PROJECT ON

BHUJ
EARTHQUAKE

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mrs. Priyanka Maam Aashvi Rautela
Class: 5th “B”
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ranjana Rai of class 10th

successfully completed the Information Technology
project titled NUTRITION for class 10th practical
examination of the Central Board of Secondary
Education in the year 2019-2020. It is further certified
that this project is the individual work of the
candidate.

Teacher In charge:
Mrs. Priyanka

DECLARATION

This is to certify that the present project report is

the outcome of my own efforts it has not been
submitted is part or full for any other diploma or
degree of any university. I have taken proper
care and shown utmost sincerity in completion of
this project. This project is prepared in
accordance with the guidelines issued by the
CBSE.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude

my Information Technology (IT) Teacher
( Mrs.Priyanka Panwar) who give me the golden
opportunity to do this project.
I came to know about so many new things I am really
thankful to them secondly I would also like to thank
my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
CONTENT
 NURITION
 Types of Nutrition
 Autotropic Nutrition
 Heterotropic Nutrition
 Types of Heterotropic Nutrition
 Saprotropic Heterotropic Nutrition
 Parasitic Heterotropic Nutrition
 Holozoic Heterotropic Nutrition
 Nutrition in Human Beings
 Nutrition in Amoeba
NUTRITION

Nutrition : The process of taking in and utilization of various types of food by organism
is called nutrition. A nutrient can be defined as a substance which an organism
obtains from its surroundings and uses it as a source of energy or for the
biosynthesis of its body constituents.
Example: carbohydrates and fats are the nutrients which are used by the
organism mainly as a source of energy.
Proteins and mineral salts are nutrients used by organism for the
biosynthesis of its body constituents like skin, blood, etc.

Nutrition:
Nutrition is the process of intake of nutrients (like carbohydrates, fats,
proteins, minerals, vitamins and water) by an organism as well as the
utilization of these nutrients by the organism.

Mode of Nutrition:
Mode of nutrition means method of obtaining food by an organism. There are mainly
two modes of nutrition:

1. Autotrophic mode of nutrition

2. Heterotrophic mode of nutrition

Autotrophic mode of nutrition: (‘auto’ means ‘self’ and ‘trophic’ means

‘nutrition’)

 Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism makes (or

synthesizes) its own food from the simple inorganic materials like carbon
dioxide and water present in the surroundings (with the help of sunlight
energy).

 Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon dioxide and
water are called autotrophs.
  Example: all green plants, autotrophic bacteria.

Heterotrophic mode of nutrition: (‘hetero’ means ‘others’ and ‘trophic ’

means ‘nutrition’)

 Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot

make (or synthesizes) its own food from simple inorganic materials like carbon
dioxide and water, and depends on other organisms for its food.
 Those organisms which cannot make their own food from inorganic
substances like carbon dioxide and water, and depends on other organisms
for their food are called heterotrophs.
 Example: all the animals (man, dog, cat, lion, etc.), most bacteria and fungi.

Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition

:
Heterotrophic mode of nutrition is of three types:

1. Saprotrophic (saprophytic) nutrition

2. Parasitic nutrition

3. Holozoic nutrition

Saprotrophic nutrition:
 Saprotrophic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism obtains its food
from decaying organic matter of dead plants, dead animals and rotten bread,
etc.

 The organisms having saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprophytes.

 Saprophytes are the organisms which obtain food from dead plants (like rotten
leaves), dead and decaying animal bodies, and other decaying organic matter.

 Example: Fungi (liker bread moulds, mushrooms), and many bacteria.

Parasitic nutrition:
 The parasitic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism derives its food
from the body of another living organisms without killing it.
  A parasite is an organism (plant or animal) which feed on another living
organism called its host.

 Example: some animals like Plasmodium and roundworms, a few plants like
Cuscuta (amarbel) and several fungi and bacteria.

Holozoic nutrition:
 The holozoic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism takes the complex
organic food materials into its body by the process of ingestion, the ingested
food is digested and then absorbed into the body cells of the organism.

 Example: human beings and most of the animal.

Nutrition in Animals
 Animals are heterotrophs and hence they depend on other organisms (plants
and other animals) for their food.

 All the animals can be divided into three groups on the basis of their food
habits. These are:

1. Herbivores

2. Carnivores

3. Omnivores

Herbivores: Those animals which eat only plants are called herbivores.
Examples are Goat, Cow, and Deer etc.
Carnivores: Those animals which eat only other animals as food called
carnivores. Examples are Lion, Tiger, and Lizard etc.

