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    of 3

    MIND NURTURE KRISHNA Page 1 of 3

    CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)


    1. Definition
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes
    obstructed airflow from the lungs.
    • It is also called chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), Chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD),
    Chronic airflow limitation (CAL), Chronic obstructive respiratory disease (CORD)
    • According WHO-
    A lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interfere with
    normal breathing and is not fully reversible is termed COPD

    ➢ What are the types of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)?


    ➢ COPD includes two main types:
    • Emphysema
    → This affects the air sacs in your lungs, as well as the walls between them.
    → Alveoli become damaged and are less elastic.
    • Chronic bronchitis,
    → In this the lining of your airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. This causes the lining to
    swell and make mucus.
    ➢ If you have COPD, less air flows in and out of your airways because of one or more problems:
    • The airways and air sacs in your lungs become less elastic
    • The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed
    • The walls of the airways become thick and inflamed
    • The airways make more mucus than usual and can become clogged

    2. Etiopathogenesis
    A. Etiology
    • Genetic factors- Rarely, a genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can play a role in
    causing COPD
    • Family histiry RTI
    • Cigratte smoking
    • Passive smoking
    • Occupational exposure
    • Air pollution
    MIND NURTURE KRISHNA Page 2 of 3

    B. Pathogenesis

    3. Clinical manifestation
    • At first, you may have no symptoms or only mild symptoms. As the disease gets worse, your symptoms
    usually become more severe. They can include:
    → Frequent coughing or a cough that produces a lot mucus
    → Wheezing
    → Lack of energy
    → A whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe
    → Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity
    → Tightness in your chest
    • Some people with COPD get frequent respiratory infections such as colds and the flu. In severe cases,
    COPD can cause weight loss, weakness in your lower muscles, and swelling in your ankles, feet, or legs.

    4. Non-Pharmacological treatment
    o Smoking cessation:
    o Oxygen therapy- Oxygen therapy is frequently provided along with pharmacological interventions to
    treat underlying hypoxemia in COPD patients
    o Vaccinations: All patients with COPD should be given annual influenza vaccinations.
    o Pulmonary rehabilitation: Pulmonary rehabilitation programs serve as adjuncts to drug treatment to
    improve physical function.
    o includes exercise, education, and behavioural interventions.
    MIND NURTURE KRISHNA Page 3 of 3

    5. Pharmacological treatment

    Note : Mind nurture App is available at play store now.


    In app you will get
    • MCQ practice of D.Pharm exam and Exit exam
    • Important question of 2, 3 and 5 marks for D.Pharm exam
    • Live classes for Doubts
    • Routine test of MCQ question and subjective question (2, 3 and 5 marks)

    Price of course for all subject for complete year is 1100/- Only
    Course का price सभी subject के लिए, पुरे साि के लिए है मात्र 1100/-

    *For any query contact at - 8176841533

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