1

10

10

O I

A B
C Z 26 BAD
G

How are you? 131

morse code

A
26 Z
How are you 32 131

dot dash
 2

code
( )

Braille
 1 3

A
3 1
3
A
A
1 1
3 hello

2 3 6 hi there

E T
Q Z 10

SOS
SOS
BAH BAH BAH
BAHMMMMM V Victory

( )
5 6 7
4

SOS

5 10 100

dih (dah)
2
1791 1872

E T

4 I A N M

8
 6
16

2 + 4 + 8 + 16 30 30 26
4 4
4

1 2
2 4
3. 8
4 16

2 2 2
2 2 2

1 2
2 2 2

2 2 2 2 24 2 4 8
16 2 1 2 3 4 2

1 21
2 22
 2 7
2

=2
2

5 5 32 2 2 2 2 2 25
10 16
5 5
6 64
2+4+8+16+32+64 126

=2

2
8
1 21 = 2
2 22 = 4
3 23 = 8
4 2 4 = 16
5 2 5 = 32
6 2 6 = 64
7 2 7 = 128
8 2 8 = 256
9 2 9 = 512
10 2 10 = 1024

binary code

2
 3

18

1809 Coupvray
25 3

10

Valentin Haüy(1745 1822)

Haüy A A
A
Haüy

Charles Barbier 1819

écriture nocturne

Barbier Barbier

12 Barbier

3 15

1835 1852 43
10

2 3 1 6

6
1 3 5 2 4 6

6
2 2 2 2 2 2 64(2 ) 6

64 64

64 64
64
2 2 4
 3 11
you and me

W W
64 25
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4 1 2 4 5 2 3 1 3
3 6 1

you and me

31 10
64

a j 6 W

about :

a j 2 3 5 6
 12

51 6 3 4 5 6

ble
a j

256

7 64
7

4
4 6 5
5 6
6

l ou i s b r a
i l l e
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electricity

electron theory
14

3 3 4 11 2
1 11 2
3

H2O

electron electricity η λ ε κ τ ρ ο ν( e l e k t r o n ) ,
ηλεκτρον

+
 4 15

• D C A AA AAA
• 1.5
•
+
•
•
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1.5
 4 17

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Count Alessandro Volto(1745 1827) 1800

André Marie Ampére(1775 1836) 10

6 240 000 000 000 000 000 1 1

Georg Simon Ohm (1789 1854)

I=E/R
I E R

E 1.5 R
I 1.5 0
 18

1.5 1.5

1.5

1847 1931 1879

3.0 4
3 4 0.75 750 4 680 000 000 000
000 000
4

1736 1819 P
P=E I
3 0.75 2.25
100 120 100
120 0.83 100 120 0.83 144
 5
12

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20

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 5 21

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25%
1.5
D 100

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earth, ground ground

ground
22

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 5 23

V V

4
V
 24

20
100 $ 9.99
50
AWG AWG 20
0.032 1000 10 100
1
100
4
0.75 3 4 0.03 3 100

10
35 $ 11.99 0.1 1000
1 1 5
120 100
144
150
200
 6
1791

Catherine Marie Antoinette

1791 35

General Lafayette (1825)

1836 5.7%
Louis Daguerre

1840 17
Mathew Brady

19

19 1832

1879
26

( )

Valentin Haüy
1836 1843
1844 5 24 Wa s h i n g t o n
What hath God wrought

/
 6 27

CD DVD

300 300
200
28
6 29
 7

cat gato chat Katze KOIIIK καπα

3
3 3

11
10 10 5
8 12
Digit five
fist
10
10
10
1
10 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
104 = 10 000
105 = 100 000
106 = 1 000 000
107 = 10 000 000
108 = 100 000 000
109 = 1 000 000 000( )
 7 31
4 4

4
1
4

27

MCMLIII
27

X 10 V 5

I V
V X L C
centum D M mille

I V
V X X L
 32

Muhammed ibn-Musa
al-Khwarizmi algorithm 825
11 2 0

100 1 000 000 1

• 10
10
•
10

205 250

4825

4825=4000+800+20+5

4825=4 1000+
8 100+
2 10+
5 1
10
4825=4 103+
8 102+
2 101+
5 100
0 1
7 0 9 999 9999
 7 33

1
10
100
1000
10 000
100 000
1 000 000

10 10
1 0
( ) 42
705.684
4 10 000+
2 1000+
7 100+
0 10+
5 1+
6 10+
8 100+
4 1000

4 10 000+
2 1000+
7 100+
0 10+
5 1+
6 0.1+
8 0.01+
4 0.001
10
4 104+
2 103+
7 102+
0 101+
5 100+
6 10 1+
8 10 2+
4 10 3
34
10
3 4 7 30 40 70 300 400 700 3000 4000
7000

4 6 10
 7 35

4
8
 8
10 10
10
10

10

10

10
10
10

10
 8 37
4
10 8

8
8

10
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 7
10 10 10

10 13
20 20
8
8
9
 38
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 60 61 62
63 64 65 66 67 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 100...

TEN EIGHT
7 TEN 7 EIGHT
8 TEN 1 0 EIGHT
9 TEN 11EIGHT
1 0 TEN 1 2 EIGHT
1 2 TEN 1 4 EIGHT
1 4 TEN 1 6 EIGHT
1 6 TEN 2 0 EIGHT
2 4 TEN 3 0 EIGHT
2 6 TEH 3 2 EIGHT
3 2 TEN 4 0 EIGHT
5 2 TEN 6 4 EIGHT
6 4 TEN 1 0 0 EIGHT
Sunset Strip 17 77TEN or 115EIGHT
1 0 0 TEN 1 4 4 EIGHT
1 2 8 TEN 2 0 0 EIGHT
256TEN or 400 EIGHT
1 0 0 EIGHT 2 0 0E I G H T 4 0 0 EIGHT
1 0 0TEN 1 0 TEN
1 0 TEN 1 0 0 EIGHT 1 0 EIGHT 1 0 EIGHT 8 TEN 8 TEN
6 4 TEN
1 0 0 EIGHT 2 0 0 EIGHT 4 0 0 EIGHT 64TEN 128 TEN

2 5 6 TEN 2 4 0 0 EIGHT 4 EIGHT 1 0 EIGHT 1 0 EIGHT

2 2 2 2

2
20 1 1
21 2 2
22 4 4
23 8 10
24 16 20
25 32 40
26 64 100
 8 39
27 128 200
28 256 400
29 512 1000
21 0 1024 2000
2 11 2048 4000
21 2 4096 10000

64
512
4096
32768

3 7 2 5 EIGHT
3725EIGHT = 3000 EIGHT + 700 EIGHT + 20 EIGHT + 5 EIGHT
8
3 7 2 5 EIGHT = 3 5 1 2 TEN +
7 6 4 TEN +
2 8 TEN +
5 1
8
3 7 2 5 EIGHT = 3 1 0 0 0 EIGHT +
7 1 0 0 EIGHT +
2 1 0 EIGHT +
5 1

3 7 2 5 EIGHT = 3 83+
7 82+
2 81+
5 80
2 0 0 5 TEN
40

5 EIGHT + 7 EIGHT = 14 EIGHT

135
+ 643
1000

5 3 10 0 1 1 3 4 10,
0 1 1 1 6 10
2 2 4 3 3 9 3 3
11EIGHT 9 TEN

4 6 3 0 EIGHT 3 0 EIGHT 4 6 2 4 TEN

 8 41
4

0 1 2 3 10 11 12 13 20 21 22 23 30 31 32 33 100 101 102

103 110

31232
3 1 2 3 2 FOUR = 3 256TEN+
1 6 4 TEN +
2 1 6 TEN +
3 4 TEN +
2 1 TEN

3 1 2 3 2 FOUR = 3 1 0 0 0 0 FOUR +
1 1 0 0 0 FOUR +
2 1 0 0 FOUR +
3 1 0 FOUR +
2 1 FOUR

3 1 2 3 2 FOUR = 3 44+
1 43+
2 42+
3 41+
2 40
42
3 1 2 3 2 FOUR 8 7 8 TEN

2 0 1
0 1

1 10
10
0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010
1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 10000 10001

1 TEN 1 TWO
2 TEN 1 0 TWO
3 TEN 11TWO
4 TEN 1 0 0 TWO
5 TEN 1 0 1 TWO
6 TEN 110TWO
7 TEN 111TWO
8 TEN 1 0 0 0 TWO
9 TEN 1 0 0 1 TWO
1 0 TEN 1 0 1 0 TWO

2
4
8
16
32

1 2 2
 8 43
2
2
20 1 1 1 1
21 2 2 2 10
22 4 4 10 100
23 8 10 20 1000
24 16 20 100 10000
5
2 32 40 200 100000
26 64 100 1000 1000000
27 128 200 2000 10000000
28 256 400 10000 100000000
29 512 1000 20000 1000000000
21 0 1024 2000 100000 10000000000
2 11 2048 4000 200000 100000000000
21 2 4096 10000 1000000 1000000000000

101101011010
101101011010TWO = 1 2 0 4 8 TEN +
0 1024TEN+
1 512TEN+
1 256TEN+
0 1 2 8 TEN +
1 64TEN+
0 32TEN+
1 16TEN+
1 8TEN+
0 4TEN+
1 2TEN+
0 1 TEN

101101011010TWO = 1 211+
0 210+
1 29+
1 28+
0 27+
1 26+
0 25+
1 24+
1 23+
0 22+
1 21+
0 20
44
2048+512+256+64+16+8+2 2 9 0 6 TEN

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

8 8
8 8
8 8 1 0 0 1 0 11 0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 225

225 128

64

0 1 0
1 150

0 1
0 0 1
1 1 10
 8 45
1100101
+0110110
10011011
2 0 1 1 3 1 1
0 1 4 1 0 0 1 5 0 1 1 6 1
1 0 1 7 1 1 0 10

0 1
0 1
0 0 0

1 0 1

1 3 TEN 11TEN
1101
1011
1101
1101
0000
1101
10001111

1 4 3 TEN
1
0 0 11 11
16

0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9
1010 10
1011 11
1100 12
1101 13
1110 14
1111 15

4 0 1
 46
• 0 1
• 2 0 1
• 3 0 1
• 4 0 1
16
1 16

10000 16
10001 17
10010 18
10011 19
10100 20
10101 21
10110 22
10111 23
11000 24
11001 25
11010 26
11011 27
11100 28
11101 29
11110 30
11111 31

0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0

12000000 0
12 000 000

1 0 11 0 111 0 0 0 11 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 11 - 0 111 - 0 0 0 1 - 1 0 11 - 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 0 111 0 0 0 11 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1

0 1
1
0
1
0
1
 8 47
0
1
0

1948 John Wilder Tukey 1915

binary digit bigit binit

bit( ) binary digit
 9
1973

0 1

10 10

0 1 1
0 0
bit( ) binary digit
bit
1
bit 1

Paul Revere
 9 49
Paul Revere

)
Paul Revere
50
1 0
Paul Revere

00=
01=
10=
11=
Paul Revere

Paul Revere
Paul Revere

Paul Revere

Roger Ebert
 9 51
Gene Siskel

00 =
01 = Siskel Ebert
10 = Siskel Ebert
11 = Siskel Ebert
Siskel 0 Siskel 1 Siskel
Ebert
Siskel Ebert Impolite Encounter
Siskel Ebert Siskel Ebert
Siskel
Ebert 1 0

1 0
1 0
0 1

Siskel Ebert

Siskel Ebert Siskel

Ebert
8
000 = Siskel Ebert
001 = Siskel Ebert
010 = Siskel Ebert
011 = Siskel Ebert
100 = Siskel Ebert
101 = Siskel Ebert
110 = Siskel Ebert
111 = Siskel Ebert

8 3 0 7 3

Siskel Ebert
Leonard Maltin Movie &Video Guide Leonard Maltin
 52
Maltin Maltin Maltin
1 4
BOMB 3

000 = BOMB
001 = 1/2
010 =
011 = 1/2
100 =
101 = 1/2
110 =
111 111
111 Maltin

Siskel Ebert Siskel

Ebert Maltin
2 2 Maltin

000=
001= 1/2
010= 1/2
011=
101= 1/2
110=
111=BOMB

Maltin

000=MAJOR BOMB
001=BOMB
010= 1/2
011=
100= 1/2
101=
110= 1/2
111=
 9 53
ATOMIC
BOMB 3
Entertainment Weekly CD
CD-ROM A+ F 13

