9

Science
Quarter 1 – Living things and their
Environment Module 3:
Non Mendelian Inheritance
Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Non Mendelian Inheritance
First Edition, 2019

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
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them.

Published by the Department of Education Secretary:

Undersecretary: Assistant
Secretary:

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Marlita C. Vitto
Editor: Rebecca M. Roxas
Reviewers: Arlen S. Gatpo
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS in Charge of LRMS and
Regional ADM Coordinator
Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools Division Superintendent
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS in charge of LRMS and
Division ADM Coordinator

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Office Address: ____________________________________________

____________________________________________
Telefax: ____________________________________________
E-mail Address: ____________________________________________7

9
 Science
Quarter 1 – Living things and their
Environment
Module 3: Non Mendelian
Inheritance

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This alternative delivery mode module written for the topics: Photosynthesis and Cellular
respiration will serve as your supplemental material in facilitating learning about the topics.
Always read the NOTES FOR THE TEACHER/ PARENT for additional instructions for the
learners. Instruct the learners to use separate sheets in answering the assessment and
activities in this module. For the learner:
This alternative delivery mode module written for the topics: Photosynthesis and Cellular
respiration will serve as a supplemental material for learning. This module is divided into
part, equally important for maximum learning:
WHAT I KNOW – elicit what you already know about the topics presented
WHAT’S NEW & WHAT IS IT – these parts will engage you to new learning ahead
and explain essential facts about the topic(s)
WHAT’S MORE – this will reinforce what you learned through activities or
elaboration of the topic(s)
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED – summarized the lesson
WHAT I CAN DO – gives you enrichment activities about the topic(s) This
module also used online sources to reinforce learning

2
 What I Need to Know

In Grade 8, you have learned that cells divide to produce new cells and meiosis is
one of the processes producing genetic variations in Mendelian patterns of inheritance.

Gregor Mendel’s work laid the foundation of understanding heredity and variation.
However he was not able to discuss thoroughly the factors or genes he mentioned in his
Laws of Inheritance. His observations and findings led the other scientist to probe further the
deeper thought in genetics. In this module you will be focused in the location of genes in
chromosomes, the molecular structure of DNA and explain the Non-Mendelian patterns of
inheritance as evidence that an inherited trait is determined by means of the chromosomes.

The module is divided into four lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Location of Genes
• Lesson 2 – Incomplete Dominance
• Lesson 3 – Codominance
• Lesson 4 - Multiple Alleles

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the location of genes in chromosomes S9LT-Id-28
2. Explain the incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance S9LT-Id-29.4.1
3. Describe the codominance traits S9LT-Id-29.4.2
4. Determine all possible combinations of genes for a specific blood type. S9LT-Id-
29.4.3

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which blood type would not be possible for children of a type AB mother and a type A
father?
A. Blood Type O B. Blood Type A C. Blood Type B. d. Blood Type AB.
2. If two white rabbit produce a black offspring, the parent’s genotypes for color must be: A.
Heterozygous.
B. Homozygous white.
C. Homozygous black.
D. Not enough information was given.
3. A strand of DNA with the sequence A A C T T G will have a complimentary strand with the
following sequence:
A. CCAGGT C. AACTTG
B. TTCAAG D. TTGAAC
4. Long radishes crossed with round radishes result in all oval radishes. This type of
inheritance is:
A. Multiple alleles. C. Complete dominance.
B. Codominance. D. Incomplete dominance.

2
5. A cat shows both the traits for orange fur and black fur. What kind of allele expression is
this?

A. Incomplete Dominance C. Codominance

B. Independent assortment D. Recessive inheritance

Lesson
Gene Location
1
Many researches were conducted after the rediscovery of Mendel’s experiment. An
example of which is that not all genes show simple patterns of dominant and recessive
alleles. The Mendelian Laws of Inheritance have important exceptions to Walter Sutton and
Theodore Boveri who became known because they discovered that the best evidence of
inherited trait is determined through chromosomes which is known as the Chromosome
Theory of Inheritance.

What’s In

Observe the pictures below and described the following traits:

3
 Picture A Picture B
Figure 1: Characteristics
Source: https://www.angelopedia.com/News-In-Picture/Miss-Universe-Titleholders-from-2011-to-2020-275

These traits are found specifically in the chromosome of an individual. Every person
has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. For example the skin color,
however a person may only manifest or express one trait either dark or white.

