3. NAD - _________________________________________
4. NADH - _________________________________________
5. Total ATP produced - _________________________________________
6. Total ATP used - _________________________________________
7. Net ATP - _________________________________________

B. Give the meaning of the following acronym.

8. ATP - __________________________________________
9. PGAL -__________________________________________
10. CO2 - _________________________________________

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B. Let’s do the MATH
Directions: With Electron Transport Chain as the reference process,
compute for the number of each material that can be produced from
three (3) glucose molecules.

1. NADH enters the ETC (eukaryote) = ______________________________

2. NADH enters the ETC (prokaryote) = ______________________________
3. FADH2 enters the ETC (eukaryote) = _______________________________
4. FADH2 enters the ETC (prokaryote) = ______________________________
5. Total ATP produced by NADH (eukaryote) = ________________________
6. Total ATP produced by NADH (prokaryote) = _______________________
7. Total ATP produced by FADH2 (eukaryote) = _______________________
8. Total ATP produced by FADH2 (prokaryote) = _______________________
9. Total ATP produced in ETC (eukaryote) = __________________________
10. Total ATP produced in ETC (eukaryote) = _______________________

C. Directions: Complete the Venn Diagram below by using the given

statements. List the similarities of Mitosis and Meiosis in the space
where two circles intersect and their differences in the outer circles.

Produce new body cells Two daughter cells

One round of cell division Daughter cells contain a haploid
number of chromosomes
Produce gametes Daughter cells are identical to
parent cells
Two rounds of cell division Four daughter cells
Undergo DNA replication Daughter cells contain a diploid
number of chromosomes
Occurs in plants and animals Create new cells
The purpose is for growth and Start with one parent cell
maintenance
Crossing – over occurs The purpose is for reproduction

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 Mitosis Meiosis

VI. Assessment
A. Directions: Carefully read the following questions. Choose the letter of
the correct answer.

1. Diploid cell: somatic cell; haploid cell: _____________

a. sperm cell b. egg cells c. nerve cell d. gametes
2. Why are there two phases of meiosis?
a. To double the number of chromosomes in each gamete.
b. To produce half of the number of chromosomes in each gamete.
c. To increase the number of chromosomes in each gamete three times.
d. To produce less number of chromosomes in each gamete.
3. Most ATP in eukaryotic cells are produced in the __________.
a. Mitochondria b. Nucleus c.Cytoplasm d. RER
4. Most ATP produced in aerobic respiration occur in the process of:
a. Glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. pyruvate hydrogenases d. ETC
5. Products of glycolysis include:
a. Pyruvate b. ATP c. NADH d. All of the above
6. Which stage of aerobic respiration requires carbon dioxide?
a. Glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. ETC d. Fermentation
7. During which phase of the meiotic cell cycle does DNA replication
occur?
a. interphase b. prophase c. metaphase d. anaphase
8. When does crossover take place in meiosis?
a. interphase b. prophase c. metaphase d. anaphase
9. During which phase of meiosis does the nuclear membrane reform
around chromosomes?
a. prophase I b. metaphase II c. anaphase I d. telophase II

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 10. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that ____________.
a. homologous chromosomes synapse
b. DNA replicates before the division
c. the daughter cells are diploid
d. the chromosome number is reduced
11. Metaphase of meiosis I and meiosis II differ in that ___________.
a. chromosomes line up at the equator
b. homologues line up in meiosis I and duplicated chromosomes line up
in meiosis II
c. sister chromatids line up in meiosis I and chromosomes line up in
meiosis II
d. there are the same number of chromosome
12. If a parent cell has 16 chromosomes and it undergoes meiosis, the
resulting cells will have how many chromosomes?
a. 64 b. 32 c. 16 d. 8
13. Which cells of the human body are made through the process of
meiosis?
a. gametes c. all cells of the body
b. somatic cells d. X and Y chromosomes
14. At which stage of meiosis do chromatids separate and become daughter
chromosomes?
a. metaphase I b. anaphase I c. metaphase II d. anaphase II
15. The process in which haploid gametes are formed in diploid organisms
is called:
a. cytokinesis b. meiosis c. mitosis d. nuclear division

VII. Reflection
Part I. Fill in the blanks of the correct answers.

Cell division and ATP production are among the many cellular activities
in which living organisms carry out to support their survival.

1.___________ involves the process of dividing cells in two ways. The first
one is, 2. ___________ which involves the division of the 3. _____________.
While 4. __________ divides 5. _______________.

6. _____________ is a system on how organisms supply its body with the

needed energy and how they release these stored energies from the food they
eat to utilize different cellular activities.

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 Part II. List at least two (2) importance of the following.

a. Cell Division

1.

2.

b. ATP Production

1.

2.

VIII. References
Aquino, Marites, Meliza Valdoz, Jan Jason Mariano, Mary Anne Bascara,
and Estrellita Madriaga. 2013. Science Links 8. 1st ed. Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Campbell, N. J. (2010). Biology 9th edition Pearson International Edition.

Benjamin Cummings Publishing.

2020. Lancaster.K12.Oh.Us.https://www.lancaster.k12.oh.us/userfiles
/714/Classes/27151/mitosisvsmeiosisvenndiagram.docx.pdf?id=5
44344.

"Cellular Respiration Webquest Dbbbb | Cellular Respiration |

Adenosine
Triphosphate".2011. Scribd.https://www.scribd.com/doc/756052
90/Cellular-Respiration-Webquest-Dbbbb.

"LR Portal". 2009. Deped LR Portal.

https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/search?filter=&search_param=all&qu
ery=BEAM+II+Unit+5%3A+Cell+Growth+and+Reproduction

Prepared by:

Michael Flor D. Favo

Teacher II
Cabangan National High School

16
 17
Reflection
Part I.
1. Cell Division 4. Meiosis
2. Mitosis 5. Reproductive cells or sex cells
3. Body or somatic cells 6. ATP production
Part II. 1. Answer will vary 2. Answer will vary 3. Answer will vary
4. Answer will vary 5. Answer will vary
Assessment Activity E
A. Mitosis Similarities Meiosis
1. D 6. C 11. C Produce new body Occurs in plants Produce gametes
cells and animals
2. B 7. A 12. D 1 round of cell Undergo DNA Two rounds of cell
3. A 8. B 13. A division replication division
4. D 9. D 14. D Daughter cells Create new cells Daughter cells
containg diploid contains haploid
5. D 10.B 15. B number of number of
chromosomes chromosomes
Daughter cells are Crossing – over
identical to parent occurs
cells
Two daughter cells Purpose is for
reproduction
Purpose is for Four daughter
growth and cells
maintenance
Activity C Activity D
1. 6 1. 24 4. 6 7. 24 10. 102
2. 6 2. 28 5. 72 8. 12
3. 6
4. 6 3. 12 6. 90 9. 96
5. 12
Activity B Activity A
6. 6
7. 6 1. Anaphase I 1. Prophase I 6. Anaphase II
8.Adenosine 2. Anaphase II
3. Prophase I 2. Anaphase I 7. Metaphase II
Triphosphate
4. Metaphase I 3. Telophase II 8. Telophase I
9.
5. Metaphase II
Phosphoglyceralde 4. Metaphase II 9. Interphase
6. Telophase I
hyde 7. Prophase II 5. Prophase I 10. Prophase I
10 .Carbon Dioxide 8. Telophase II
IX. Key to Corrections