0000 = F
0001 = D-
0010 = D
0011 = D+
0100 = C-
0101 = C
0110 = C+
0111 = B-
1000 = B
1001 = B+
1010 = A-
1011 = A
1100 = A+
3 1101 1110 1111 16

3
103
1000 000 999 212 7 10 7 10 000 000
212 260 104 10 000
2

1 21 = 2
2 22 = 4
3 23 = 8
4 2 4 = 16
5 2 5 = 32
6 2 6 = 64
7 2 7 = 128
8 2 8 = 256
9 2 9 = 512
10 2 1 0 = 1024

2 2 7
 54
128 2 128 7
27 = 128

log2128 = 7
2 128 7 2 256 8 2
200 7.64 200
8
(CD)

35

1 12 DX
12 12 1
0 1 7 1

ASA American standards association

100 200 400 ASA

24 ASA
25 32 40
50 64 80
100 125 160
200 250 320
400 500 640
800 1000 1250
1600 2000 2500
3200 4000 5000
ASA 5 24=16 24
2 = 32
5
 9 55
2 3 4 5 6
0 0 0 1 0 25
0 0 0 0 1 32
0 0 0 1 1 40
1 0 0 1 0 50
1 0 0 0 1 64
1 0 0 1 1 80
0 1 0 1 0 100
0 1 0 0 1 125
0 1 0 1 1 160
1 1 0 1 0 200
1 1 0 0 1 250
1 1 0 1 1 320
0 0 1 1 0 400
0 0 1 0 1 500
0 0 1 1 1 640
1 0 1 1 0 800
1 0 1 0 1 1000
1 0 1 1 1 1250
0 1 1 1 0 1600
0 1 1 0 1 2000
0 1 1 1 1 2500
1 1 1 1 0 3200
1 1 1 0 1 4000
1 1 1 1 1 5000

35

1 6 6

1 1
2 6 4 5
2 3 6 400ASA

2 3 50 100 200 400ASA

8 12 8 9 10 11 12

UPC universal product code

UPC

UPC UPC UPC

56
UPC 30
3
Campbell 10 UPC
4

UPC

OCR optical character recognition

?
1
0 1 2
3 4

UPC 95
 9 57
3 101
UPC

7 0 9
5 01010

UPC
7 6 101
UPC

UPC 12 UPC 6
7

0001101=0 0110001=5
0011001=1 0101111=6
0010011=2 0111011=7
0111101=3 0110111=8
0100011=4 0001011=9
7 0 1 1
0 UPC
1

1
1
1
UPS 7

1110010=0 1001110=5
1100110=1 1010000=6
1101100=2 1000100=7
1000010=3 1001000=8
1011100=4 1110100=9
1 0 0 1
1 1
3
UCP Campbell 10
4
UPC 12
0 51000 01251 7
UPC
 58

UPC 30 12
0 0 UPC
UPC 2 UPC
5
5 51000 Campbell
Campbell 5 01251
3
10
4
01251
UPC

7
11 0 51000 01251
A BCDEF GHIJK

3 A+C+E+G+I+K + B+D+F+H+J
10
3 0+1+0+0+2+1 + 5+0+0+1+5 =3 4+11=23
23 23 10 30,
30 23=7
UPC
UPC UPC

0 9 4 UPC
7 95 11 UPC
9 0 11 3 11
10

UPC
7 1

0100111 = 0 0111001 = 5
0110011 = 1 0000101 = 6
0011011 = 2 0010001 = 7
0100001 = 3 0001001 = 8
0011101 = 4 0010111 = 9
 9 59

1011000 = 0 1000110 = 5
1001100 = 1 1111010 = 6
1100100 = 2 1101110 = 7
1011110 = 3 1110110 = 8
1100010 = 4 1101000 = 9
7

0 1

3
1 1 0
2
60
1 0
0 Hi,there

UPC

6
6 ( )
3 1 6

code

1 0 6
code
100100 101010 100110 100010
1 6

1 0
 10
O rg a n o n
4

( ;
;
, )

19 Charles Dodgson Lewis Carroll

( ;
)
(Some
dostinate persons are not philosophers)
(some)

19 1648 1716
)

1815

1849
Cork
19
 62
The Mathematical Analysis of Logic,
Being an Essay Towards a Calculus of Deductive Reasoning (1847)
An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which Are Founded the
Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities (1854) The Laws of Thought
1864 49
1854

+
3 2
5 3

A=3
B=2 A
C = B+5
D=3 C

D=3 C
D=3 B+5
D=3 2 A +5
D=3 2 3 +5
D = 33

A+B = B+A
A B=B A

A+ B+C = A+B +C
A B C = A B C

A B+C = A B + A C
 10 63

M F

M
T B W
O
N
U
+ +

+
B+W

F T
F T F T FT

W+ B F = W+B W+F
W B F
W+B W+F

1
( ) 1
M+F=1
64
T+B+W+O=1

N+U=1
1
1 M

1 M=F
0 0

F M=0
1 0

1 F=F

0 F=0

0+F = F

1+F = 1

F 1 F 1
F+ 1 F =1
0
F 1 F =0

F F=F

F
X2 = X
 10 65
F+F=F

P M S

P M=P
P M=M

S P=S
P=P M
S P M =S

S P M=S
S P S
S M=S

S M 0
S M M

2400

M N W+T + F N 1-W +B

OR / AND
/

1 NOT
 66
•+ OR
• AND
• 1- NOT

M AND N AND W OR T OR F AND N AND NOT W OR B

M AND N AND W OR T

F AND N AND NOT W

0 1 1
0

M N W+T + F N 1 W +B
0 1
1 0 0+1 + 0 0 1-0 +0
1 M T
1

+ OR AND
AND OR + +
AND
0 0=0
0 1=0
1 0=0
1 1=1
1 1
8
AND 0 1
0 0 0

1 0 1

+ OR
 10 67
0+0 = 0
0+1 = 1
1+0 = 1
1+1 = 1
+ 1 1 1+1=1

OR 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 1

1 0 1 + 0 0 1 +0 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
0

M N W+T + F N 1 W +B
0 1
0 1 1+0 + 1 1 1-1 +0

0 1 1 + 1 1 0 +0=0+0+0=0

0 1 0+0 + 1 1 1-0 +0

0 1 0 + 1 1 1 +0=0+1+0=1
1 ,

(
)
 68

Roger Ebert 0 Ebert

1 Ebert 0
1
0 1

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0

1 1 1

AND OR
 10 69
0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1

AND
AND 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1

AND
70

0 1

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

0 1
0 0 1
1 1 1

OR
OR 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 1
 10 71
M N W+T + F N 1 W +B
AND
OR + 8

( ) W
W 1 W

( )

M T W
72

15
1844 The Laws of Thought 10

19

1792 1871
 11
20 logic gates
Bill Gates Gates

M N W+T + F N 1 W +B

19
20 30 ( 1916
) 1938 A Symbolic Analysis of
Relay and Switching Circuits 10 The Mathematical
Theory of Communication (bit) 1
1938

M N W+T + F N 1 W +B

N M W+T + N F 1 W +B
X Y
X=M W+T
74
Y=F 1 W

N X + N Y +B
X Y
N
N
N X+Y +B
X Y
N M W+T + F 1-W +B

(
)
 11 75

B T B
T O B T W

A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits

relay 6
76

V ( 5 6 )

V
 11 77

V
78
 11 79

( )
275-206 275-214

275-240 $ 2.99
80
 11 81

AND gate
82

0 1

AND 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1
11 83
84

OR gate

OR O
 11 85
0 1

OR 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 1

1 1
0 0
86

0 1

F M

F 1 M 0

W
W 1 0

0 1
1 0
 11 87
1
1

W 1 0 B 1 0

4 2 2-4
4 4 1 1
3-8 4-16

N M W+T + F 1-W +B
(+) ( )
88
2-4 1
 11 89

NOR gate
90

NOR 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0

1 1
0 0
 11 91

NAND gate
92

NAND 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

1 1
0

AND 0 1 OR 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1

NAND 0 1 NOR 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0
 11 93
1
4
2- 4
2- 4

0 1 1 0

0 1

1 0

9 Formal logic 1847 The

Mathematical Analysis of logic

A B
 12

120

245 673
1 5 3

+ 0 1

0 0 1
1 1 10

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0 1

+ 0 1

0 00 01
1 01 10

1 1
0 1 1
 12 95
+ 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0

2
+ 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1

01100101
+10110110
100011011
3 6 7 8

8 0000-0000 1111 -
1111 0 255 8 1-1111-1110 510

8 8
0 1 9
0 1 9
8 9

0 11 0 - 0 1 0 1 1 0 11 - 0 11 0
96
1-0001-1011

8 144
18 8 18=144
144

+ 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1

AND 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 1

+ 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0

OR 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 1

NAND 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

B
 12 97
A\ B

0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0

1 1

A B

0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0

Exclusive OR gate XOR

1 A 1 B 1 1

XOR 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0

+ 0 1 + 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 1
98

XOR 0 1 AND 0 1

0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 1

A B

Half Adder A B
( S) ( CO) 1

1111
+1111
11110
1 1 0 1 2
3

A B
( CI)
 12 99
1 1

Full Adder

A B

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1

144
2 6
8 1 18
8 8 144
100
1
1 0
1

8
8

8 A B A0 A7 B0 B7
 12 101
S0 S7

A B

0 A0 B0 S0
A7 B7 S7
0110-1001
A 7 A 6 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A1 A 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 2
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
2 0 11 0 - 1 0 0 1
64+32+8+1 105
8
A B

8 8 A7 A0 B7 B0 S7 S0
8
8
16
A B A B
( 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) ( 8 )

16
102
8 8

3 2

20 30

8 144
 13

253
176
???
6 3 5 1 13 6
7 5 1 5 4 4 7 2 1 14 7 7 2 1
1 1 1 0 77
253
176
77

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999
176
823
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9 176 9 823 823 9 176
9
9
104
253
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1076
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77

253 176
1000 1000
253 176 + 1000 1000

253 176 + 999 + 1 1000

253+ 999-176 +1 1000

9

176
253
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176
253
77
253 9
999
253
746

176
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922
 13 105
1 1000
923 1000
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999
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922
999
77

253
176
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1 11111111
11111101
10110000
01 0 0 1 1 1 1
9 9
1 1 1
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11 0 1 1 0
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 106
101001101
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77

176
253
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100000000 11111111 2

11111111
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2 77 77

/
8

A B

8
 13 107
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11001101) /

8 / 8
255

8
8
 108

XOR 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0

0 8 8
0 11 0 0 0 0 1 , 0 11 0 0 0 0 1 1
01100001 10011110 8

A B
 13 109
3 SUB / 0
1 B
(CI) 1 1
CI 0
SUB CO /
SUB 0 CO 1 255
CO 1
100000000 CO 0 /
/

77 1001101
0 1

1 0

1 000 000 -999 999 3 2 10123 999 999 1 000 000

,

$500 $ 500 $499 $ 500

$500 $500

500 499 1000

3 1000 500
999
500 500
501 499
502 498

998 2
999 1
000 0
001 1
002 2
 110
497 497
498 498
499 499

5 6 7 8 9 3
500 499 498 4 3 2 101234 497 498 499

500 501 502 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 497 498 499
500 499
999 999 1 1000 3
000
3 10 999 1
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744 1 745

10
$143 $78 78 143 78
999 78+1 922 143 922 65
$150 150 850 065 850 915
$85
8 00000000
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10000000 128
10000001 127
10000010 126
10000011 125

11111101 3
11111110 2
11111111 1
00000000 0
00000001 1
10000010 2

01111100 124
01111101 125
01111110 126
01111111 127
 13 111
128 127 1 0

2 1 1 1 125
01111101 2 125 10000010 1 10000011
1

127+124
10000001
+ 01111100
11111101
3
127 128 125 125
01111101
+01111101
11111010
6 125
10000011
+ 10000011
100000110
8 1 8 6