Genetic Traits Picture A Picture B

Hair straight curly
Skin color dark fair

What’s New
Components of DNA Molecule

DNA
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) is the carrier of the genetic information. It stores
information for making large molecule called protein.
DNA is the instruction manual for a living thing. Each time one of your cells divides,
your DNA is copied. That way, each new cell has its own copy of the instruction manual.
The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: the four
nucleotide monomers are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The
sequence, of these bases determines the information needed for building and maintaining an
organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form
words and sentences. The four chemical bases form hydrogen bonds between the strands.
Adenine complements with Thymine while Guanine compliments with Cytosine.
DNA is composed of two chains of nucleotides that form a double helix shape. The two
strands are considered anti parallel which means strands are parallel but opposite in
direction in terms of the backbones. the 5’ end of one DNA strand is parallel with the 3’ end
of the other DNA strand.

4
 Figure 2 DNA Model
Source: https://www.slideserve.com/bernad/dna-structure-and-function

The backbone of DNA molecule is composed of alternation sugar and phosphate

groups.
An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each
strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of
bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy
of the DNA present in the old cell.
DNA is made up of millions of building blocks called nucleotide, which contain
1 sugar (S)
1 phosphate (P)
1 nitrogenous base either (cytosine, guanine, thymine or adenine (NB)

NB
S

Figure 3 Nucleotide structure

Gene Structure and Chromosomes

Gene
Gene is the genetic carrier of traits that passed on from parents to offspring. Gene is

5
also considered as basic unit of heredity and made up of DNA. And approximately there are
3000genes that are organized into chromosomes.
Some genes act
s instruction
a to make
molecules called proteins. However,
any genes
m do not code for proteins.

Figure 4:
Source: Gene
https://study.com/academy/lesson/
c- crossig- ovr- definitio
n- lessn- quiz.htl
geneti n e o m

What is It
Gene Location
In 1902 and 1903, Sutton and Boveri published independent papers proposing what
we now call the chromosome theory of inheritance. This theory states that individual
genes are found at specific locations on particular chromosomes, and that the behavior of
chromosomes during meiosis can explain why genes are inherited according to Mendel’s
laws.
Chromosomes, like Mendel's genes, come in matched (homologous) pairs in an
organism. For both genes and chromosomes, one member of the pair comes from the
mother and one from the father. It is a thread-like structure found in the nuclei of both animal
and plant cells. Chromosomes are carrier of hereditary traits located inside the nucleus of a
cell.

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 Figure 6
Source: http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/107/107F10_6.html
DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each
chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many around proteins called histones that
support its structure. Each chromosome has a constriction point called the centromere,
which divides the chromosome into two part, or “arms.” The short arm of the chromosome is
labeled the “p arm.” The long arm of the chromosome is labeled the “q arm.”

Figure 5
Source: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/chromosome

Sister chromatids are fastened together by small structure called centromere. Sister
chromatid is one of two attached members of duplicated eukaryotic chromosomes.

The location of the centromere on each chromosome gives the chromosome its
characteristic shape, and can be used to help describe the location of specific genes. .Gene
locus/loci (plural) is the location or fixed position of gene, the genetic marker.

What’s More

Activity 1.1 Origami DNA

I. Materials:
• Blank DNA origami template
• Crayons
• Scissors
• Tape or glue

II. Procedures

7
 1. Lay out the blank DNA origami template on the table.
2. Start by writing the first letter of your DNA sequence (A, C, G or T) in the top right
corner.
3. Continue your sequence down the column on the right.
4. Write the corresponding complementary bases in boxes diagonally across from your
sequence.
5. Continue the complementary sequence until you reach the bottom; and fill in the top
box of that column with the corresponding complementary bases.
6. That’s it! Now you are ready to color and fold your DNA!

III. Analysis
Guide Questions:
1. What base does adenine pair with?

2. What base does guanine pair with?

3. Describe the shape of the DNA molecule.

4. What are the three components of a nucleotide?

5. Suppose you know that the sequence of bases on one DNA strand (one side of the
DNA ladder) is AGCTCAG. What is the sequence of the bases on the opposite
strand?
Source: Donata S. Regunton, Head Teacher II https://www.yourgenome.org/activities/origami-
dna

8
Credits:Origami model by Alex Bateman, based on Thoki Yenn's design
9
Activity 1.2 Chromosomes
I. Procedure

1. Read the poem about chromosomes.

2. Encircle the first letter of the underlined word in order to answer the hidden word.

I’m The Reason

YES it’s me,

The 1cause why we vary.
You’re 2human features vary in form and shape, No
3
re-runs and no duplicate.