Omnivores: Those animals which eat both, plants and animals are called
omnivores. Examples are Man, Dog and Crow etc.
.

Different steps in the process of nutrition in animals

There are five steps in the process of nutrition in animals.

1. Ingestion: The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion.

2. Digestion: the process in which the food containing large, insoluble

molecules is broken down into small, water soluble molecules is called
digestion.
 3. Absorption: The process in which the digested food passes through the
intestinal wall into blood stream is called absorption.

4. Assimilation: The process in which the absorbed food is taken in by the

body cells and used for energy, growth and repair is called assimilation.

5. Egestion: The process in which the undigested food is removed from the
body is called egestion.

Nutrition in Amoeba:
 Amoeba eats tiny plants and animals as food which floats in water in which it
lives.

 The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic.

  The process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis.

Steps involved in the nutrition of Amoeba:

Ingestion:

 Amoeba ingests food by forming temporary finger-like projections called

pseudopodia around it.

 The food is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a food vacuole
(‘temporary stomach’) inside the Amoeba.
Digestion:
 In Amoeba, food is digested in the food vacuole by digestive enzymes which
break down the food into small and soluble molecules by chemical reactions.

Absorption:

 The digested simple and soluble substances pass out of food vacuole into the
surrounding environment.

Assimilation:
 The absorbed food materials are used to obtain energy through respiration
and make the parts of Amoeba cell which leads to the growth of Amoeba.

Egestion:
 The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and
thrown out of the body of Amoeba.

Nutrition in Paramecium:
 Paramecium is also a tiny unicellular animal which lives in water.
Ingestion:
 Paramecium uses its hair like structures called cilia to sweep the food particles
from water and put them into mouth.

 Ingestion is followed by other steps such as digestion, absorption, assimilation

and egestion. (as written in Amoeba)

Nutrition in Human Beings:

 The various organs of the human digestive system in sequence are: Mouth,
Oesophagus (Food pipe), Stomach, Small intestine and Large intestine.
 The glands which are associated with the human digestive system are:
Salivary glands, Liver and Pancreas.
The various steps of nutrition in human beings are as
follows:

Ingestion:
 In human beings, food is ingested through the mouth. The food is put into the
mouth with the help of hands.

Digestion:
 The digestion of food begins in the mouth itself.

 The teeth cut the food into small pieces, chew and grind it.
  The salivary glands in our mouth produce saliva) which contains an enzyme
salivary amylase which digests the starch) present in the food into sugar.

 Our tongue helps in mixing this saliva with food.

 The digestion of food remains incomplete in mouth.

Oesophagus:

 The slightly digested food in the mouth is swallowed by the tongue and goes
down the food pipe called oesophagus.

 When the slightly digested food enters the food pipe, the walls of food pipe
start contraction and expansion movements called as peristaltic movement.

 This peristaltic movement of food pipe pushes the slightly digested into the
stomach.

Stomach:
 The stomach is a J-shaped organ present on the left side of the
  abdomen.

 The stomach walls contain s three tubular glands in it walls which secrete
gastric juice.

 .The gastric juice contains three substances: Hydrochloric acid, the

enzyme pepsin and mucus.

 The hydrochloric creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of the
enzyme pepsin i.e. digestion of protein.

 The mucus helps to protect the stomach wall from its own secretions of
hydrochloric acid.

 The partially digested food then goes from the stomach into the small
intestine.

Small intestine:
 From the stomach, the partially digested food enters the small intestine.

 The small intestine is the largest part (about 6.5m) of the alimentary canal.

 The small intestine is very narrow and arranged in the form of a coil in our
belly.

 The small intestine in human beings is the site of complete digestion of food
(like carbohydrates, proteins and fats)

 The small intestine receives the secretion of two glands: Liver and Pancreas.

 Liver secretes bile (greenish yellow liquid made in the liver and stored in gall
bladder).

 Bile performs two functions:

 1. Makes the acidic food coming from the stomach alkaline so that
pancreatic enzymes can act on it.

2. Bile salts break the fats present in the food into small globules
making it easy for the enzymes to act and digest them.

 The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like

pancreatic amylase for breaking down starch, trypsin for digesting proteins
and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.


 The walls of the small intestine contain glands which secretes intestinal juice.
The enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins into amino acids,
complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

 In this way the process of digestion converts the large and insoluble food
molecules into small water soluble molecules.

