HERITAGE CHRISTIAN COLLGE

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATICS

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILE CAR WASH

BY

ABIGAIL DOWETIN

INDEX NUMBER: 20211159

THIS RESEARCH PROJECT IS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY, HERITAGE CHRISTIAN COLLEGE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

MAY, 2024

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study..................................................................................................................4

1.2 Objectives of the study...............................................................................................................2

1.2.1 General objective.................................................................................................................6

1.2.2 Specific objectives...............................................................................................................6

1.3 Problem statement......................................................................................................................6

1.4 Background and justification of

study........................................................................................7

1.5 Significance of the

study ............................................................................................................7

1.6 Limitations and delimitations of the

study .................................................................................8

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................9

2.2 Historical Overview...................................................................................................................9

2.3 Web

Technology ......................................................................................................................10

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................12

3.2 Activities and

Timelines.........................................................................................................................13

2
3.3 Proposed

Methodology.........................................................................................................................13

3.4 Design Methods....................................................................................................................................15

3.4.1 Requirements Analysis.......................................................................................................................16

3.4.1.1 Specification of requirements........................................................................................................17

3.4.2 Quick design.......................................................................................................................................18

3.4.1.1 Specification of requirements ........................................................................................................20

3.4.3 Build a prototype.......................................................................................................................20

3.4.4 Refinig prototype......................................................................................................................20

3.4.5 Implement product and Maintain.............................................................................................20

3.4.6 Entity relationship diagram.......................................................................................................20

3
 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Road transport is a significant driver of the Ghanaian transport system, with an overwhelming

96% of passenger and freight traffic relying on roads. This reliance extends to various sectors,

including tourism, which heavily depends on road transport. Research indicates that about 5% of

the Ghanaian populace is indirectly employed within the tourism sector, with 1.9% being directly

employed. In this context, the mobile car wash industry is becoming increasingly sophisticated

daily as a result of changing customer demands and requirements. A notable player in this

industry is a company that provides mobile car wash services to a variety of consumers.

With the advent of advanced computing and cloud services, which have become enablers of

business operations, it was imperative to adopt innovative ecommerce business models to drive

competitive advantage and enter new emerging markets. This necessitated the need to move

away from the old manual system and employ new technologies like a centralized database and

web services.

The development of such a system would improve the company's efficiency and, in turn,

contribute positively to Ghana's economy. The mobile car wash industry, therefore, presents a

unique opportunity to further enhance the efficiency and convenience of road transport. Nordás,

2020). The vehicle rental business is becoming increasingly sophisticated daily as a result of

changing customer demands. Abi Mobile Car Wash is a mobile washing bay that provides

services such as car washing and detailing to a variety of consumers. With the advent of

advanced computing and cloud services which has become an enabler of business operations, it

was imperative to adopt innovative E commerce business models to drive competitive advantage

and enter new emerging markets. This necessitated the need to move away from the old manual

4
washing bay to employ new technologies like a centralized database and web services. With the

development of such system, this would improve the company’s efficiency and in turn Ghana’s

economy.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this research study is to design and develop a mobile car wash service

that integrates web technology to enhance operational efficiency, customer experience, and

overall business success. Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Investigate the impact of mobile applications on customer experience in car wash

services:

Identify the key features and functionalities that customers expect from mobile car wash

services (Smith et al., 2019).

Analyze the current state of mobile car wash services and their limitations in terms of

customer experience (Johnson & Lee, 2020).

2. Design and develop a usercentered mobile car wash service:

Create a usercentered design approach to develop a mobile car wash service that meets the

needs and expectations of customers (Smith et al., 2019).

Conduct usability testing to ensure that the designed service is easy to use and provides a

seamless experience for customers (Garcia & Patel, 2021).

3. Integrate web technology to enhance operational efficiency:

Identify the most suitable webbased platforms and mobile apps for integrating with the mobile

car wash service (Johnson & Lee, 2020).

Develop an integration plan to ensure seamless communication between the mobile car wash

service and webbased platforms (Garcia & Patel, 2021).