You’re 4observable traits are not exactly the same, 5Many

combined genes from your parents.

I stay inside an 6organism’s cell, In

normal individual 23 pairs,
For 7some species greater or less.

I 8organize genes in a specific place,

And carry 9mom and dad’s trait and characters.

Yes I am the reason.

Why you’re an 10extraordinary person, A
11
special and unique creation.

By: Marlita C. Vitto, Head Teacher

Carlos P. Garcia High School, Division of Manila

Hidden Word:

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
II. Analysis

Guide Questions:

1. Based on the poem, write something about the Chromosomes.

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Activity 1.3 Plushie Chromo
I. Materials pair of white socks
Remnants crumpled paper rubber
bands coloring materials ruler

Figure 1 Chromosocks
https://www.amazon.com/unisex-mustard-yellow-stripes-classic/dp/B073GTZJG3

II. Procedures:

1. Gather the following materials at home: (pair of white socks, remnants, crumpled
paper, rubber bands, coloring materials, ruler)
2. Draw horizontal lines in the pair of white socks. (1 inch thick lines)
3. Color the lines with alternating color of blue and white.
4. Stuffed with crumpled paper or old clothes.
5. Close the open end of the pair of socks with rubber bands.
6. Make two models of chromatid.
7. Tie them together near the middle part using rubber band.

III.Analysis Guide Questions:

1. How will you compare the plushie chromo with the structures and features of
chromatids?

2. What will the bands/lines represent?

3. How many chromatids were formed?

4. As you tie the socks together what have you formed?

5. What represents the rubber bands tied in the middle of the pair of socks?

What I Have Learned

1. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid, is the carrier of the genetic information. It stores

information for making large molecule called protein.
2. DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: the four nucleotide
monomers are: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
3. The four chemical bases form hydrogen bonds between the strands.

11
 4. Adenine complements with Thymine while Guanine complements with Cytosine.
5. DNA is composed of two chains of nucleotides that form a double helix shape.
6. The backbone of DNA molecule is composed of alternation sugar and phosphate
groups.
7. DNA is made up of millions of building blocks called nucleotide, which contain

 1 sugar (S)

 1 phosphate (P)
 1 nitrogen base either cytosine, guanine, thymine or adenine (NB)
8. Gene the genetic carrier of traits that passed on from parents to offspring.
9. Chromosome theory of inheritance states that individual genes are found at
specific locations on particular chromosomes.
10. Chromosomes come in matched (homologous) pairs in an organism. For both
genes and chromosomes, one member of the pair comes from the mother and
one from the father.
11. Chromosome has a constriction point called the centromere, which divides the
chromosome into two part, or “arms.” The short arm of the chromosome is
labeled the “p arm.” The long arm of the chromosome is labeled the “q arm.”
12. Location of the centromere on each chromosome gives the chromosome its
characteristic shape, and can be used to help describe the location of specific
genes.

13. Gene Locus/Loci is the location or fixed position of a gene, the genetic marker.

What I Can Do

EDIBLE DNA
I. Materials:
• 2 pieces of licorice
• 12 toothpicks
• 9 pink marshmallows
• 9 yellow marshmallows
• 9 green marshmallows
• 9 orange marshmallows
• 5 paperclips
• Masking Tape

II. Procedures:
Step 1: Choose one of the sequences below.
Sequence 1: T A C G T A T G A A A C -or-
Sequence 2: T G G T T T A G A A T T

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Step 2: Assemble one side of your DNA molecule. A piece of licorice will form the
backbone and marshmallow swill be the chemical bases. Place a marshmallow on the end of
a toothpick so that the point of the toothpick goes all the way through. Anchor the toothpick
into the licorice backbone.

Step 3: Label the backbone. With a marker or pen and masking tape, label your licorice
backbone “DNA- 1” or “DNA-2” depending on which sequence you used. Write the label on
the left end of the licorice.

Step 4: Match the chemical base pairs. Place the color marshmallow for the matching
chemical base on the other end of each toothpick. Remember that A always pairs with T and
C always pairs with G!

Step 5: Complete your DNA model. Attach the other backbone so your model looks like a
ladder.

