Mosa. Shahinur Akter

Department of Public Health
Final Examination (Fall semester, 2023)

Principles of Hospital Management) (PHM) (SAQ)
Course code: 5215 sec: A, 2 years
Course teacher: Dr. Muhammad Zahangir
Batch: 52-R, 51-E, 50-E (2 year
Date: 29/12/2023
Name: Mosa. Shahinur Akter Student ID: 230100130
Phone: 01617-192951 E-mail: [email protected]
Answer to the question no. -01
(a)
"Staffing is a key to make success of an enterprise"
Staffing is a critical element in the success of any enterprise because it directly

impacts the organization's ability to achieve its goals and objectives. Here are several
reasons why staffing is key to the success of an enterprise:
1. Talent Acquisition: Skilled and motivated employees contribute significantly

to the overall productivity and efficiency of the organization.
2. Skill Match: A well-staffed enterprise aligns the skills of its workforce with the
requirements of the job, leading to better performance and outcomes.
3. Innovation and Problem Solving: A well-staffed organization is more likely
to foster creativity, innovation, and effective problem-solving, driving the
enterprise forward.
4. Adaptability: Staffing practices that prioritize flexibility and the ability to learn
new skills contribute to the enterprise's ability to adapt to changes in the
market.
5. Employee Engagement and Retention: Engaged and satisfied employees are
more likely to stay with the company, reducing turnover costs and contributing
to institutional knowledge.
In summary, staffing is a key determinant of an enterprise's success as it directly

influences the quality, productivity, and adaptability of the workforce. By investing in
effective staffing practices, organizations can create a competitive advantage and
position themselves for long-term success in a dynamic business environment.
(b)
Leadership behaviors:
Leadership behaviors can vary based on different models and theories, but here are
some commonly recognized leadership behaviors:
1. Visionary Leadership: Communicating a compelling vision for the future and

inspiring others to work towards shared goals.
2. Transformational Leadership: Motivating and empowering followers through
a focus on personal development, intellectual stimulation, and individualized
consideration.
3. Transactional Leadership: Managing through a system of rewards and
punishments, often emphasizing task completion and compliance with
established rules and procedures.
4. Servant Leadership: Prioritizing the needs of others, fostering a sense of
community, and supporting the development of individuals within the
organization.
5. Democratic Leadership: Involving team members in decision-making
processes and seeking input from the group before making important
decisions.
6. Autocratic Leadership: Centralizing decision-making authority within the
leader, with little input from subordinates.
7. Laissez-Faire Leadership: Allowing team members a high degree of
autonomy, with the leader taking a hands-off approach to decision-making.
8. Charismatic Leadership: Using personal charisma, charm, and persuasion to
influence and inspire others.
9. Adaptive Leadership: Being flexible and responsive to change, guiding the
organization through periods of uncertainty and transition.
10. Coaching Leadership: Providing guidance, feedback, and support to
help individuals develop their skills and reach their full potential.
In a nutshell, it can be said that Leadership is a complex and multifaceted concept,

and successful leaders often adapt their behaviors to suit the context and challenges
they face.
(a)
Definition of Cost: Cost is a financial measure that represents the amount of

resources, typically expressed in monetary terms, that are sacrificed or forgone to
achieve a specific objective. In business and economics, cost is a crucial concept
used to assess the value of resources consumed or investments made in the
production of goods or services.
(b)
Types of cost: There are various types of costs, including:
1. Explicit Costs: These are direct, quantifiable, out-of-pocket expenses that a

company pays for resources. Examples: Direct expenses like raw materials,
labor wages, and utility bills that involve direct monetary payments.
2. Implicit Costs: These represent the opportunity costs associated with using
resources that a company already owns. Opportunity costs associated with
using owned resources, such as the value of owner’s time or the use of
company-owned facilities.
3. Fixed Costs: Costs that do not vary with the level of production or sales.
Examples: Rent, salaries of permanent staff, insurance premiums—expenses
that do not vary with production or sales levels.
4. Variable Costs: Costs that change in proportion to the level of production or
sales. Examples include raw materials, direct labor, and utilities.
5. Direct Costs: Costs that can be directly attributed to a specific product,
service, or project. For example, the cost of materials used in manufacturing a
product.
6. Indirect Costs (Overhead): Costs that are not directly tied to a specific
product or service but are incurred for the overall operation of the business.
Examples include administrative salaries and facility maintenance.
(c)
Perspective of cost by stakeholders:
Different stakeholders in an organization may have varying perspectives on costs,