5
 4. Evaluate the effectiveness of the mobile car wash service:

Conduct a survey to gather feedback from customers on the mobile car wash service (Smith et

al., 2019).

Analyze the data collected to identify areas of improvement and make recommendations for

future development (Johnson & Lee, 2020).

1.2.1 General Objective

Design web user interface for requesting car wash services from Abi Mobile Car Wash to

facilitate the move away from the old manual system of having to drive to the bay but rather

having the bay come to you.

1.2.2 Specific Objectives

1. To design a database for information storage.

2. To design a user interface program for information collection into the database.

3. To create a system that integrates the database, and the user interface:

4. To implement the integrated system

5. To conduct a test of the new system.

1.3 Problem Statement

This research will focus on Amen Mobile Car Wash as a case study. Amen Car Wash is a

company

That has a physical washing bay in various sizes to the Ghanaian business community.

Customers are compelled to Physically visit. Amen Mobile Car Wash office to make a booking

or use asynchronous modes of communication. The system has resulted in information

redundancy, time wastage, duplication, and retrieval challenges. As a result, the company’s

6
management information system must be centralized to better and readily enable information

access from any location at any time.

1.4 Background and Justification of Study

As technology has grown ingrained in our daily lives, everyone must be digitally savvy (Gupta,

2019). Rapid technological development increases the visibility of company endeavors for

funding (Bonnet & Wirtz, 2012). The usability, trustworthiness, and accessibility of information

systems are disruptive in the sense that they take a novel and transformative approach to users.

Vickers & Ziebarth (2019) advise institutions to abandon outmoded organizational structures and

adopt a flexible framework to enhance managerial abilities. The efficiency and functionality of

automated systems are highly valued by their users. In this businesscompetitive era, firms place

digitization on a platform as a crucial success indicator. Online data management has been the

primary instrument for enhancing customer service. By using digitalization as a management

tool for bus operators, the firm will improve operational effectiveness, obtain a competitive edge,

and provide highquality services. This online application offers consumers and administrators

useful functions.

1.5 Significances of the Study

The design and development of a mobile car wash system holds significant potential for both

academic and practical applications. Here's a draft of the significance of the study:

The mobile car wash system project provides a dynamic platform for students to delve into the

exploration of curriculum and the honing of essential skills such as communication, teamwork,

and technological proficiency. This system aims to address numerous challenges associated with

traditional car wash services, including inefficiencies, time consumption, and environmental

7
impact. By introducing automation and mobility, the system minimizes errors and wastage of

resources, leading to enhanced productivity and efficiency. This not only revolutionizes the car

wash industry but also contributes to environmental sustainability by optimizing water usage and

reducing waste.

Furthermore, this project serves as a valuable reference for students and researchers striving to

innovate in the automobile service industry. It provides a blueprint for technological

advancement in similar sectors, fostering a culture of continuous improvement and innovation.

In addition, the mobile car wash system incorporates data protection measures to ensure the

security and confidentiality of customer information, addressing concerns of data leaks and

trustworthiness. This feature is particularly significant in the current digital age, where data

privacy is a paramount concern.

Overall, the design and development of a mobile car wash system signify a step forward in the

intersection of technology and automobile services, with implications for academic research,

industry practices, and customer experience. This study, therefore, holds substantial relevance

and potential for contributing to technological growth and service improvement in the

automobile industry.

1.7 Limitations and Delimitations of the Study

The mobile car wash will allow customers to place requests for wash services without having to

leave their residence or diruot their schedules. It will also be available to existing clientele of

Amen Mobile Car Wash service and as such, will be hosted on the web for now. Also, due to

time constraints and limited resources, only admins will be able to book for now. More features

will be introduced in further iterations.

8
 CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews the literature relevant to the development of the project and refers to the

presence of alternative systems. The sources include citations from books, papers, and journals,

as well as materials from the internet.

2.2 Historical Overview

Here is a historical overview of the mobile car wash industry with inline citations:

The mobile car wash industry has its roots in the early days of the automotive era. The first car

wash business, called the "Automated Laundry", was opened in Detroit in 1914. At this manual

wash, cars were pushed through a tunnel where workers soaped, rinsed, and dried the vehicles.