Step 6: Twist your DNA model. Carefully twist your DNA molecule so that it looks like a
double helix.

Step 7: Label your model. Make flags to label the parts of your DNA out of paper clips and
tape. Label one of each of the following: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and
Backbone. Make sure your chemical base pairs are correct!

III. Analysis
Guide questions:
1. What are the common parts of a nucleotide?
2. What is the one part of the nucleotide that differs among the other different
nucleotides?
3. What are the different kinds of nitrogen bases?
4. Are there always going to be an equal number of adenine and thymine nucleotides in
molecule? Why?
5. Are there always going to be an equal number of guanine and cytosine nucleotides in
a molecule? Why?
6. The sides of the ladder are made up of alternating _______and_________
molecules.
The steps (or rungs) of the ladder are made up of _______ held together by
hydrogen bonds.
7. What are the chemical base pair of the following:
_____ =A, _____=C, _____ =T, _____=G

Additional Activities

CONCEPT MAP
Direction:
1. Using the graphic organizer, fill in the information needed to complete the entire
concept.

13
Lesson
Incomplete Dominance
2
Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a
specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. This results in a third
phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both
alleles.

What’s In

In Incomplete Dominance, only one allele in the genotype is in the phenotype. One
allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. A homozygote
shows a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Neither
allele is dominant over the other.
An example of incomplete dominance is flower color in four o’ clock plant, like shown
in Figure 1. When a pure red-flowered four o’clock plant is crossed with a pure white
flowered four o’ clock plant, the offspring will produce neither red nor white flowers. Instead,
all flowers will be pink.

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 Figure 1

What’s New
When incomplete dominance or codominance occurs, both alleles determine the
phenotype of heterozygotes. In other words, neither allele is dominant over the other.

Alleles are written with different letters and both are in uppercase.

For example, if neither red flower color nor white flower color is dominant:

o RR would represent individuals that have two alleles for red flower color – a
homozygous genotype.

o WW would represent individuals that have two alleles for white flower color –
a homozygous genotype.

o RW would represent individuals that have one allele for red flower color and
one allele for white flower color – the heterozygous genotype.

Either allele could be written before the other, as long as it is consistent.

What is It

When inheritance is by incomplete dominance, heterozygous individuals will have an

intermediate phenotype – a ‘blending’ of the phenotypes encoded by the two alleles.

For example, RW plants will have pink flowers (a blending of red and white). There will be
more than 2 phenotypes that can occur.

Sourcehttps://www.pinterest.ph/pin/ /
506725395545001701

Notes to the Teacher

Picture analysis, allow the learner to look at
the picture and describe the offspring from the
parent

15
 Figure 2
https://www.goodscience.com.au/year-10-biology/dominance-incomplete-dominance-and-codominance/

What’s More
Activity 2.1 Sci-Art -Blending
I. Materials:
• Blank
flowers
• Crayon
s II.
Procedures
1. 1 Color the flowers according to the color asked.
1st flower Red = RR
2ndflower Yellow = YY
3rd flower combine red and yellow RY
1.2 Read the given problem:
In Figure 3, RR is the allele for a red color flower and YY is allele for yellow
color. Two flower plants were crossed.

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III. Analysis
Guide Questions:

1. A cross between homozygous red flower and homozygous yellow flower result to what
phenotype in a heterozygous flower?

2. What are the possible offspring?

What I Have Learned

1. Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for
a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele.
2. A cross between two homozygous alleles result to a third phenotype in which the
expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles.
3. Alleles are written with different letters and both are in uppercase.

4. If inheritance is by incomplete dominance, heterozygous individuals will

have an intermediate phenotype – a ‘blending’ of the phenotypes
encoded by the two alleles.

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 What I Can Do

BUBBLE MAP
Direction:
Using the graphic organizer, fill in the the concept learned in Incomplete
Dominance to complete the Bubble Map.

Additional Activities
I. Materials
• Blank
flowers
• Crayon
s II.
Procedures
1 Color the flowers according to the color asked.
1st flower orange = RY
2ndflower orange = RY

2 Read the given problem:

In Figure 4, RY is the allele for an orange flower. If two heterozygous
orange flower were crossed, what is the possible outcome using the Punnett

18
 square.