8 0 255 8 128 127

1 0 11 0 11 0
182 74
0 1
14

CD
 14 113

11

0 1 1 0

0
1
114

0 1

0 1

0 1
clock

cycle

0.05

0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.10 0.125 0.15

0.05 1 0.05
20 20

(1857 1894)
 14 115
20 20
20 20Hz

0 1
NOR 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0

0
0 1

1
0
116

0
1 0
1

•
•

1918 William Henry Eccles(1875 1 9 6 6 ) F.W.Jordan

R-S Reset-Set /
 14 117

Q Q Q Q 0 Q 1
S Set R Reset Q 1
Q 0 S 1 Q 1 Q
0 R 1 Q 0 Q 1 S R 0
Q

R-S 4 4
2 S R Q Q S R
Q Q S R 0 S R 1
S R 1 Q Q Q Q
R-S R S 1
R-S

R-S
0 1

Data 0 1
Hold that bit 0
1 0
 118
1 Q
0 Q 0
Q

X
R-S

1 1 Q 0 Q 1
0

1 R-S
 14 119
R-S
R-S
1
0
S 0 R 1 R 0 S 1

S R Q 0 Q 1 0

Q Q 0
120
1

D D Data
1

0 1

D Clk

D
1 16 1

12 8
1 2

8 8
1
 14 121

Clk

8 8 D0 D7 8 Q0 Q7
Clk 0 1 D Q
0 8 1 8

8 A 8 B CI
8 S CO
8 8 (D)
Save

A B
2-1
 122
2-1 B 2
Q 8 B 2-1
8

Select 1 B
B 0 0
A

A B

8 1
(CO)
1
16
17
D
Clear 0
1 Q 0

Q 0
0
1 8 8
 14 123

(Add)

0 B
0
8

0 1
1 ,
Q Q

0 1
0
1 0 1

D R-S
124
D
1
0 1
0 Q
0

1
0 1

Q 1
0 Q
 14 125

Q Q 0 1
D 0 1

Clk 0 1 Q Clk
1 0

0 1

D Q D

Clk Q
0 Q 1 D
126

Clk 0 1 Q D

Q 0 D 0 Clk 1

Clk 0

Clk 1 D 0 Q 0 Q 1

D 1

Clk 0 1 Q 0
1 1 0
 14 127

Clk 0 1 D Q Q Clk
0 1 D Q
20 20 Q 10
( Q )
Clk

0 1

90 4
0 15
128
0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9
1010 10
1011 11
1100 12
1101 13
1110 14
1111 15

8
0 1

1
8 8

Q0 Q7 Q0
8
8

Q
 14 129
1

8
11111111 00000000
8 0
256 10
256 10 25.6
Preset
D

0
1 Q 1 Q 0 1 Q 0 Q 1 R-S S R
1 D
130

100
 15
8

8 8 6 7 9 10
12
8 8

1956 IBM bite y

i bit
20 60 IBM 360
8
8 00000000 11111111 0 255
-128 127 2 8
256

8 IBM
BCD 23
256

256
2 16 65 536
4

8 10110110

8
2
10110110

2
2
182
 15 132

8 0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 3

000 0
001 1
010 2
011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
111 7

1 0 11 0 11 0 3

1 0 11 0 11 0 266

00000000 11111111 000 377

3 2
16

4 2 ( 4 ) 2 4 ( 16 )
16
hexadecimal hexa- 6
hexadecimal 16
hex

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
133
8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12
4 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 10 11 12
0 1
0 1 10 11 100

0123456789 10 11 12
10 16 6
6

10 11
13 14
Julius Caesar 15
4

10110110
 15 134

6
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 10 11 12

0000 0 0
0001 1 1
0010 2 2
0011 3 3
0100 4 4
0101 5 5
0 11 0 6 6
0111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9
1010 A 10
1011 B 11
1100 C 12
1101 D 13
1110 E 14
1111 F 15

10110110 B6
10110110TWO 2 3 1 2 FOUR 2 6 6 EIGHT
1 8 2TEN B 6 SIXTEEN
B 6 HEX B6h
16

1
16
256
4096
65 536

9A48Ch
9A48Ch = 9 10000h+
A 1000h+
4 100h+
8 10h+
C 1h
135
16
9A48Ch = 9 164+
A 163+
4 162+
8 161+
C 160

9A48Ch = 9 65536+
A 4096+
4 256+
8 16+
C 1
9 9
A 10

9A48Ch = 9 65536+
10 4096+
4 256+
8 16+
12 1
631 948
4

79ACh A C 10 12

255 1
16 182
16 11 6 B6h
65 536 4
 15 136

4096

256 31 148

10 12 A C 79ACh.

31 148 4096 7.6044921875 4096 7

28 672 31 148 4096 0.6044921875

65 535 256
16

51 966

12 10 15 14 CAFE
137

4A3378E2
+877AB982
D1AE3264
13 2 8
1 8 9 A B C D E F
99h 153 1
103
99h 99 23
 16

QED(quod erat demonstrandum / )

1 1
1 2 3
14 D

14
1
 16 139

Q Data Out 14
Wr i t e
Data In (W) 0 (DI)
1 0
14 1

8 8 8
0 8 1 0

1
 140

8 1
8
8
8 1 8 1 8

8 1
8

8 3 3 8
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
8 1 3 1

8
3 8

14
2-1
8-1
 16 141

8-1

8-1 8 3 (Select Input)

000
D0 111 D7 101, D5

8-1 4 8

S 2= 1 , S 1= 0 , S0= 1 S0 S 1 S2, 1
0 D5 0 0 D5
1 1 101 D5
142
8 1
8-1 8

8-1

8-1
3-8 11

3-8 8 0
S0 S1 S2
 16 143

-
S0 S1 S2
101 0 0 0
1, 1

3-8

8-1
144
Address
3 8
8-1
8
RAM RAM
8 1

101 100
RAM RAM RAM 8 1
8 1 RAM
RAM 8 1 RAM

8 1 RAM 8 2 RAM
 16 145
RAM 8 2
8 1 RAM 2-1
1-2

1-2

2-1

Select 8 1 RAM
4 16 1 RAM

RAM 16 1
RAM 1 8
1 2
4 8 16

RAM =2

RAM RAM
 146
RAM 8192 1024 8 1024 = 2 10
10 8 8
RAM 1024 1024
1
1024 1K kilobyte 1K k
khilioi, 1 1kg=1000g,1km=1000m 1K =1024
1000
10 2
10 10 100 1000 10000 100000 2 2 4 8 16 32 64
10 2
1000 1024 ( )

2 10 103
2 10
1024 1K
K K KB RAM 1024 1K(1KB)
1KB RAM 1000 1000 1024
1K 1K
1K 8 8 10 10
RAM 2 10

1KB = 1024B = 2 10B 103B

2KB = 2048B = 2 B 11

4KB = 4096B = 2 12B

8KB = 8192B = 2 13B
16KB = 16 384B = 2 14B
32KB = 32 768B = 2 15B
64KB = 65 536B = 2 16B
128KB = 131 072B = 2 17B
256KB = 262 144B = 2 18B
512KB = 524 288B = 2 19B
1024KB = 1 048 576B = 2 20B 106B
2
1024 1KB 1024KB 1M
megabyte megas M MB
1MB = 1 048 576B = 2 20B 106B
2MB = 2 097 152B = 2 21B
4MB = 4 194 304B = 2 22B
 16 147
8MB = 8 388 608B = 2 23B
6MB = 16 777 216B = 2 24B
32MB = 33 554 432B = 2 25B
64MB = 67 108 864B = 2 26B
128MB = 134 217 728B = 2 27B
256MB = 268 435 456B = 2 28B
512MB = 536 870 912B = 2 29B
024MB = 1 073 741 824B = 2 30B 109B
gigas 1024MB 1G (gigabyte) GB
40
1T (terabyte teras 2 1 0 12 1 099 511
627 776B,terabyte TB
1KB 1000B 1MB 1 000 000B,1GB 1 000 000 000B,1TB 1 000 000 000 000B
1PB petabyte =2 B
50
1 125 899 906 842 624
10 15
1EB(exabyte)=2 B 60
1 152 921 504 606 846 976 1 0 18
1999 32MB
64MB 128MB
RAM 33 554 432B 67 108 864B 134 217 728B
65 536 64K 33 554 432
32M 1 073 741 824 1G
K M
8
kbps) mbps) 56K
56Kbps,
RAM
65 536

64KB 32KB 128KB 65 536 216B RAM

16 2 0000h
FFFFh.
64KB 1980 PC

9 64K 8 RAM 500

16 8 8 8
148
8

0 (takeover)
0
1

2-1 25 16 8
1

25

25 2-1

64K 8 RAM
2-1 RAM
RAM 8

64K 8 RAM
 16 149

16 65 536
8 8

64K 8 RAM 65 536 8

11

65 536 64K 8 RAM

RAM
 17

14 8 8

8 8

8
255
14
1 0 1
14
0 1
 17 151

100

500 64KB RAM

RAM

RAM 100

RAM RAM
16 14
RAM RAM

16

16 0000h RAM
RAM 0000h 8 100
0000h 0063h RAM 00h
 152
RAM RAM

RAM 0000h RAM

8 8 00h
0 1
0 1 16 1
RAM 0 1
0001h 0 1
0002h

RAM
00h FFFFh
0000h
8 RAM
255 255
2 128 127
16 RAM
8

100
50 50
10 100
50
50 RAM
RAM
RAM
RAM

16

8
 17 153
RAM
RAM

RAM

0000h RAM

16

RAM
8
Load
(Add) (Store)
(Halt)

• 0000h
• 0001h
• 0002h
• 0003h
• 0004h
154
• 0005h
• 0006h
• 0007h
• 0008h
• 0009h
• 000Ah
•
0000h

RAM

RAM
RAM

RAM
RAM RAM
RAM RAM
RAM RAM

16

RAM
RAM
4 4 4
 17 155
Load 10h
Store ( ) 11h
Add ( ) 20h
Halt ( ) FFh

RAM

RAM RAM
RAM RAM

8 RAM
8
RAM 8
2-1

2-1

8
 156
8 16 2
RAM RAM 8 8
RAM 2-1
RAM
16 Clk
(Clr) 8 Clk Clr RAM (W) 2-1
(S) RAM RAM
2-1 S 0 RAM
RAM W 1
1

Load 10h
Store 11h
Add 20h
Subtract( ) 21h
Halt FFh

21h RAM
1
C0

2-1
 17 157
56h 2Ah 38h RAM

56h 56h 2Ah

80h RAM 38h C7h
1 C7h 80h
C7h
+ 80h
+ 1h
48h
48h 86 42 56 72
8
8 16
16
76ABh
+ 232Ch
16
ABh
+ 2Ch
D7h

76h
+ 23h
99h
99D7h 16
 158
D7h 0002h 99h 0005h
16 76ABh
236Ch 2
ABh
+ 6Ch
117h
2
1h
+ 76h
+ 23h
9Ah
9A17h
16
1
1
Add with Carry
8 0

16
0

0
16 Subtract with Borrow
1 1
16

Load 10h
Store 11h
Add 20h
Subtract 21h
Add with Carry( ) 22h
Subtract with Borrow( ) 23h
Halt FFh

1 8
1
8
 17 159
1
16

8
16 24 32 40
32 7A892BCDh 65A872FFh

7A892BCDh
0000h 0003h 0006h 0009h 0002h
0005h 0008h 000Bh
3 8
8

RAM RAM
0000h RAM RAM
160
RAM

Load 10h
Store 11h
Add 20h
Subtract 21h
Add with Carry 22h
Subtract with Borrow 23h
Halt FFh

1
3 16
RAM

RAM RAM

0000h

0001h

0002h

2 RAM 16
0000h 0001h 0002h
16 76ABh 232Ch
2 0000h 0001h 2 0003h 0004h
 17 161
0002h 0005h

6 64KB RAM
RAM

4001h 4000h

4003h 4002h

4004h
4005h

4001h 4003h 4005h

4000h 4002h 4004h
RAM

RAM 3 8
3
RAM 16
 162
3
3

1/4
TA N S TA A F L TA N S TA A F L

64KB RAM
1KB
0000h 03FFh 64kB
RAM
RAM
3
RAM RAM
2-1 RAM
16 RAM 2
16 2-1
RAM

16

2-1 8

8
 17 163
RAM
8

0010h

0011h

0012h

0013h

0000h 0000h RAM

000Ch 3 RAM
13 0010h

000Ch
0010h

RAM

0020h 0030h

0013h

0030h

0031h

0032h
164
0013h
0000h 0010h 0020h
0030h 0000h
000Ch
3
000Fh 0012h 0015h 0018h 001Bh 001Eh
11 h
0023h
001Eh
0021h 0020h 0020h
000Ch
Jump