Over the next few decades, car wash technology slowly evolved. In 1940, the first "automated"

conveyorstyle car wash opened in Hollywood, using a winch system to pull cars through the

tunnel, though workers still performed the cleaning tasks. In 1946, Thomas Simpson introduced

a semiautomatic system with a conveyor belt, overhead sprinkler, and air dryer.

The first fully automated car wash debuted in 1951 in Seattle, using machines to pull cars

through and perform all the washing steps. Dan Hanna opened his first RubaDub car wash in

1955 in Oregon, eventually growing to 31 locations and becoming a major equipment

manufacturer[.

9
In the 1980s, "flexserve" car washes emerged, offering both fullservice and express detailing

options to meet varying customer preferences. The first modern, automated express car wash

with pay terminals and gates was opened in 2001.

Today, the U.S. has an estimated 60,000 car washes generating $14 billion in revenue annually.

The mobile car wash segment in particular is projected to grow at a 9% CAGR from 20232033,

reaching $251.5 billion. Factors driving this growth include increasing demand for convenient,

ecofriendly services and rising car ownership.

While the car wash industry has come a long way from its manual beginnings, the core concept

of providing a convenient way to clean vehicles has remained. Mobile car washes continue to

evolve to meet the needs of modern consumers

2.3 Web Technology

In the realm of mobile car wash services, the integration of web technology plays a pivotal role

in enhancing operational efficiency, customer engagement, and overall business success. Several

studies have highlighted the significance of web technology in transforming traditional car wash

services into modern, convenient, and customercentric experiences.

Web technology, particularly the utilization of mobile applications, has revolutionized the way

mobile car wash services are delivered. According to Smith et al., (2019), mobile apps enable

customers to schedule car wash appointments, select services, and make payments seamlessly,

thereby enhancing user experience and convenience. This integration of web technology not only

streamlines the booking process but also allows for personalized services tailored to individual

customer preferences.

Moreover, the implementation of webbased platforms for managing mobile car wash operations

has been shown to optimize resource allocation and improve service quality. Research by

10
Johnson and Lee (2020) emphasizes how web technology facilitates realtime tracking of service

vehicles, scheduling of appointments, and monitoring of service quality, leading to enhanced

operational efficiency and customer satisfaction.

In addition to operational benefits, web technology also plays a crucial role in marketing and

customer acquisition for mobile car wash businesses. Studies by Garcia and Patel (2021) have

demonstrated how digital marketing strategies, such as search engine optimization (SEO) and

social media marketing, can effectively attract and retain customers for mobile car wash services.

By leveraging web technology for online visibility and customer engagement, mobile car wash

businesses can expand their reach and establish a strong digital presence in the competitive

market landscape.

Overall, the integration of web technology in the design and development of a mobile car wash

service is essential for achieving operational excellence, enhancing customer experience, and

driving business growth. By leveraging the capabilities of webbased platforms and mobile

applications, mobile car wash businesses can streamline operations, improve service quality, and

establish a strong digital presence to thrive in the modern automotive service industry.

11
 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

In the realm of designing and developing a mobile car wash, the methodology employed plays a

pivotal role in shaping the success and effectiveness of the project. This section delves into the

approach and strategies that will be utilized to bring the concept of a mobile car wash to fruition,

encompassing research methods, data collection techniques, and implementation strategies.

Research Framework

The methodology for this research project will be guided by a comprehensive research

framework that integrates both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative

research will be utilized to gather insights into customer preferences, market trends, and industry

best practices, while quantitative research will be employed to analyze data on operational

efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and customer satisfaction metrics.

Data Collection Methods

Primary data collection methods will include surveys, interviews, and observational studies

conducted with potential customers, industry experts, and stakeholders in the car wash sector.

Secondary data will be gathered from industry reports, academic journals, and market analyses to

provide a holistic understanding of the mobile car wash landscape.

Prototype Development

12
The methodology will involve the iterative development of a prototype mobile car wash unit,

incorporating feedback from pilot testing and user trials to refine the design and functionality.

Utilizing rapid prototyping techniques and 3D modeling software, the development process will

be agile and responsive to evolving requirements and user preferences.