RY
1st flower

Alleles R Y
RY
R
2nd flower

Y
Figure 4
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/a-flower-sketch-vector-1138714

III. Analysis Guide

Questions:

1. What are the phenotypes in a cross between 2 heterezygous orange flowers?

2. How many possible offspring produce?

Lesson

3 Codominance

Another pattern of inheritance is Codominance. In this pattern the resulting

heterozygotes exhibit the traits of both parents. It means one allele is not
dominant over the other.

What’s In

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• When inheritance is by codominance, heterozygous individuals will have two phenotypes
– a combination of the phenotypes encoded by the two alleles.

• For example, RW plants will have flowers that are both red and white.

Figure 1
https://www.goodscience.com.au/yea
r-10-biology/dominanc
e-incomplete-dominance-and-codominanc
e/

What’s New

Notes to the Teacher

Let the learners analyze figure 1 and observe the difference of
incomplete dominance with co dominance.

20
 Codominance
Pattern of inheritance were both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the
heterozygote.
One example is the MN blood typing in human; where on the surface of our red blood
cells are proteins bound to sugar molecules, forming complexes called antigens. One group
of anitgens are controlled by a pair of alleles, LM and LN. LMN.genotype have M blood while
N genotype have N blood.

Codominance in Blood Types

The Alleles of a pair, which are able to express themselves independently when
present together in hybrid are called codominant alleles.
Let us know the codominance in ABO blood groups.
Antigen is the sugar polymers present in the plasma membrane of RBC’s projected
out of the surface of the membrane.
Gene I controls the type of sugar polymer formed and there are 3 alleles, I O, IA, and
B
I.
Alleles IA and IB are dominant over IO. It means IA and IB are co-dominant This means
that allele IO do not produce any surface antigen.
Alleles IA produces surface antigen A, while IB produces surface antigen B.

PHENOTYPE (BLOOD GENOTYPE ANTIGEN

TYPE)
A IA IA or IA i A

B IB IB or IB i B

AB IA IB A,B

O ii -

L is also used to designate the alleles of multiple blood groups. It is named after
Landsteiner who discovered the blood groups.
The letter L is derived from isoagglutinin, another term for
antigen.

What is It

Let us study the codominance of MN blood group. Table 2 shows the MN blood
group system.

21
 GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE Antigen present in the
RBC

LMLM M M

LMLN MN M and N

LNLN N N
https://www.toppr.com/content/story/amp/codominance-61042/

A person with MM genotype have M blood while NN genotype have N blood. And
person with MN genotype have MN blood group.
Another good example of codominance is roan fur in cattle as shown in figure 2.
Cattle can be Red RR=all red hairs, White WW=all white hairs or Roan RW= red and white
hairs together.

Figure 2
minance/

What’s More

Activity 3.1 Spot the Difference

I. Materials
• Blank
flowers
• Crayon
s II.
Procedures
Read the given problem:
In Figure 3, Red RR=all red hairs and White WW=all white hairs were crossed.
Show the possible outcome of the cross between two cattle by using the

22
 Punnett square.
1. Draw the possible offspring and write the genotype.

RR

Alleles R R
WW
W
W
Figure 3
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/a-flower-sketch-vector-1138714

III. Analysis
Guide Questions:

1. What are the possible phenotypes of the cattle?

2. How many possible offspring produce?

What I Have Learned

1. Codominance is an inheritance pattern resulting to heterozygotes exhibiting

traits of both parents.

2. Codominance, heterozygous individuals will have two phenotypes.

3. A combination of the phenotypes encoded by the two alleles.
4. Anexampleof codominance
, RW plants will have flowers that are both red and white.

Figure 1
https://www.goodscience.com.au/year-10-biology/dominance-incomplete-dominance-and-codominance/

23
5. Codominance in ABO blood groups.

PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) GENOTYPE

A IA IA or IA i

B IB IB or IB i

AB IA IB

6. The letter L is derived from isoagglutinin, another term for antigen.

7. A person with IOIO have blood group O, because they have no antigen.
 While a person with IAIO have blood group A because IA is dominant over IO.
 And a person with IBIO have blood group B because IB is dominant over IO. 
Person with IAIB have blood group AB because IA is codominant with
IB.

8. L is used to designate the alleles of of multiple blood groups. It is named after

Landsteiner who discovered the blood groups.