Load 10h
Store 11h
Add 20h
Subtract 21h
Add with Carry 22h
Subtract with Borrow 23h
Jump ( ) 30h
Halt FFh

RAM RAM
branch goto

000Ch

0020h

30h 16
0000h
0020h

16
16 D Pre
(Clr)
 17 165
0 Pre = 1 Q = 1
Clr = 1 Q=0
A

0 0 1 0
1 A=1 Pre = 1 Clr =
0 A=0 Pre = 0 Clr = 1 Q A
16

RAM 16 2-1
RAM 16

8
2-1

30h 1
 166

8 A7h 1Ch
8 16 3
16

A7h 1Ch 28 A7h 28

1004h 1005h 16 A7h

1005h 1004h

1001h 1000h

1005h 1004h

6 1004h 1005h 16 A7h 1

16 A7h 1Ch 6 27 0012h
27 6 0012h 28
( )
16
0012h 0000h

0000h

1004h 1005h 16 A7h 1

16 A7h 2
 17 167
A7h 1Ch

1 8
0 1

8 0 1

0
1 0 0

Load 10h
Store 11h
Add 20h
Subtract 21h
Add with Carry 22h
Subtract with Borrow 23h
Jump 30h
Jump If Zero ( ) 31h
Jump If Carry ( ) 32h
Jump If Not Zero ( ) 33h
Jump If Not Carry ( ) 34h
Halt FFh

0
0

0 16
0012h
1003h

001Eh

1003h

0 0000h
 168
1004h 1005h 16 A7h 1
1003h 1Ch 001Eh
FFh 1Ch 1Ch 1
1Bh 0 0 1Bh 1003h
1 0000h

1004h 1005h 16 A7h 2 1Bh FFh 1Ah

0
28 1004h 1005h 16 A7h 1Ch 1003h
1 FFh 0
0000h

8 16 24 32

4
64KB RAM RAM

/
CPU

18

8 8
8 RAM 16 8
256 65 536

8 8 ALU
ALU
ALU 16 PC
 17 169

10h 11 h
/
Add with Carry
2 3

Load 10h LOD

Store 11h STO
Add 20h ADD
Subtract 21h SUB
Add with Carry 22h ADC
Subtract with Borrow 23h SBB
Jump 30h JMP
Jump If Zero 31h JZ
Jump If Carry 32h JC
Jump If Not Zero 33h JNZ
Jump If Not Carry 34h JNC
Halt FFh HLT

1003h

LOD A [1003h]

LOD A [1003] Load

A
1003h 1003h
001Eh
ADD A [001Eh]

1003h
STO [1003h] A

1003h 1 0000h
JNZ 0000h

0000h
 170
0000h

0000h LOD A [1005h]

1000h 00h A7h

1002h 00h 1Ch
1004h 00h 00h

1000h 00h A7h 00h 1Ch 00h 00h

0000h: LOD A [1005h]

ADD A [1001h]
STO [1005h] A

LOD A [1004h]
ADC A [1000h]
STO [1004h] A

LOD A [1003h]
ADD A [001Eh]
STO [1003h] A

JNZ 0000h
001Eh: HLT
1000h: 00h A7h
1002h: 00h 1Ch
1004h: 00h 00h

2000h 2005h

BEGIN LOD A [RESULT+1]

ADD A [NUM1+1]
STO [RESULT+1] A

LOD A [RESULT]
ADC A [NUM1]
STO [RESULT] A

LOD A [NUM2+1]
ADD A [NEG1]
 17 171
STO [NUM2+1] A

JNZ BEGIN

NEG1 HLT
NUM1 00h A7h
NUM2 00h 1Ch
RESULT 00h 00h

NUM1 NUM2 R E S U LT
NUM1+1 NUM2+1 R E S U LT + 1 NEG1
negative one HLT

BEGIN LOD A [RESULT+1]

ADD A [NUM1+1] Add low-order byte
STO [RESULT+1] A
LOD A [RESULT]
ADC A [NUM1] Add high-order byte
STO [RESULT] A
LOD A [NUM2+1]
ADD A [NEG1] Decrement second number 1
STO [NUM2+1] A
JNZ BEGIN
NEG1 HLT
NUM1 00h A7h
NUM2 00h 1Ch
RESULT 00h 00h

RAM

10h( ) 11 h

A7h 256
1003h 0
FFh 0 0
172

23
100
20 30
1945

100
500 64KB RAM

12
 18

Join Napier(1550
1617)

400
Edmund Gunter
1581 1626 William Oughtred 1574 1660 1976 Keuffel&Esser
Smithsonian

Napier
Napier 1620 Wilhelm Schickard 1592 1635
Napier

(1623 1662) (1646 1716)

8 8

9 13 19
 174
(1752 1834)
1801
1
18 20 40

1791 1871

1820

10
10

1833
(
) 19

1815 1852

G e o rg Edvard Scheutz 1853

20 30 20
20

10 1880
 18 175
1890 10
(1860 1929) 1880

5 1
6 ×3
8 4

24 12 288
1/4

288 288

5
0 4 5 9 10 14 5
28 7 0 127

1890

288

26

1890 6200
1880 2 1880
1/3 1895
1897
1896
1 9 11 ( c c o m p u t i n g - Ta b u l a t i n g - R e c o r d i n g )
C-T-R 1915 C-T-R Thomas J.Wa t s o n ( 1 8 7 4 1 9 5 6 ) 1924
IBM
 176
1928 1890
IBM 80 12 50
20 21 24
20 19

19

20 30
( )

20 70

20 30
524 288

Conrad Zuse 1910 1995 1935

Zuse 35

1937 G e o rge Stibitz 1904 1995

1 K K kitchen
1939
Howard Aiken 1900 1973
IBM Harvard ark I
ASCC automated sequence controlled calculator 1943
Mark II
13 000 Aiken 1

1947 Harvard Mark II

Grace Murry Hopper 1906 1992 1944 Aiken
bug
John Ambrose Fleming 1849 1945
Lee de Forest 1873 1961 20 40
 18 177

1
1000
1

20 40 1945

Colossus 1943 Enigma

M
(1912 1954) 1937

J.Presper Eckert(1919 1 9 9 5 ) John Mauchly(1907 1980)

ENIAC electronic numerical integrator and computer
18 000 1945 30 ENIAC
1977
Eckert Mauchly John V. A t a n a s o ff ( 1 9 0 3 1995) A t a n a n s o ff

ENIAC (1903 1957) 1930

ENIAC E D VA C
electronic discrete variable automatic computer
1946 Arthur W . B u r k s Herman H.Goldstine
Preliminary Discussion of the logical Design of an Electronic
Computing instrumert
E D VA C ENIAC E D VA C
 178
ENIAC
ENIAC
ENIAC

17
3/4
EDVAC
5
1 1
1024
20 50
1

20 40
(1916 ) 11 1938
1948
Bell System Technical Journal A Mathematical
Theory of Communication

1949 1
1952

Norbert Wi e n e r ( 1 8 9 4 1 9 6 4 ) 1 8 Cybernetics,
or Control and Communication in the Animal and Macbine 1948
Cybernetics
cyber-
cyberspace
William Gibson 1984 Neuromancer cyberpunk
1948 Eckert-Mauchly Remington Rand
U N I VAC(universal automatic computer) 1951
UNIVAC CBS 1952 Walter Cronkite
1952 IBM 701

1947

G e o rge Stibitz Claude Shannon

 18 179
20 70
UNIX C

1925 1 1

1912

1947 12 16 John Bardeen(1908 1991) Wa l t e r

Brattain(1902 1987)

William Shockley 1910 1989 20

8 1939 12 29 Shockley

1956 Shockley Bardeen Brattain

N N
negative P
N P NPN
Collector (Base) (Emitter)
NPN
 180

1/4

1954

AT T

1960

1956 Shockley Shockley Palo

Alto

Silicon Valley

A
1 B 1 1

B
B
 18 181

1956

17
64KB RAM

RAM

G e o ffrey Dummer(1909 ) 1952 5

Dummer 1958 7 Jack Kilby

1923 6
1959 1 Robert Noyce 1927 1990 Noyce
Shockley 1957 7
Fairchild
Kilby Noyce 6
Noyce
10
Kildy Noyce IC

dual inline package DIP 14 16 40

 182
16
1 16 16
1/10
20 60
1964 Zenith 1971
Pulsar

1965 E Intel
1959

18

2015
SSI small-scale integration 10
MSI 10 100 LSI 100
5000 VLSI 5 000 50 000
SLSI 50000 100 000 100 000
20 70
VLSI
IC 70 TTL CMOS
TTL 70 IC
1.25 1973 The TTL
Data Book for Design Engineer (TTL ) ( TTL )
TTL 7400
74
7400

7400 7400 TTL

2
1 0 14
 18 183
14 V CC V ( V
C ) 7 GND

TTL7400 V CC 4.75 5.25V 5V 5%

4.75V 5.25V TTL
5V TTL

7400 1
0 0 5V VCC
TTL 0 0.8V 0 2 5V 1
0.8 2V
TTL 0.2V 0 3.4V 1
/ 1 0
1 0 7400

TTL 0.2V 0 3.4V 1

0 0 0.8V 1 2 5V TTL
1 1.4V 1 0
0.6V 0

ns 1 1
1 7400
22 0.000000022 22

17

17
Robert Noyce

TTL 7402
7404 7408 7432
7430 8
184

NC
7474 D

TTL

14 14 TTL
 18 185

H L 1 0
0 1
TTL 7483 4 74151 8-1
74154 4-16 74161 4 74175
D 8
11 TTL

TTL
TTL TTL 17
TTL 64KB
RAM 1973 TTL RAM 256 1
2048 64KB RAM TTL 21

TTL

100
MHz 17 TTL
10MHz 400

CMOS
70 CMOS
National Semicondactor( )
CMOS Databook CMOS 4000
TTL 4.75 5.25 CMOS 3 18
CMOS TTL CMOS
CMOS CMOS 4008 4 5 750
10 250 15 190
CMOS TTL 4 TTL 4 24 25 TTL
CMOS TTL CMOS
 186

5
4

70
1971
Intel 1968 Robert Noyce
Gordon Moore Intel 1970 1024

Intel Busicom
Intel Ted Hoff
Intel 4004
1971 11 4004 2300
18 4000 1000
4004 4004

4004 4 4
4 17 8 8
 18 187
4 8 70
16 17 8 16
16 80 32

4004 108 000 108KHz

1999
500MHz 4004 5000
4004 640
64KB
17 1999 Intel 64TB
RAM 256MB
4 32
4

1973

4 32
32

1
20 70 4004 1972 4 Intel
8008 8 200KHz 16KB
1974 5 Intel Motorola
8008
 19
CPU 1971
Intel 4004 2300
30 10 000 000

1974 Intel 4 8080 Motorola

20 50 8 6800
1974 4 TMS 1000
National Semiconductor PACE
16 8080 6800
Intel 8080 $ 360 IBM System/360 IBM System/360
$ 1.95
8080 8080 System/360 IBM