Absorption:

 The small intestine is the main region for the absorption of digested food.
  The inner surface of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections
called villi which increase the surface area for rapid absorption of digested
food.

 The digested food which is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine
goes into our blood.

Assimilation:

 The blood carries digested and dissolved food to all the parts of the body
where it becomes assimilated as part of the cells and is utilised for obtaining
energy, building up new tissues and the repair of old tissues.

Egestion :
 The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb
water from this material.

 The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus.

 The exit of this waste material is regulated by the anal sphincter.

Nutrition in plants:

 Green plants are autotrophic and synthesize their own food by the process of
photosynthesis.

 The process, by which green plants make their own food from carbon dioxide
and water by using sunlight energy in the presence of chlorophyll, is called
photosynthesis.

 Oxygen is released during photosynthesis.

The process of photosynthesis can be represented as

 The process of photosynthesis takes place in the green leaves of a plant.

 The food is prepared by the green leaves of a plant in the form of a simple
sugar called glucose.
  The extra glucose is changed into another food called starch. This starch is
stored in the leaves of the plant.


 The green plants convert sunlight energy into chemical energy by making
carbohydrates.

The photosynthesis takes place in the following three steps:

.

1. Absorption of sunlight energy by chlorophyll

2. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy, and splitting of water into
hydrogen and oxygen by light energy.

3. Reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen to form carbohydrate like glucose

by utilizing the chemical energy.

4.
The conditions necessary for photosynthesis to take place are:

1. Sunlight

2. Chlorophyll

3. Carbon dioxide

4. Water

The raw materials for photosynthesis are:

1. Carbon dioxide

2. Water

How the plants obtain carbon dioxide?

 How the plants obtain water for photosynthesis: There are a large number of
tiny pores called stomata on the surface of the leaves of plants.

 The carbon dioxide gas enters the leaves of the plant through the stomata
present on their surface.

 Each stomatal pore is surrounded by a pair of guard cells. The opening and
closing of stomatal pores is controlled by the guard cells.

 When water flows into the guard cells, they swell, become curved and cause
the pore to open.

On the other hand, when guard cells lose water, they shrink, become straight and
close the stomatal
  The water required by the plants for photosynthesis is absorbed by the root of
the plants from the soil through the process of osmosis.

 The water absorbed by the roots of the plants is transported upward through
the xylem vessels to the leaves where it reaches the photosynthetic cells.

1. The plants also need other raw materials such as nitrogen, phosphorus, iron
and magnesium, etc., for building their body.

2. The plants take these materials from the soil.

3. Nitrogen is essential element used by the plants to make proteins and other
compound.

Site of photosynthesis: Chloroplasts

 The site of photosynthesis in a cell of the leaf are chloroplasts which contain
chlorophyll.

 Chloroplasts are present in the photosynthetic cells (mesophyll cells) of green

plants. These cells contain more chlorophyll than other plant cells.

Experiments:

The experiments on photosynthesis depend on the fact that

green leaves make starch as food and the starch gives a
blue –black colour with iodine solution.
Experiment to show that Sunlight is necessary for
photosynthesis:

1. Take a potted plant with green leaves and place it in a dark place for about
three days to destarch its leaves.

2. Take a thin strip of aluminium foil and wrap it in the centre of one leaf on the
both sides so that sunlight may not fall on this covered part of the leaf.

3. The remaining part of the leaf remains uncovered and exposed to sunlight.
 4. Now keep the plant in sunshine for about six hours.

5. Pluck the partially covered leaf from the plant and remove its aluminium foil.

6. Remove its green color chlorophyll by boiling the leaf in alcohol with the help
of water bath.

7. Wash the decolorized leaf with water to remove any chlorophyll which may be
sticking in it.

8. Pour iodine solution over the colorless leaf and observe the change in colour
of the leaf.

Observation:

1. On adding iodine solution, Covered part of the leaf does not turn blue-black
showing that no starch is present in this middle part of the leaf.

2. The uncovered part of the leaf which received light turns blue-black showing
that starch is present in this part of the leaf.

Inference:
The part of the leaf which was covered and hidden from sunlight does not contain
starch and the part of the leaf which was exposed to sunlight contains starch.
Therefore, sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis.

BIBLOGRAPHY
 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
 WWW.GOOGLE.COM
 WWW.YAHOOSEARCH.COM