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE Antigen present in the

RBC

LMLM M M

LMLN MN M and N

LNLN N N

What I Can Do

Mystery Bull
I. Procedures
1. Read the given problem
Mang Marcelino owns purebred red cows. In his farm he noticed that after a typhoon
several months ago, all of the fences that separate his cattle from his neighbor’s cattle were
destroyed. During the time that the fences were down, three bulls, one from each neighbor,
mingled with his cows. For awhile, he thought that none of the bulls found his cows, but over
the months, he noticed that all of his cows are pregnant. He suspected that one of the bulls
is the father. Which bull is it? Help Mang Marcelino look for the father by solving the given
problem.

2.Determine the possible traits of the calves if :

24
• a red (RR) bull is mated with a red (RR) cow 1
• a red(RR) bull is mated with a white (WW) cow 2
• a roan(RW) is mated with a red(RR)cow 3 3. Illustrate your answers using a Punnett
square.

4. Write your answers on the paper. II.

Analysis
1. Will you be able to trace the father of the calves?______________ 2,
What are the possible phenotypes of the calves for each cow?
________________________________________________

3. Do you think you will make Mang Marcelino happy about the result of your
investigation? _________________________________

4. How are you going to explain it to him? ________________________

5. How would you apply what you have learned to improve the breeds of livestock in
your area?

_____________________________________________________________
5. . What possible suggestions can you give to animal breeders in your
area?

Additional Activities

SOLVE ME!
I. Procedure:
1. Make a cross between a homozygous black cow and a homozygous white cow.
2. Use the Punnett square to solve the problem and answer the guide questions.

WW

W W

B
BB

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/403424079102640052/

25
II. Analysis
Guide Questions:
1. What is the offspring in a cross between a homozygous black cow and a
homozygous white cow? ____________________________________________
2. What is the possible phenotype? ___________________________________

Lesson
Multiple Alleles
4
Multiple Alleles is pattern of inheritance, were gene is controlled by more than two
alleles.
Mendel's work suggested that just two alleles existed for each gene. Today, we know
that's not always, or even usually, the case. Although individual humans (and all diploid
organisms) can only have two alleles for a given gene, multiple alleles may exist in a
population level, and different individuals in the population may have different pairs of these
alleles.

What’s In

Multiple Alleles
Alleles are alternative forms of a gene, and they are responsible for differences in
phenotypic expression of a given trait (e.g., brown eyes versus green eyes). A gene for
which at least two alleles exist is said to be polymorphic. Instances in which a particular gene
may exist in three or more allelic forms are known as multiple allele conditions.
It is important to note that while multiple alleles occur and are maintained within a
population, any individual possesses only two such alleles (at equivalent loci on homologous
chromosomes).
Examples Of Multiple Alleles
Two human examples of multiple-allele genes are the gene of the ABO blood group
system, and the human-leukocyte-associated antigen (HLA) genes.

26
 Notes to the Teacher

What’s New

In Multiple alleles, sometimes even if only two alleles control a trait, there may
actually be more than two types of alleles available. This result with more than two
phenotypes expressed.

What is It

In Mutlitple Alleles, the ABO system in humans is controlled by three alleles, usually
referred to as IA, IB, and IO. The "I" stands for isohaemagglutinin. IA and IB are codominant and
produce type A and type B antigens, respectively, which migrate to the surface of red blood
cells, while IO is the recessive allele and produces no antigen.
Antigen are any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies.
Antibodies are protein component of the immune system that circulates in the blood that
recognizes foreign substance such as a toxin or component of a virus, bacteria or a parasite
The blood groups arising from the different possible genotypes are summarized in
the following table.
Genotype Blood Group
IA I A A

IA I O A

IB I B B

IB I O B

IA I B AB
IO I O O

Blood type AB is a universal recipient while blood type O is a universal donor.

What’s More
Activity 4.1. What’s Your Blood Type?
I. Materials: 

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Paper 
Pencil

II. Procedures:
A. Given the blood types of the mother and the child, what is the possible blood type of
the father?
Mother’s Blood Type Father’s Blood Type Child’s Blood Type
A A
B AB
AB B
O O

B. What are the possible alleles that can be found in each offspring?
Write the blood type
for each offspring in the table below.
Possible Alleles from Father
A B O
A
Possible
B
Alleles
From Mother O

III. Analysis

Use the table to answer the following questions, and list all possible blood types.
1. What blood type (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has type A
blood and the father has type B blood?________________________________
2. What blood type (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has type AB
blood and the father has type B blood?________________________________
3. What blood type (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has type O
blood and the father has type B blood?_________________________________
Science 9 Learner’s Module, pp. 34-35

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 What I Have Learned
1. Multiple Alleles is pattern of inheritance, were gene is controlled by more than two alleles.