8080 8 6000 2MHz 64KB

6800 $ 1.95 4000 64KB 1 6800
1 MHz 1977 Motorola 6800 1.5MHz
2 MHz

RAM

21

17

8080 6800 40 IC 2
1/8
 19 189
8
1/4
8080 40

8080
20 5 11 -5 28 12
2 1976 Intel 8085

8080
17 8080 2 MHz 22
15 ∅1 ∅2 Intel 8224
18 MHz

8080 16 A0 A15 2 16 65 536

8080 8 8 8
D0~D 7

10 RESET
RAM RAM
D0~D7 8080
8228 8080
8080
 190
8080 64KB
8080 0000h
A0 A 15 16 0 8080

17 H LT 3
8080 1 2 3
8080 8080
8080 RAM
8080

8080 2 MHz 500 1 2 000 000

0.000000500 17 4 8080 4 18
2 9

17 12 8 256
8 2 8080
244 17
8080
17

17 Load Store

16

LOD A [aaaa]
STO [aaaa] A

A aaaa 16
4
8080 8 A 17 17 8080
8080 32h 3Ah
16 8080 S TA LDA

32 STA [aaaa],A
3A LDA A,[aaaa]

8080 6 register 8
 19 191
6

8080 6 B C D E H L
F G I J K
H L H High L (Low) H L 8
HL 16 H L 16

17

8088 63 8080 MOV

Move
MOV 7

32 MOV

40 MOV B B 50 MOV D B
41 MOV B C 51 MOV D C
42 MOV B D 52 MOV D D
43 MOV B E 53 MOV D E
44 MOV B H 54 MOV D H
45 MOV B L 55 MOV D L
46 MOV B [HL] 56 MOV D [HL]
47 MOV B A 57 MOV D A
48 MOV C B 58 MOV E B
49 MOV C C 59 MOV E C
4A MOV C D 5A MOV E D
4B MOV C E 5B MOV E E
4C MOV C H 5C MOV E H
4D MOV C L 5D MOV E L
4E MOV C [HL] 5E MOV E [HL]
4F MOV C A 5F MOV E A

HL
MOV B [HL]

LDA 16
LDA MOV B
HL HL 16
192
LDA A [aaaa]
MOV B [HL]

32 MOV HL

60 MOV H B 70 MOV [HL] B

61 MOV H C 71 MOV [HL] C
62 MOV H D 72 MOV [HL] D
63 MOV H E 73 MOV [HL] E
64 MOV H H 74 MOV [HL] H
65 MOV H L 75 MOV [HL] L
66 MOV H [HL] 76 HLT
67 MOV H A 77 MOV [HL] A
68 MOV L B 78 MOV A B
69 MOV L C 79 MOV A C
6A MOV L D 7A MOV A D
6B MOV L E 7B MOV A E
6C MOV L H 7C MOV A H
6D MOV L L 7D MOV A L
6E MOV L [HL] 7E MOV A [HL]
6F MOV L A 7F MOV A A

MOV A A

MOV [HL] [HL]

MOV MOV 8
01dddsss

ddd 3 sss 3 3
000= B
001= C
010= D
011= E
100= H
101= L
110= HL
111= A

MOV L E

01101011 6Bh
 19 193
8080 sss 3 8-1 ddd 3
3-8
B C 16 BC D E 16
DE

02 STAX [BC] A 0A LDAX A [BC]

12 STAX [DE] A 1A LDAX A [DE]

MVI
1
HL

06 MVI B xx
0E MVI C xx
16 MVI D xx
1E MVI E xx
26 MVI H xx
2E MVI L xx
36 MVI [HL] xx
3E MVI A xx

MVI E 37h

E 37h
32 17
ADD ADC SUB SBB

80 ADD A B 90 SUB A B
81 ADD A C 91 SUB A C
82 ADD A D 92 SUB A D
83 ADD A E 93 SUB A E
84 ADD A H 94 SUB A H
85 ADD A L 95 SUB A L
86 ADD A [HL] 96 SUB A [HL]
87 ADD A A 97 SUB A A
88 ADC A B 98 SBB A B
89 ADC A C 99 SBB A C
8A ADC A D 9A SBB A D
8B ADC A E 9B SBB A E
8C ADC A H 9C SBB A H
8D ADC A L 9D SBB A L
8E ADC A [HL] 9E SBB A [HL]
8F ADC A A 9F SBB A A
 194
A 35h, B 22h,
SUB A B

13h
A 35h, H 10h L 7Ch 107Ch 4A
h
ADD A [HL]

35h HL 4Ah
7Fh
ADC SBB 8080 / 16 24 32 BC
DE 16 BC
MOV A C
ADD A E
MOV C A
MOV A B
ADC A D
MOV B A

ADD ADC

4 MOV MOV 8080

8080 17 CF ZF
8080 3 SF PF AF
PSW program status word 8 LDA S TA
MOV ADD SUB ADC SBB

• 1 SF 1
• 0 ZF 1
• 1 PF=1 1
PF=0 PF 8080

• ADD ADC SUB SBB CF=1

17
• 4 4 AF=1 DAA

CF

37 STC CF 1
3F CMC CF

17 ADD ADC SUB SBB 8080

AND OR XOR
ALU
 19 195
A0 AND A B B0 OR A B
A1 AND A C B1 OR A C
A2 AND A D B2 OR A D
A3 AND A E B3 OR A E
A4 AND A H B4 OR A H
A5 AND A L B5 OR A L
A6 AND A [HL] B6 OR A [HL]
A7 AND A A B7 OR A A
A8 XOR A B B8 CMP A B
A9 XOR A C B9 CMP A C
AA XOR A D BA CMP A D
AB XOR A E BB CMP A E
AC XOR A H BC CMP A H
AD XOR A L BD CMP A L
AE XOR A [HL] BE CMP A [HL]
AF XOR A A BF CMP A A

AND XOR OR
MVI A 0Fh
MVI B 55h
AND A Bh

05h OR 5Fh
XOR 5Ah
CMP SUB
CMP

MVI B 25h
CMP A B

A A 25h ZF A
25h CF = 1
8

C6 ADI A xx E6 ANI A xx
CE ACI A xx EE XRI A xx
D6 SUI A xx F6 ORI A xx
DE SBI A xx FE CPI A xx

CPI A 25h

8080

27 DAA
2F CMA
CMA complement accumulator 0 1 1
196
0 0 11 0 0 1 0 1 CMA 1 0 0 11 0 1 0

XRI A FFh

DAA Decimal Adjust Accumulator 8080

DAA BCD BCD

0000 1001 0 9 BCD 8

BCD 27h BCD 27

27h 39 B BCD 94h
MOV A 27 h
MOV B 94 h
ADD A B

BB h BCD BCD 9

DAA

21h CF = 1 27 94 121 BCD

1 1 17 1
FFh -1 2 8080 1
1

04 INR B 05 DCR B
0C INR C 0D DCR C
14 INR D 15 DCR D
1C INR E 1D DCR E
24 INR H 25 DCR H
2C INR L 2D DCR L
34 INR [HL] 35 DCR [HL]
3C INR A 3D DCR A

INR DCR CF
8080 4 1

07 RLC
0F RRC
17 RAL
1F RAR

CF
A7h 1 0 1 0 0 111 RLC A
CF 01001111
CF = 1 RRC 1 0 1 0 0 111 RRC
 19 197
11010011 CF = 1
RAL RAR RAL CF
CF 1 0 1 0 0 111 CF = 0 RAL
0 1 0 0 111 0 CF = 1 RAR
01010011 CF = 1
2 1 2
RAM
RAM

RAM

1
stack
LIFO

push pop
A B C
A B C
A B C
A B C

PUSH A
PUSH B
PUSH C
198
POP C
POP B
POP A

POP

A B C C D E
PUSH C
PUSH D
PUSH E

C B A

POP E
POP D
POP C

RAM 8080
16 16

8080 8080 PUSH

16 POP 8080 PUSH C POP C
8

C5 PUSH BC C1 POP BC
D5 PUSH DE D1 POP DE
E5 PUSH HL E1 POP HL
F5 PUSH PSW F1 POP PSW

PUSH BC B C POP BC
PSW 8
PSW

PUSH PSW
PUSH BC
PUSH DE
PUSH HL

POP
POP HL
POP DE
POP BC
POP PSW
8000h PUSH BC
• 1 7FFFH
• B 7FFFh
 19 199
• 1 7FFEH
• C 7FFEh
7FFEh POP BC
• 7FFEh C
• 1 7FFFh
• 7FFFh B
• 1 8000h
PUSH 2

POP
8080 64KB 0000h PUSH
1 FFFFh 0000h

LXI load extended immediate

16

01 LXI BC xxxx
11 LXI DE xxxx
21 LXI HL xxxx
31 LXI SP xxxx

LXI BC 527Ah

MVI B 52
MVI C 7A h

LXI LXI

0000 h LXI SP 0000 h

1 1 16

03 INX BC 0B DCX BC
13 INX DE 1B DCX DE
23 INX HL 2B DCX HL
33 INX SP 3B DCX SP

16 16
HL

09 DAD HL BC
19 DAD HL DE
29 DAD HL HL
39 DAD HL SP
 200
6
MOV A L
ADD A C
MOV L A
MOV A H
ADC A B
MOV H A

DAD CF
2
HL

2h SHLD [aaaa] HL HL
2Ah LHLD HL [aaaa] HL

L aaaa H aaaa+1
HL PC SP

E9h PCHL PC HL HL PC
F9h SPHL SP HL HL SP

PCHL 8080 HL
SPHL SP
HL
HL DE

E3h XTHL HL [SP] HL

EBh XCHG HL DE DE HL

PCHL 8080 17
PC PC PC
Jump Branch goto
PC

CF ZF 17

8080 5 4 8080 9
ZF CF PF SF 1 0
Call
Call Jump PC
PC
Call
 19 201
Return Return
PC
Call Return

Jump
Call Return
17
8080 B C
16 HL
Multiply: PUSH PSW ;
PUSH BC
SUB H,H HL 0000h
SUB L,L
MOV A,B A
CPI A,00h 0
JZ AllDone

MVI B,00h BC 0

Multloop: DAD HL,BC BC HL

DEC A 1
JNZ Multloop 0

AllDone: POP BC
POP PSW
RET

1 Multiply
PUSH

H L 0 MVI SUB
4 2 HL
B A 0 0
0 H L 0 JZ
POP
B 0 BC 16 A
DAD BC HL A 1 0 JNZ
BC HL BC HL
8080
 202
25h 12h
MOV B, 25h
MOV C, 12h
CALL Multiply

Call PC Call Call

Multiply
RET Call
8080 CALL Return

( )

I/O 8080 65 536 256

I/O I/O Port I/O A0 A7 I/O
8228
OUT I/O IN

D3 OUT PP
DB IN PP

interrupt
 19 203
8080INT
8080 EI Enable interrupts
DI Disable Interrupts

F3 DI
FB EI

8080 INTE 8080

INT 1 8080
8080

C7 RST 0 E7 RST 4
CF RST 1 EF RST 5
C7 RST 2 E7 RST 6
DF RST 3 FF RST 7

Restart CALL
Restart RST 0 0000h RST 1
0008h RST 7 0038h
RST 4 0020h 21

243 12 08h 10h 18h

20h 28h 30h 38h CBh D9h DDh EDh FDh 255

00 NOP

NOP no op no operation NOP

8080 NOP
Motorola 6800 8080
6800 40
204
VSS VCC 5V 8080 6800 16
8 RESET R/ W IRQ 6800
8080 6800 I/O 6800

6800 16 PC 16 SP 8
8 A B B
A B 6800 8
6800 16 index register 16 8080
HL

6800 8080
6800

20h BRA
22h BHI
23h BLS
24h BCC 0
25h BCS 1
26h BNE
27h BEQ
28h BVC 0
29h BVS 1
2Ah BPL
2Bh BMI
2Ch BGE 0
2Dh BLT 0
2Eh BGT 0
2Fh BLE 0

6800 8080 PF 8080

overflow flag
8080 6800

24
8080 6800 LDA
8080

8080LDA
 19 205
347Bh 6800 LDA
6800

6800LDA

7B34h A
8080 3Ah
6800 B6h 8080
6800
Intel Motorola
Intel
Motorola
little-endian(Intel ) big-endian (Motorola )
big-endian Jonathan Swift
G u l l i v e r’s Tr a v e l s Lilliput Blefuscu
little-
endian big-endian
8080
Altair 8800 1975 1 Popular
Electronics

Altair 8800 16
64KB RAM
8080 Intel 8085 Zilog Z-80 Zilog Intel
Intel 4004 Federico Faggin
 206
Z-80 8080 1977 Z-80 Radio Shack
TRS-80 Model1
1977 Steven Jobs Stephen Wozniak APPLE II
APPLE II 8080 6800 MOS 6502
6800
1978 6 Intel 8086 16 1MB
8086 8080 Intel 8088
8086
8080 8 IBM 5150 IBM PC 8088
1981
IBM PC PC
IBM PC Intel inside x86
Intel Intel x86 1985 32 386 1989 486
1993 Intel Pentium PC Intel
8086
Macintosh 1984 Motorola 68000 16
6800 68000 68K

