HINA SHAMI

NAME: Hina Shami
SAP I'D: 20642

CLASS: Bs Psychology
ASSIGNMENT: Computer
SUBMITTED TO: Sir Umar
Q:WHAT IS COMPUTER? &

BRIEFLY DESCRIBE ABOUT ALL
PARTS OF COMPUTER.
COMPUTER is an electronic device that
is designed to work with information.
The term computer is derived from the
Latin word computare, this means to
calculate programmable machine.
‘Computer can not do anything without a
program.’
CHARLES BABBAGE is called the Grand
Father of the Computer. COMPUTER is an
advanced electronic device that takes raw
data as input from the user and process
these data. It can process both numerical &
non numerical calculations.
PARTS OF COMPUTER
There are five main parts of computer.
1. Motherboards
2. RAM
3. ROM
4. Graphic Card
5. Processor
1.
MOTHERBOARD:
A motherboard is the most essential
parts of the computer system. Is holds
together many of the crucial
components of a computer including
CPU, memory & connectors for input &
output devices. The base of
motherboard consists of a very thin firm
sheet of non conductive material, typically
some sort of rigid plastic.
2.
RAM ( Random Access

Memory):
Random Access memory is volatile.
Because of its
Volatility, RAM can’t store permanent
data. If RAM fill up, the computer’s
processor must repeatedly go to the
hard disk to overlay the old data in RAM
with new data. This process slows
computer operations.
3.
ROM ( Read only memory):

ROM stands for read only memory. The
memory from which we can read but
can’t write on it. This type of memory is
non volatile. The information is stored
permanently in such memories during
manufacture. This chip is not only used
in computers but also in electronic
devices like washing machines.
4.
GRAPHIC CARD:
A graphic card is type of display adapter
or video card installed within most
computing devices to display graphical
data with high quality color, definition &
overall appearance. Also known as
graphic adapter.
5.
PROCESSOR:
It is an integrated electronic circuit that
performs the calculation that run a
computer. A processor performs
airthematical & logical instructions that
are passed from an OS. Most other
processes are dependent on the
operations of a processor.
Q:2 WHAT IS COMPUTER

HARDWARE? & EXPLAIN ITS
FIVE HARDWARES.
COMPUTER HARDWARE:
A computer system consists of two
major elements. Hardware & software.
Computer hardware is the collection of
all parts u can physically touch.
There are many different types of

hardware components. Such as,
1. CPU
2. RAM
3. Hard drive
4. Video card
5. Motherboard
1. CPU (CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT):
It is the heart & brain of the computer.
It receives data input executes
instructions & processes information. It
communicates with input/ output
devices which send & receive data to &
from the CPU
2. RAM ( RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY):
RAM is a type of data storage used in
computers that is generally located on
motherboard. This type of memory is
volatile & all information is stored in RAM
is lost when computer is turned off.
3. HARD DRIVE:
It is a non volatile computer storage device
containing magnetic disks or platters
rotating at high speed. It is s secondary
storage device used to store data
permanently. Hard drive is also known as
Hard Disk.
4. VIDEO CARD:
A video card is an expansion card
which generates a feed of output
images to a display device. Video cards
are also refereed as graphic cards.
Video card includes processing unit,
memory a cooling mechanism &
connections to a display device.
5. MOTHERBOARD:
It is a main Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

in a computer. The motherboard is a
computer’s central communication
backbone connectivity point, through
which all components & external
peripherals connect
Q: 3 WHAT IS A COMPUTER
PROGRAM?& EXPLAIN ALL
PARTS OF COMPUTER
PROGRAM.
COMPUTER PROGRAM:
A computer program is a list of
instructions that tell a computer what
to do . A computer program is written
by a computer programmer in a
programming language. A collection of
computer programs libraries & related
data are refereed to as software.
Computer program is the process of
writing or editing source coding.
Ending source coding involves testing,
analysing, refining & sometimes
coordinating with other programs on a
jointly.
PARTS OF COMPUTER
PROGRAM:
Programming is somewhat like working
with building block. Five basic elements
in programming are:
1. INPUT:
Getting data & commands into the
computer.
2. OUTPUT:
Getting your results out of the
computer.
3. AIRTHEMATIC:
Performing mathematical calculations
on your data.
4. CONDITIONAL:
Testing to see if a condition is true or
false.
5. LOOPING:
Cycling through a set of instruction
until some condition is met.
INPUT:
Input can be come from just about
anywhere: a keyboard , a touchscreen
a text file are few examples of input.
Input is one of the two elements that
are used by every program because
every program need some data to
work with.
EXAMPLE: Any information or data