depending on their roles and interests. Here are the perspectives of key
stakeholders:
1. Management:
• Perspective: Management is concerned with controlling costs to
maximize profitability and efficiency.
• Interest: Focus on cost reduction, cost control, and optimizing resource
utilization.
2. Shareholders/Investors:
• Perspective: Shareholders are interested in the overall financial health
and profitability of the company.
• Interest: They want to see returns on their investments, and they assess
costs in terms of how they impact profits and dividends.
3. Customers:
• Perspective: Customers are concerned with the value they receive in
relation to the price they pay.
• Interest: Desire for high-quality products/services at competitive prices;
cost is a factor in their purchasing decisions.
4. Regulators and Government:
• Perspective: Regulators focus on ensuring compliance with laws and
regulations, including financial reporting standards.
• Interest: They are concerned with transparency, fair business practices,
and adherence to accounting principles.
5. Community and Society:
• Perspective: The broader community is concerned with the social and
environmental impact of business activities.
• Interest: They may assess costs in terms of environmental responsibility,
ethical practices, and contributions to the community.
(a)
Definition of Decision: A decision is a conclusion or determination reached after

careful consideration of available options, information, and alternatives. In the
context of business and management, decision-making is a cognitive process that
involves selecting a course of action from among several possible alternatives.
Definition Coordination: Coordination is the process of harmonizing and

integrating activities, tasks, and efforts within an organization to ensure that
individual and team actions align with the overall goals and objectives. It involves
creating synergy among different parts of an organization to enhance efficiency and
effectiveness.
(b)
Principles of Decision Making: The principles of decision-making provide a

framework for individuals and organizations to make effective and rational choices.
Here are some key principles:
1. Define Objectives: Clearly articulate the goals and objectives that the decision
is intended to achieve. This provides a clear direction for the decision-making
process.
2. Gather Relevant Information: Collect and analyze pertinent information
related to the decision at hand.
3. Consider Alternatives: Evaluating alternatives allows for a more
comprehensive assessment and can lead to better outcomes.
4. Assess Risks and Uncertainty: Acknowledge and evaluate the potential risks
and uncertainties associated with each decision.
5. Involve Stakeholders: Engage relevant stakeholders in the decision-making
process.
6. Decide and Take Action: Once a decision is made, take decisive action.
7. Learn from Feedback: After implementing a decision, seek feedback and
evaluate the outcomes.
8. Continuous Improvement: Regularly review and refine decision-making
processes based on experience and feedback.
By adhering to these principles, individuals and organizations can enhance the

quality of their decision-making processes, leading to more effective and successful
outcomes.
(a)
Definition of Planning: Planning is the process of setting goals, defining objectives,

and determining the most effective course of action to achieve them. It involves
thinking ahead, organizing resources, and outlining the steps required to accomplish
specific tasks or goals within a given timeframe.
(b)
Steps of Planning: Successful planning involves a series of well-defined steps to

ensure clarity of goals, effective resource allocation, and achievement of desired
outcomes. Here are the key steps in successful planning:
1. Define Goals and Objectives: Clearly articulate the specific goals and
objectives that the plan aims to achieve. Ensure that these are specific,
measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
2. Conduct a Situation Analysis: Assess the current state of affairs by
conducting a thorough analysis of internal and external factors.
3. Identify Alternatives and Options: Generate a range of possible strategies
and alternatives to achieve the established goals.
4. Evaluate and Select Strategies: Assess the strengths and weaknesses of each
alternative, considering factors such as cost, time, and resource requirements.
Select the most suitable strategies based on this evaluation.
5. Develop Action Plans: Break down the chosen strategies into detailed action
plans.
6. Implement the Plan: Ensure effective coordination, communication, and
execution of tasks. Address any obstacles or challenges that may arise during
the implementation phase.
7. Monitor and Evaluate Progress: Regularly track and monitor progress
against the planned objectives.
8. Adjust and Adapt: Based on monitoring and evaluation, make adjustments to
the plan as needed.
9. Review and Learn: Conduct a comprehensive review of the planning process
after the completion of the cycle.
By following these steps, individuals and organizations can enhance the

effectiveness of their planning processes, increase the likelihood of achieving their
objectives, and foster a culture of continuous improvement.

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Department of Public Health

Final Examination (Fall semester, 2023)

Phone: 01617-192951 E-mail: [email protected]

Answer to the question no. -01

"Staffing is a key to make success of an enterprise"

Staffing is a critical element in the success of any enterprise because it directly

1. Talent Acquisition: Skilled and motivated employees contribute significantly

In summary, staffing is a key determinant of an enterprise's success as it directly

1. Visionary Leadership: Communicating a compelling vision for the future and

In a nutshell, it can be said that Leadership is a complex and multifaceted concept,

Definition of Cost: Cost is a financial measure that represents the amount of

Types of cost: There are various types of costs, including:

1. Explicit Costs: These are direct, quantifiable, out-of-pocket expenses that a

Perspective of cost by stakeholders:

Different stakeholders in an organization may have varying perspectives on costs,

Definition of Decision: A decision is a conclusion or determination reached after

Definition Coordination: Coordination is the process of harmonizing and

Principles of Decision Making: The principles of decision-making provide a

By adhering to these principles, individuals and organizations can enhance the

Definition of Planning: Planning is the process of setting goals, defining objectives,

Steps of Planning: Successful planning involves a series of well-defined steps to

By following these steps, individuals and organizations can enhance the

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