1994 Macintosh Power PC, Motorola IBM Apple

PowerPC RISC
RISC
PowerPC 32
RISC
PowerPC 68K APPLE
Macintosh PowerPC 68K PowerPC 68K
PowerPC
18

4 8 16 32
23

Cache( ) RAM
Cache

21
 20 ASCII

Call me Ishmael

Call me Ishmael

Å n˜ ˙o˙
99%

6
escape
shift
shift

I have 27 sisters
 208
18

( 27)
10 111 2 7
2 7 ,

5 1874
Emile Baudot 1877 Donald Murray
1931 CCITT (ITU)
NO.2 ITA-2 Baudot Murray
20 Baudot Baudot 30

Baudot 5 32 00h 1Fh

32 :
Baudet Baudet

00 10 E
01 T 11 Z
02 Carriage Return( ) 12 D
03 O 13 B
04 Space( ) 14 S
05 H 15 Y
06 N 16 F
07 M 17 X
08 Line Feed( ) 18 A
09 L 19 W
0A R 1A J
0B G 1B Figure Shift( )
0C I 1C U
0D P 1D Q
0E C 1E K
0F V 1F Letter Shift( )

00h 31 26 5

04h 02h 08h

Baudot
Baudot
Baudot 1Bh
 20 ASCII 209
(1Fh)
Baudot Baudot
00 10 3
01 5 11 +
02 Carriage Return 12 Who Are You?
03 9 13 ?
04 Space 14
05 # 15 6
06 16 $
07 17 /
08 Line Feed 18 -
09 ) 19 2
0A 4 1A Bel
0B & 1B Figure Shift
0C 8 1C 7
0D 0 1D 1
0E 1E (
0F = 1F Letter Shift

ITU 05h 0Bh 16h

Who Are You

5
I SPENT $25 TODAY.

0C 04 14 0D 10 06 01 04 1B 16 19 01 1F 04 01 03 12 18 15 1B 07 02 08

:1Bh 1Fh 1 h

I SPENT $25 TODAY.

8 03,5 $25 TODAY.

Baudot

Baudot
52 0 9 10 62 64
6 128 128
8
7 7
 210

ASCII
1967
ASCII
ASCII 7 0000000 1111111 , 00h 7Fh
ASCII 32
32 10

ASCII ASCII

20 space 30 0
21 31 1
22 32 2
23 # 33 3
24 $ 34 4
25 % 35 5
26 & 36 6
27 37 7
28 ( 38 8
29 ) 39 9
2A * 3A :
2B + 3B ;
2C , 3C <
2D - 3D =
2E . 3E >
2F / 3F ?

20h
32 @

ASCII ASCII
40 @ 50 P
41 A 51 Q
42 B 52 R
43 C 53 S
44 D 54 T
45 E 55 U
46 F 56 V
47 G 57 W
48 H 58 X
49 I 59 Y
4A J 5A Z
4B K 5B [
4C L 5C \
4D M 5D ]
4E N 5E ^
4F O 5F -
 20 ASCII 211
32
ASCII ASCII
60 ` 70 p
61 a 71 q
62 b 72 r
63 c 73 s
64 d 74 t
65 e 75 u
66 f 76 v
67 g 77 w
68 h 78 x
69 i 79 y
6A j 7A z
6B k 7B {
6C l 7C |
6D m 7D }
6E n 7E ~
6F o

7Fh 95
ASCII 7 128 33

Hello you

ASCII
48 65 6C 6C 6F 2C 20 79 6F 75 21

2C 20 21

I am 12 years old.

ASCII
49 20 61 6D 20 31 32 20 79 65 61 72 73 20 6F 6C 64 2E

12 31h 32h 1 2 ASCII 12

01h 02h BCD 12h
0Ch ASCII
ASCII ASCII 20h

8080 HL C

Capitalize: MOV A,C ;C=number of characters left C

CPI A,00h ;Compare with 0 0
JZ AllDone ;If C is 0, we re finished C 0

MOV A ,[HL] ;Get the next character

CPI A,61h ;Check if it s less than 'a' 'a'
212
JC SkipIt ;If so,ignore it( )

CPI A,7Bh ;Check if its greater than 'z' 'z'

JNC SkipIt ;If so ,ignore it( )

SBI A,20h ;It s lowercase,so subtract 20h 20h

MOV [HL],A ;Store the character( )

SkipIt: INX HL ;Increment the text address 1

DCR C ;Decrement the counter 1
JMP Capitalize ;Go back to the top

AllDone: RET

20h
ANI A,DFh

ANI DFh 11011111

A
3 0 0 ASCII
95 ASCII 33
33
ASCII

00 NUL
01 SOH
02 STX
03 ETX
04 EOT
05 ENQ
06 ACK
07 BEL
08 BS
09 HT
0A LF
0B VT
0C FF
0D CR
0E SO
0F SI
10 DLE
11 DC1 1
12 DC2 2
13 DC3 3
14 DC4 4
15 NAK
16 SYN
17 ETB
 20 ASCII 213

18 CAN
19 EM
1A SUB
1B ESC
1C FS 4
1D GS 3
1E RS 2
1F US 1
7F DEL

ASCII
ASCII

41 09 42 09 43 09

09 Tab 0 Tab
8
A B C

12h

e 65 08 60
Baudot

ASCII IBM
System/360 IBM 8 BCD EBCDIC
BCDIC 6 IBM
80 IBM 1928 50
 214
8 EBCDIC

10 0 1 9
0 11 12 10
IBM 0 9 11 12
IBM 0 9
8 EBCDIC 4
BCD 19 BCD
4 0 9
0 9 1111
BCD 0 9 EBCDIC
EBCDIC
F0 O
F1 1
F2 2
F3 3
F4 4
F5 5
F6 6
F7 7
F8 8
F9 9

12 11 0 0 11
1101 0 1110 EBCDIC
EBCDIC EBCDIC EBCDIC

C1 A D1 J
C2 B D2 K E2 S
C3 C D3 L E3 T
C4 D D4 M E4 U
C5 E D5 N E5 V
C6 F D6 O E6 W
C7 G D7 P E7 X
C8 H D8 Q E8 Y
C9 I D9 R E9 Z

EBCDIC

a i 12 0
1000 j r 12 11 1001 s z 11
0 1010 EBCDIC
 20 ASCII 215
EBCDIC EBCDIC EBCDIC

81 a 91 j
82 b 92 k A2 s
83 c 93 l A3 t
84 d 94 m A4 u
85 e 95 n A5 v
86 f 96 o A6 w
87 g 97 p A7 x
88 h 98 q A8 y
89 i 99 r A9 z

EBCDIC
IBM 12 1
12 7 ASCII

EBCDIC 8 ASCII 7 ASCII

ASCII 6
ASCII 8
8 7 8
ASCII 7 8

K M

8.5 11 1 27
6.5 10 1750
2 3.5KB
NEW Yorker 3 60 40 7200
6
, 155 35 32 550 32KB
500 5 6
3000 333 (
) 1MB

F Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby 300KB

J D Salinger Catcher in the Rye 400KB
Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 540KB
John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath 1MB
Herman Melville Moby Dick 1.3MB
Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones 2.25MB
Margaret Mitchell Gone With the Wind 2.5MB
Stephen King The Stand 2.7MB
Leo Tolstoy War and Peace 3.9MB
Marcel Proust Remembrance of Things Post 7.7MB
 216
20 000 20 20TB

ASCII ASCII
ASCII
ASCII

ASCII ,
ASCII 10 ASCII 40h 5Bh 5Ch 5Dh 5Eh 60h 7Bh 7Ch
7Dh 7Eh #
$

8 ASCII 256
128 00h 7Fh ASCII 80h
FFh
96 ASCII 1
A0h FFh
 20 ASCII 217
A0h
ASCII 20h A0h
WW II ADh

ASCII
ASCII Shift-JIS
, 81h 9Fh 2 Shift-
JIS 6000 Shift-JIS

ASCII

1988
ASCII Unicode ASCII 7
Unicode 16 2 Unicode
0000h FFFFh 65 536

Unicode 128 0000h 007Fh ASCII

Unicode 00A0h 00FFh ASCII 1
Unicode
Unicode
ASCII ASCII

Unicode 1
ASCII The Grapes of Wr a t h 1M
Unicode 2MB Unicode
 21

RAM
RAM
RAM

4
• RAM

• RAM
input output RAM

•
RAM

S-100 1975 MITS

Altair 8080
6800 S-100 5.3 10 100
S-100
S-100 ( 12 )
S-100 S-100 8080
19 S-100 RAM S-100

S-100 8080 16 8 8
8080 8080
8
CPU
8080
 21 219
8080 Intel 8214
8080 8080 RST Restart
0000h 0008h
0010h 0018h 0020h 0028h 0030h 0038h

IBM PC 1981 IBM

PC IBM
PC PC
PC PC IBMPC
IBM PC 90% IBM
PC
Macintosh
Macintosh 10%

IBM PC Intel 8088 1M 8088 16

8 IBM PC ISA industry
standard architecture, 62 20
8 / 6 3 DMA direct
memory access DMA
/ DMA
/
S-100 IBM PC
RAM IBM
1984 IBM Personal Computer AT ( ) 16 Intel
80286 16M IBM 36
7 4 8 / 5 4
DMA
8 16 32

RFI
220
1987 IBM micro channel architecture MCA
IBM IBM
MAC 1988 9 ( IBM)
32 EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture,
Intel peripheral component interconnect PCI
PC
70
Altair 8080 6800

16 RAM
RAM
RAM =2
/
70 2102

2102 MOS(metal_oxide semiconductor, ) 8080 6800

MOS MOS TTL TTL

A0 A9 DO DI
1024 2102
350 1000 R/ W /
1 R/ W 170 550 0
2102
CS 1 R/ W
CS
8 8 1
8 2102 8
R/ W CS
 21 221

1024 8 RAM 1KB RAM

S-100 64 8KB
32 4KB
4KB 4
8
8080 6800 8 16 64KB 4
4KB 16

RAM

10 A0 A9 RAM A 10 A11 4
A 12 A 15 4KB 64KB
16 4KB
0000h 0FFFh
1000h 1FFFh
2000h 2FFFh

F000h FFFFh

4KB A000h AFFFh A000h A3FFh

1 1KB A400h A7FFh 2 A800h ABFFh
3 AC00h AFFFh 4
4KB
DIP 2 12
IC

4
 222

1 XOR 1
0 1 0
A1 3 A1 5 A000h
AFFFh
A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 4
0 NOR 1

Equal 2 4 CS 4
 21 223
CS 1

CS 2

CS 3

CS 4

A 10 = 0 A 11 = 1 3
16 RAM 8 4-1
4
TTL 2.2 1 0.4 0
1
0

2102 0 1
CS 1
2102 4
8 8

2102 SRAM RAM DRAM

SRAM 1 4 16
DRAM DRAM
SRAM 2102
DRAM DRAM
1

DRAM DRAM DRAM

1975 Intel DRAM 16 384
DRAM 4
DRAM SIMM DIMM
128MB DIMM $ 300

C RT
 224
C RT

60

15 750
60 262.5 525

VCR /

60
0
400 0 5
15 750 0.5 2 0.5 2

525

4.2MHz

(
) 4.2MHz 420 2
15 750 2 4 200 000 533 1/3

320
525

200
320 200 320
200
 21 225

320 200 64 000

8 8
64

ASCII 20h 7Fh ASCII 00h 1Fh

7 ASCII 64
64
320 200 25 40
Amy Lowell
 226

RAM RAM
RAM
RAM
1KB 192KB

25 40 1000 RAM
1000 7 ASCII 1000 7 1024 1KB
ASCII
ROM ROM RAM
ROM
ROM 128 ASCII
8 8 ROM 7 ASCII 64 ROM 7
ASCII 64 64
10 8 7 ASCII
7 3
000 111 8 8
ASCII 41h A 8 8 A 10
ASCII

1000001 000 00110000

1000001 001 01111000
1000001 010 11001100
1000001 011 11001100
1000001 100 11111100
1000001 101 11001100
1000001 110 11001100
1000001 111 00000000
 21 227
0 1 A