that’s entered or sent to the computer.
OUTPUT:
Output is the result of your program
gives you. That is the whole purpose of
writing a program: to ask a question
and get the answer! Output can take
many form-texts or graphics; either
printed or on screen.
EXAMPLE: Anything that’s displayed
from tye computer is output.
AIRTHEMATIC:
Computer can perform all kind of
mathematical operations & functions,
from the simple addition or subtraction
needed to update your checking account
balance after withdrawal or deposit. Not
every program needs to do calculations
on the data that is entered.
EXAMPLE: 10 – 8= 2
CONDITIONAL:
It is a set of rules performed if a certain
condition is met. It is sometimes
referred to as an IF- THEN statement
because IF a condition is met, THEN an
action is performed.
EXAMPLE: If a value is less than 10,

THEN display the words “Value is less
than 10” on the screen.
LOOPING:
Loops are among the most basic &
powerful pf programming concept. It is
the sequence of instructions that is
continually repeated until a certain
condition is reached. A loop is a
fundamental program idea that is
commonly used in writing program.
EXAMPLE: for( counter=1;counter<=
10;counter ++)
Print(“%d/n" , counter);
TYPES OF LOOPING:
1. Next loop
2. Do loop
3. While loop
Q:4 WHAT ARE 5 COMPUTER

GENERATIONS.
Nowadays, a computer can be used to
type documents, send email, play
games, and browse the Web. It can also
be used to edit or create spreadsheets,
presentations, and even videos. But the
evolution of this complex system started
around 1940 with the first Generation of
Computer and evolving ever since.
There are five generations of
computers:
FIRSTL GENERATION OF
COMPUTER:
1 1946-1959 is the period of first
generation computer.
2 J.P.Eckert and J.W.Mauchy invented
the first successful electronic
computer called ENIAC, ENIAC stands
for “Electronic Numeric Integrated
And Calculator”.
Few Examples are:

1. ENIAC
2. EDVAC
3. UNIVAC
SECOND GENERATION OF
COMPUTER:
1. 1959-1965 is the period of second-
2. 3.Second generation computers were
based on Transistor instead of vacuum
tubes
Few Examples are:
1. Honeywell 400
2. IBM 7094
3. CDC 1604
THIRD GENERATION OF
COMPUTER:
1. 1965-1971 is the period of third
2. These computers were based on
Integrated circuits.
3. IC was invented by Robert Noyce and
Jack Kilby In 1958-1959.
4. IC was a single component containing
number of transistors.
Few Examples are:
1. PDP-8
2. PDP-11
3. ICL 2900
FOURTH GENERATION OF
COMPUTER:
1. 1971-1980 is the period of fourth
2. This technology is based on
Microprocessor.
3. A microprocessor is used in a
computer for any logical and arithmetic
function to be performed in any
program.
4. Graphics User Interface (GUI)
technology was exploited to offer more
comfort to users.
Few Examples are:
1. IBM 4341
2. DEC 10
FIFTH GENERATION OF
COMPUTER:
1. The aim of the fifth
generation is to make a
device which could respond
to natural language input
and are capable of learning
and self-organization.
2. This generation is based on
ULSI(Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology
resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having
ten million electronic
component.
Few Examples are:

1. Desktop
2. Laptop
3. Notebook

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NAME: Hina Shami

SAP I'D: 20642

Q:WHAT IS COMPUTER? &

RAM ( Random Access

ROM ( Read only memory):

Q:2 WHAT IS COMPUTER

There are many different types of

It is a main Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

EXAMPLE: Any information or data

EXAMPLE: If a value is less than 10,

Q:4 WHAT ARE 5 COMPUTER

Few Examples are:

Few Examples are:

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