2. Multiple alleles occur and are maintained within a population, any individual possesses
only two such alleles (at equivalent loci on homologous chromosomes).
3. Two human examples of multiple-allele genes are the gene of the ABO blood group
system, and the human-leukocyte-associated antigen (HLA) genes.
4. The blood groups arising from the different possible genotypes are summarized in the
following table.
Genotype Blood Group
IA I A A

IA I O A

IB I B B

IB I O B

IA I B AB
IO I O O

5. The "I" stands for isohaemagglutinin.

6. IA and IB are codominant and produce type A and type B antigens, I O is a recessive allele
and produces no antigen.
7. Blood type AB is a universal recipient while blood type O is a universal donor.
8. ANTIGEN are any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies.
9. ANTIBODIES are protein component of the immune system that circulates in the blood
that recognizes foreign substance such as a toxin or component of a virus, bacteria or a
parasite

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 1 9 14 6 5 4 9 5G 12 R
3. Type A and Type B antigens are 6I 13 S
2 10 3 10 8 6 9 1 9 14
7L 14 T
4. In Multiple Alleles gene is controlled by more
than two
1 7 7 4 7 4 13
5. Type AB is called the Universal
12 4 2 6 11 6 4 9 14

What I Can Do

Additional Activities

PROBLEM SOLVED!
Problem 1.Pretend that Brad Pitt is a homozygous for type B allele and Angelina Jolie is type
O. What are possible blood types of their baby?

SOLUTION: Remember This: HOMOZYGOUS are two identical alleles of a particular gene
HETEROZYGOUS are two different alleles of a particular gene

Problem 2. What is the importance of the antibodies in Rapid Testing Technique to check

the presence of Covid 19 virus? sheet of paper.

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SOLUTION:

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen lett
er on a separate

1. Which blood type would not be possible for children of a type AB mother and a type A
father?
A. Blood Type O B. Blood Type A. C. Blood Type B. D. Blood Type AB.
2. If two white rabbit produce a black offspring, the parent’s genotypes for color must be:
A. Heterozygous white.
B. Homozygous white.
C. Homozygous black.
D. Not enough information was given.
3. A strand of DNA with the sequence A A C T T G will have a complimentary strand with
the following sequence:
A. CCAGGT C. AACTTG
B. TTCAAG D. TTGAAC
4. Long radishes crossed with round radishes result in all oval radishes. This type of
inheritance is:
a. Multiple alleles. c. Complete dominance.
b. Codominance. d. Incomplete dominance

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5. A cat shows both the traits for orange fur and black fur. What kind of allele expression is
this?
A. Incomplete Dominance C. Codominance
B. Independent assortment D. Recessive inheritance

Answer Key

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 What’s More 1.1 What’s More 1.2
What I Know
1. Thymine Hidden word:
1. A 2. Cytosine CHROMOSOMES
2. A 3. Twisted 1. Answers may vary
3. D Ladder/double helix
4. D 4. Sugar, phosphate,
5. B base 5. TCGAGTC

What’s More 2.1 What’s More 3.1

What ‘s More 1.3
1. Four 1. Spotted cow
1. One piece of sock heterogygous Pink 2. Four spotted cow
represents flower
chromatid
2. Four pink
2. The bands/lines
represents the gene
location

3. Pair of socks
represents sister
chromatids
4. Chromosomes
5. Centromere

What’s More 4.1

What’s Father’s blood type
A, B,AB,O
A or B
A, B, AB,O
A,B,O

Possible Alleles from Father

A B O
IAIA, TYPE A I BIB, TYPE B I AIA, ii, TYPE A & O
IAIB, TYPE AB I BIB, TYPE B I BIB, ii, TYPE B & O
IAIA, ii TYPE A & O I BIB, ii, TYPE B & O ii TYPE O

1. AB, B, A, O
2. A, B, AB

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3. B,O
Assessment
1. A 2.
A
3. A
4. D
5. B

References
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Hegreness, M. and Meselson, M. (2007). What did Sutton see? Thirty years of confusion over the
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Genome News Network. (2004). 1910: Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) establishes the
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