RAM
320 200 64 000
1 RAM 64 000 RAM 8000
1 1 0 1

RAM 00h
FFh 256 320 200
64 000 RAM 8
3

192 000 RAM

2
=2
320 200
1981 IBM PC 25 80
IBM C RT IBM 80
IBM C RT

1987
IBM PS/2 Macintosh II 640 480

640 480
1889 William Kennedy Laurie
Dickson 1/3
Edison Dickson 1.33 1 4 3 60
1950
4 3
4 3
640 480 4 3 100
100
640 480
 228
800 600 1024 768 1280 960 1600 1200

48
100

ASCII A
ASCII 41h 61h shift
ASCII
ASCII
16
4 0000 1111

2-4

4-1

16 4 16

4 2-4 4-1
1 1 4
1
0110 1
 21 229

2-4

4-1

64 6 6 3-8 8-1
8 8 65 128 7 8 16
4-16 8-1 3-8 16-1
1 RAM
RAM 0 1
RAM
8080 CPU
RST

IBM
 230
1878
Oberlin Smith(1840 1926) 20
1898 Valdemar Poulsen 1869 1942 Poulsen

1928 Fritz Pfleumer

Reming Rand 1950

1/2
IBM
PC

IBM 1956 RAMAC random access method of

accounting and control 50 2 5M

8 IBM PC 5.25 3.5

512 IBM PC 40
8 512 163 840
160KB PC 3.5 80 18
512 1 474 560 1440KB
IBM PC/XT 1983 10MB 1999 20
200 $ 400
 21 231
SCSI small computer system interface,
ESDI enhanced small device interface, IDE integrated device
electronics, DMA

512
 22

Victor Frankenstein Geppetto

ASCII

RAM

8080 0000h

16

ON ,
ON A0 A 15 16
D0 D7 8
D0 D7 ON OFF
 22 233
OFF OFF

1KB 25
40 ASCII

4Bh
K ASCII 4Bh ASCII
34h 4 ASCII 42h B ASCII 8
ASCII
8080
ASCII 00h 0Fh
NibbleToAscii: CMP A,0Ah ;Check if it s a letter or number
JC Number
ADD A,37h ;A to F converted to 41h to 46h A F 41h 46h
RET
Number: ADD A,30h ; 0 to 9 converted to 30h to 39h( 0 9 30h 39h)
RET

NibbleToAscii A ASCII
B C
ByteToAscii: PUSH PSW ;Save accumulator( A)
RRC ;Rotate A right 4 times... A 4 ...
RRC
RRC
RRC
;...to get high-order nibble( )
CALL NibbleToAscii;Convert to ASCII code( ASCII )
MOV B,A ;Move result to register B B
POP PSW ;Get original A back A
AND A,0Fh ;Get low-order nibble
CALL NibbleToAscii ;Convert to ASCII code ASCII
MOV C,A ;Move result to register C C
RET

10

24
/
0 1
 234

RST
RST 1
0008h

20h ASCII
OUT Output
1 1 EI
HLT
H LT

H LT
IN Input
RET Return
HLT
Shift
ASCII ASCII

Backspace ASCII 08h

ASCII 20h

Backspace
Return( ) Enter Return
Enter
Return Enter ASCII 0Dh

W D R
W Wr i t e

W 1020 35 4F 78 23 9B AC 67

35 4F 1020h
ASCII

D Display
 22 235
D 1030

1030h 11 11
40 11
Display
R Run
R 1000

1000h 1000h HL
PCHL HL

ROM ROM
ASCII
ROM PROM)
EPROM

RAM DIP DIP RAM

8080 RAM 0000h ROM ROM
0000h RAM

ROM

RAM ROM
S
S 2080 2 15 3

2080h 2 15 3
Load
L 2080 2 15 3

Jump Call
 236

8 CP/M Gary Kildall 1942

20 70 Intel 8080 DRI digital research
incorporated
CP/M CP/M 8 77
26 128 256 256 CP/M
CP/M
CP/M 75 CP/M

CP/M

75 8 1024
243 0 242
2048
32
2048 2048/32 64
32

0 0
1 8
9 11
12
13 14 0
15
16 31

CP/M
0 13 14
CP/M 8
1 8 3 9 11
TXT ASCII COM
Command 8080
 22 237
MYLETTER.TXT
CALC.COM

8.3 8 3
4
14h 15h 07h 23h 0 4 4KB
15 128

16 16 384 16KB
12 0 12
1
ASCII
ASCII
CP/M COM 8080
16 5A48h 78BFh F510h
6
48 5A BF 78 10 F5

Intel Motorola

5A 48 78 BF F5 10

ASCII 3 16
35 41 34 38 68 0D 0A 37 38 42 46 68 0D 0A 46 35 31 30 68 0D 0A

ASCII 0Dh 0Ah

,
5A48h
78BFh
F510h

3 ASCII
32 33 31 31 32 0D 0A 33 30 39 31 31 0D 0A 36 32 37 33 36 0D 0A

3 ASCII
23112
30911
62736

CP/M CP/M
CP/M ROM
128
CP/M
 238
CP/M RAM CP/M

TPA

CCP

BDOS

/
BIOS

CP/M / BIOS
BDOS CCP 6KB T PA
64KB 58KB

CCP
A

A
CP/M CCP
CCP
CCP
DIR

DIR *.TXT

DIR A B.*

5 A B
ERA Erase
ERA MYLETTER.TXT

ERA *.TXT

REN Rename TYPE

ASCII
 22 239
TYPE MYLETTER.TXT

SAVE 256

CP/M
COM CCP CP/M
0100h
CP/M
CALC

CALC.COM CCP 0100h

0100h
CP/M
0100h
CP/M PIP peripheral interchange program
ED PIP ED
CP/M
COM

CP/M
CP/M
CP/M
CP/M
CP/M
CP/M

CP/M CP/M

CP/M CP/M

API application programming interface

CP/M C API

CALL 5
ASCII
MOV C 01h
CALL 5

A ASCII
MOV C 02h
 240
CALL 5
A ASCII
DE

MOV C 16h
CALL 5

CALL5 CP/M

CALL5 0005h CP/M JMP Jump

CP/M BDOS
CP/M BDOS
BDOS CP/M / BIOS BIOS
BIOS CP/M
CCP BDOS CP/M
API CP/M

CP/M CP/M
CP/M
8080 8080 Intel 8085 Zilog Z 80
CP/M CP/M API

CP/M 8080 CP/M

16 QDOS quick and dirty operating system QDOS
seattle computer products Tim Paterson Intel 16 8086 8088
QDOS 86-DOS Microsoft IBM MS-DOS
1 IBM PC CP/M 16 CP/M 86 IBM PC
MS-DOS MS-DOS IBM PC-DOS IBM PC

MS-DOS CP/M MS-DOS

FAT Microsoft 1977
512 16 384
FAT
MS-DOS 32 CP/M 8.3
3 MS-DOS

MS-DOS CP/M MS-DOS BIOS IBM PC

BIOS ROM MS-DOS COMMAND.COM
MS-DOS COM 64KB
EXE
 22 241
MS-DOS CALL 5 API
8086
INT 21h MS-DOS API

20 70 80

MS DOS

IBM PC IBM PC
IBM PC
IBM PC IBM PC 100
MS-DOS 2.0 1983 3

MS-DOS 2.0 MS-DOS

MS-DOS 2.0 UNIX UNIX 20

70 Ken Thompson 1943 Dennis
Ritchie 1941 UNIX
MIT GE Multics multiplexed information
and computing services
UNIX
UNIX

UNIX AT T AT T
AT T AT T UNIX
1973 UNIX 1983 AT T
UNIX
UNIX
UNIX UNIX
UNIX UNIX
UNIX
UNIX
 242
UNIX UNIX
UNIX

CP/M
MS-DOS

UNIX FSF free software foundation

GUN Richard Stallman GUN GUN UNIX GUN
UNIX GUN UNIX GUN
UNIX Linux UNIX
Linux Linus Torvalds Linux
20 80
Macintosh Wi n d o w s ,
 23

2.75 1 8.25%
2.6
2.6

2 8 16
32 2
2

8 0 255 128 127

16 0 65 535 -32 768 32 767
32 0 4 294 967 295 -2 147 483 648 2 147 483 647

3/4 3 4
0.75 75/100
7 10
10 7 42 705.684

4 10 000
2 1000
7 100
0 10
5 1
6 10
8 100
4 1000

4 10 000
2 1000
7 100
0 10
 244
5 1
6 0.1
8 0.01
4 0.001
10
4 104
2 103
7 102
0 101
5 100
6 10 1

8 10 2

4 10 3

1/3 3 1
0.3333333333333333333333......
3
0. 3
1/3
1/7
0.142857142857142857...... 0.142857
2

2
x2 2=0

π
3.1415926535897932846264338327950288419716939937511......

 1 n
 1+ 
 n
n
2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369996...

0 1
 23 245
32 0 4 294 967 295
4.5

BCD 19 BCD 0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 4

0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001

BCD

1 BCD BCD 2 BCD

BCD ( ) BCD
4 8
1000
9 999 999.99 9 999 999.99 5
4 325 120.35 5
00010100 00110010 01010001 00100000 00100101

14h 32h 51h 20h 25h

1 0 4

99 999 999.99 99 999 999.99 6 10

5

490 000 000 000

246
0.00000000026 12

10 0
490 000 000 000 4.9 1011

0.00000000026 2.6 10 10

4.9 2.6

10 11 10

1 10
4.9 1011 49 1 0 10 490 109 0.49 1 0 12 0.049 1 0 13

5.8125 107 58 125 000

7
5.8125 10 0.00000058125

10

2
101.1101

1 4
0 2
1 1
1 2
1 4
0 8
1 16
2
 23 247
1 22
0 21
1 20
1 2 1

1 2 2

0 2 3

1 2 4

2 1 2
1 4
0 2
1 1
1 0.5
1 0.25
0 0.125
1 0.0625
101.1101 5.8125
1 10
1 10 2

101.1101 1.011101 22
1

IEEE 1985
ANSI(the American national standards institute ) ANSI/IEEE
S t d 754 1985 IEEE 18

IEEE 4 8

1 0 1 8
23

s 1 e 8 f 23

32 4 1
IEEE 23
23 24
24
8 0 255
127
 248
0 255 1 254 s
e f
1 s
1.f 2e 127

1 s s 0 0
1 s 1 1 1 1
1.f 1 23
2 8 127
0

• e 0 f 0 0 32 0 0 1
0 0
0
• e 0 f 0
1 s
0.f 2 -127
0
• e 255 f 0 s
• e 255 f 0 NaN NaN

1.00000000000000000000000 2 126

23 0

1.11111111111111111111111 2 127
1.175494351 10 38
3.402823466 1 0 38

10 3 10 1(
3FFh 1023) 3 9 999
2 10 103
24 7
24 7

1 / 2 24 1/16777216

16 777 216 16 777 217

16 777 216.5
 23 249
3 32
4B800000h

0 10010111 00000000000000000000000

1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TWO 2 24
16 777 218
1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 TWO 2 24

$262 144.00 $262 144.01

1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TWO 2 18

3.50 3.499999999999

s 1 e 11 f 52

1023 3FFh
1 s
1.f 2e 1023

0 NaN

1.0......0 TWO
2 1022

52

1.1......1 TWO
2 1023
52 1
2.2250738585072014 10 308
1.7976931348623158
10 308
10 308 1 308
53 1 16

140 737 488 355 328.00 140 737 488 355 328.01
64
42E0000000000000h
250
1.0......0 TWO
2 47
52 0

1.1101 25 1.0010 22
111 0 1 10010
11101000 10010
1.1111010 25

Sin

x 360 2π 1
5! 1 2 3 4 5

0 π/2
12 53

16

1954 IBM 704 704 36

27 8 1
 23 251
1980 Intel 8087
floating-point unit FPU
8087 8086 8088 8086
8088 Intel 16
8087 40 8086 8088
CPU ESC Escape
68
IEEE 8087

F S Q RT ROM

10
IBM PC 8088 40 8087
8087

8087

Intel 286 287 386 387

1989 Intel 486DX FPU CPU
1991 Intel 486SX FPU CPU
487SX 1993 Pentium CPU
FPU Motorola 68040 FPU
1990 Motorola 68881 68882 68000
PowerPC

20 50
 24

22
22

MOV ADD CALL

H LT
8080 46h HL
16 B
MOV B [HL]

8080 CP/M

CP/M ED.COM

PROGRAM1.ASM ASM

ORG 0100h
LXI DE, Text
MVI C,9
CALL 5
RET
Text: DB Hello!$
END

ORG origin
8080 0100h CP/M

LXI load extended immediate 16 DE

16 Te x t DB Data Byte DB
DB
 24 253
MVI move immediate 9 C CALL 5 CP/M
9 DE
CP/M RET
CP/M CP/M END

7
CP/M CP/M ASM.COM
CP/M CP/M ASM.COM
ASM PROGRAM1.ASM

ASM PROGRAM1.ASM PROGRAM1.COM

CP/M PROGRAM1.COM Hello!

PROGRAM1.COM 16
11 09 01 0E 09 CD 05 00 C9 48 65 6C 6C 6F 21 24

3 LXI 2 MVI 3 CALL

RET 7 Hello ASCII
ASM.COM

LXI DE 0109h LXI

0100h CP/M 0109h Te x t

A
B

Initel 8080
Motorola 6800 6800
 254
A Sin 2 PI B /C

A B C PI 3.14159

A
B C

20 50 1993 1000

2 2
2
 24 255

Grace Murray Hopper 1906 1992 1952 UNIVAC

A-0 Hopper 1944 Howard Aiken
80 DEC
F O RT R A N
FORTRAN
FORmula 3 TRANslation 4 20 50 IBM
704 F O RT R A N

ALGOL ALGOrithmic Language ALGOL

40
ALGOL
ALGOL58 1957 1958
1960 ALGOL 60 ALGOL 68
ALGOL Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60
1962 1963 1
ALGOL ALGOL.COM CP/M
MS-DOS ALGOL FIRST.ALG
ALGOL begin end
begin
print('This is my fist ALGOL program!');
ende

ALGOL FIRST.ALG
ALGOL FIRST.ALG
ALGOL
Line 3: Unrecognized keyword 'ende'.

ALGOL end
ende
ALGOL
FIRST.COM MS-DOS FIRST.EXE
FIRST
 256
FIRST

FIRST
This is my fist ALGOL program!

run-time error
ALGOL print
ALGOL CP/M print ALGOL
ALGOL
print ALGOL begin end
print

3
a b c
begin
real a,b,c;
a:=535.43;
b:=289.771;
c:=a b;
print ('The product of ', a, ' and ' , b, ' is ', c);
end
real a b c
ALGOL integer

ALGOL IEEE 3 4
8
ALGOL

a b c a b
ASCII
EBCDIC * ALGOL /

ALGOL ASCII
print ASCII
print ASCII
The product of 535.43 and 289.711 is 155152.08653

read
 24 257
begin
real a,b,c;
print ('Enter the first number: ');
read (a);
print ('Enter the second number: ');
read (b);

c:= a b;

print ('The product of ', a, ' and ', b, ' is ', c);
end

read ASCII

3 5 7 9
begin
real a, b;

for a := 3, 5, 7, 9 do
begin
b := a a a;
print (' The cube of ', a, ' is ', b);
end
end

for a 3 do
begin end
for a 5 7 9
for 3 99
begin
real a, b;

for a :=3 step 2 until 99 do

begin
b := a a a;
print ('The cube of ', a, ' is ' , b);
end
end

for a 3 for a step 2

5 a 2 99 for
ALGOL 60 for
for for example

ALGOL sqrt
sqrt
 258
begin
real a, b;

print ('Enter a number: ');

read (a);

if a< 0 then
print ('Sorry, the number was negative.');
else
begin
b = sqrt (a);
print ('The square root of ', a, 'is ', b);
end
end

0 print
0 print

ALGOL
real array a[1:100];

100
a[1] a[2] a[100]
1 100
begin
real array a[1:100];
integer i;

for i :=1 step 1 until 100 do

a[i] := sqrt(i);

for i :=1 step 1 until 100 do

print ('The square root of ', i, ' is ', a[i]);
end

i integer
for
for
10
true false
Eratosthenes
Eratosthenes 276 196

1 2
3 5 7 11 13 17
Eratosthenes 2 2 2
 24 259
2 3 3
4 5 5

ALGOL 2 10 000 2
10000
begin
Boolean array a[2:10000];
integer i, j
for i :=2 step 1 until 10000 do
a[i] := true;

for i :=2 step 1 until 100 do

if a[i] then
for j := 2 step 1 until 10000 i do
a [i j] := false;

for i := 2 step 1 until 10000 do

if a[i] then
print (i);
end

for true
for 1 100 10 000 a[i]
for false for
a[i] i

Donald Knuth The Art of Computer Programmign

Richard Feynman

100 100
Eratosthens

F O RT R A N ALGOL

COBOL common business oriented language ,

1959 COBOL
Grace Hopper COBOL

COBOL
 260
COBOL IBM
80 2 4
2000
20 60 System/360 IBM PL/I
I 1 PL/I programming language number one PL/I ALGOL
F O RT R A N COBOL
FORTRAN COBOL
FORTRAN ALGOL COBOL PL/I
BASIC
BASIC beginner s all-purpose symbolic instruction code Dartmouth John
Kemeny Thomas Kurtz 1964 Dartmouth Dartmouth

Dartmouth BASIC BASIC

SAVE BASIC
LIST RUN BASIC
BASIC
10 LET X = (7 + 8) / 3
20 PRINT X
30 END

ALGOL BASIC

BASIC

1955 1953 1975

Altair 8800 BASIC BASIC

Pascal ALGOL COBOL

Niklaus Wi r t h 1934 20 60
Pascal IBM PC Turbo Pascal
1983 Borland $49.95 Turbo Pascal
Anders Hejlsberg 1960 Pascal

Turbo Pascal
Pascal Ada Ada Augusta Ada
Byron 18
C 1969 1973
Dennis M.Ritchie C
B B BCPL Basic CPL BCPL
 24 261
CPL combined programming language
22 UNIX
1973 UNIX C
C
C ALGOL Pascal begin end C

i =i+5;

C
i+=5;

1
i++;

16 32

C C
C C
ALGOL C
ALGOL

LISP LISt Processing John

McCarthy 20 50 LISP
APL A Programming Language Kenneth Iverson 20 50
APL
ALGOL
 25
1945 9 10 Life
Vaslav Nijinsky
Vannevar Bush 1890 1974
Van Bush
1927 1931
1945 Life Bush

The AtLantic Monthly Bush

Life As We May Think
Bush
Memex Memex

20 As We May Think

65

20 50 60 70

Dartmouth
20 60

ASCII

70

CRT
 25 263
CP/M MS-DOS

UNIX
ASCII ASCII
1Bh Escape 1979 ANSI
ASCII

Escape 1Bh 1 Escape

1Bh 5Bh 32h 4Ah

Escape [2J

1Bh 5Bh 35h 3Bh 32h 39h 48h

Escape [5 29H 5 29
C RT ASCII Escape

20 70
21
Vi s i C a l c
VisiCalc Dan Bricklin ( 1951 ) Bob Frankston( 1949 ) 1979
Apple II Vi s i C a l c Vi s i C a l c
Vi s i C a l c

Vi s i C a l c Vi s i C a l c
Apple II

IBM PC 10 20 80
IBM

PC

IBM PC
21
ASCII
8

1945
 264
20
50 IBM
SAGE semi-automatic-
ground environment ,
SAGE PC
PC

1
640 480
307 200 1 1
0 1 307
200 38 400

00h FFh

C RT

3
1

000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111

2 5 1
32 32 768

3
256 16 777 216
640 480 921 600
1M
 25 265
=2

1M 640 480 3
800 600 3 2

SAGE

SAGE

C RT

Van Sutherland( 1938 ) 1963

SAGE Sketchpad

Douglas Engelbart( 1925 ) 1945

Vannevar Bush As We May Think 5
20 60 Sanford
( )

Engelbart Xerox Xerox 1970 Palo Alto

PA R C PA R C
Alan Kay 1940 14 Robert Heidein
Van Bush Dynabook
PA R C Alto 1972 1973
16 2
3MB 128KB 512KB 16
Alto 200
Alto 8
10 606 808 489
648 1
64KB
 266

20 70 Alto
Alto

Douglas Engelbart
1963 for the Augmentation of Man's Intellect
Alto PARC GUI graphic user interface Xerox
Alto 3 10

1979 ,Steve Jobs PA R C

1983
1 Apple Lisa 1 Macintosh
Macintosh Matorola 6800 64KB ROM 128KB RAM
3.5 400KB
512 342 C RT 9 175 104
1 RAM 22KB
Macintosh 1984 Mac
Macintosh Mac OS.
CP/M MS-DOS
API 22
Mac OS API

MS-DOS API
Mac OS
API

API

API

WYSIWYG What you see is what you get ( )

Flip Wilson Geraldine
 25 267
API
GUI

Macintosh IBM PC
Apple
Macintosh
PC
IBM PC 1981 MS-
DOS PC
MS-DOS Macintosh
Apple II
1985 Digital Research CP/M GEM
Vi s i c o r p ( Vi s i l a l c ) Vi s i O n Microsoft Windows 1.0
1990 3 Windows 3.0
Windows 90%
Wi n d o w s Macintosh Wi n d o w s
API

Macintosh Windows 1.0 Windows 1.0

( )

200MB 32MB
Macintosh
Pascal Wi n d o w s C PA R C
1972 PARC Smalltalk
OOP
set for if

ALGOL C Pascal
268
C C++ + C++
Bjarne stroustrup 1950 C++
C C C

Macintosh Wi n d o w s
API API
Macintosh Windows API

IDE

22 ASCII

Microsoft RT F rich text format

{} \

PostScript PostScript Adobe

John Wa r n o c k 1940

CAD

/
 25 269

2 3

CCD CCD
CCD
CCD

CCD

VCR

CCD

Macintosh Paint
MacPaint Macintosh PICT
Windows BMP

3
72
72 72
RLE run-length encoding
RLE

10 GIF Compu Serve 1987

GIF LZW LZW Lemplel Ziv
Welch LZW RLE

RLE LZW
 270
JPEG JPEG joint
photography experts group

OCR optical character recognition

ASCII OCR
OCR OCR
100% OCR ASCII

1983
CD Philips Sony 12cm 74
74 CD
CD PCM (pulse code modulation)
PCM

1877
CD

1/0
ADC
ADC 8
12 16 12 ADC 000h FFFh
4096

CD CD
DAC DAC

1928 Harry
Nyquist
20 20 000 CD
44 100
CD

1 bel 10 1 (decibel) 1 1/10

 25 271
16 96
CD 16

CD 44 100 2
176 400 10 584 000 20 80
CD 74 783 216 000

CD CD CD-ROM
CD CD-ROM 660MB CD
CD-ROM
10
ADC
DAC

CD Macintosh
Wi n d o w s 22 050 11 025 8000 8
8000 480 000

ASCII

ASCII

ASCII

128 47
MIDI MIDI 20 80

MIDI
MIDI MIDI
1 2 3 MIDI
 272
MIDI MIDI MIDI
MIDI MIDI
MIDI
MIDI MIDI MIDI

24
30 25

640 480
24 921 600 30 27 648 000
1 658 880 000 199 065 600 000 200GB

JEPG MPEG
MPEG

MPEG MPEG-2 HDTV

DVD DVD CD
DVD 50 4GB
DVD 16GB CD
25 DVD CD-ROM
CD-ROM DVD-ROM Vannevar Bush Memex
CD-ROM DVD-ROM
CD DVD Bush

G e o rge Stibitz 1930

1940 Dartmouth

0 1

8
FSK 300bps 0
1070 1 1270
10 300bps 30
100
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BBS

CompuServe ASCII
Internet Internet
TCP/IP TCP
IP ASCII TCP/IP

Internet World Wide Web HTTP Web

HTML
Vannevar Bush Memex HTML
Web
HTML RTF ASCII
HTML GIF PNG portable network graphics JFIF JPEG
World Wide We b HTML
HTML
HTML 19 24 We b
HTML
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We b

CGI HTML
Java Script Web HTML Java Script
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Macintosh PowerPC
Mac OS API; PC Intel Pentium
Windows API

Sun Java JavaScript Java

C++
Java
Java Java Java
Java JVM Java
JVM Java Java