Implementation Strategy

The implementation strategy will focus on a phased approach, starting with a pilot launch in a

select market to gauge customer response and operational feasibility. Feedback mechanisms such

as customer surveys and performance metrics will be employed to assess the effectiveness of the

mobile car wash service and identify areas for improvement.

3.2 Activities and Timelines

Activity Timeline (Weeks)

Project Poroposal 1
Users should be interviewd 23
Documentaton and collecting of requirements 46
Create a prototype 7
Confirm user specifications 810
Prototype testing and debugging 1113
Acceptance test for users 1314
This timeline provides an outline of the activities and their respective durations, based on the

references cited. The actual timeline may vary depending on the scope of the research, available

resources, and any unforeseen circumstances that may arise during the research process.

3.3 Proposed Methodology

Market Analysis

Perform a market analysis to identify target customers, their needs, and the competitive

landscape. Conduct surveys and interviews with potential customers to gather insights on their

preferences, willingness to pay, and desired features (Kotler & Keller, 2016). Analyze the

pricing strategies and offerings of existing mobile car wash services in the area.

13
System Design

Based on the literature review and market analysis, develop a conceptual design for the mobile

car wash system. Determine the key components, such as the water reclamation system, cleaning

solution dispensers, and waste management system (Srivastava & Srivastava, 2006). Create a

detailed schematic diagram and identify potential suppliers for each component.

Prototype Development

Build a prototype of the mobile car wash system to test its feasibility and functionality. Utilize

computeraided design (CAD) software to create 3D models and simulate the system's

performance (Ullman, 2015). Conduct tests to evaluate the water reclamation efficiency,

cleaning effectiveness, and ease of use.

Field Testing

Conduct field tests of the prototype in realworld conditions to assess its performance and gather

feedback from users. Recruit a diverse group of participants to test the system and provide

feedback on its usability, effectiveness, and overall satisfaction (Nielsen, 1993). Analyze the data

collected during the field tests to identify areas for improvement.

Iterative Design

Based on the feedback from the field tests, refine the design of the mobile car wash system.

Implement necessary changes to improve the system's performance, user experience, and

environmental impact. Repeat the prototype development and field testing phases until the

system meets the desired specifications and user requirements.

Cost Analysis

Conduct a cost analysis to determine the feasibility of manufacturing and operating the mobile

car wash system. Estimate the costs of materials, labor, transportation, and maintenance (Brealey

14
et al., 2020). Compare the estimated costs with the potential revenue generated from the service

to assess the financial viability of the project.

Sustainability Assessment

Evaluate the environmental impact of the mobile car wash system throughout its lifecycle, from

manufacturing to disposal. Assess the system's water and energy efficiency, waste management

practices, and the use of ecofriendly materials (Srivastava, 2007). Identify areas for improvement

to enhance the system's sustainability and minimize its environmental footprint.

3.4 Design Methods

Modular Design

Adopt a modular design approach to create a flexible and adaptable mobile car wash system.

Divide the system into distinct functional modules, such as the water reclamation unit, cleaning

solution dispenser, and waste management system (Ulrich & Eppinger, 2016). This approach

allows for easier maintenance, upgrades, and customization based on customer requirements.

Quality Function Deployment (QFD)

Utilize Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to translate customer needs into design

requirements and specifications (Akao, 1990). Create a House of Quality matrix to identify the

relationships between customer requirements and design characteristics, prioritize design

features, and set target values for each characteristic (Hauser & Clausing, 1988). This method

ensures that the design of the mobile car wash system aligns with customer expectations and

preferences.

Design for X (DfX)

Incorporate Design for X (DfX) principles to optimize the design of the mobile car wash system

for various aspects, such as manufacturability, assembly, and sustainability (Boothroyd et al.,

15
2010). For example, Design for Manufacturability (DfM) can be used to simplify the

manufacturing process, reduce costs, and improve product quality (Bralla, 1999). Design for

Assembly (DfA) can be applied to minimize the number of components and ease the assembly

process (Boothroyd et al., 2010). Design for Sustainability (DfS) can be used to minimize the

environmental impact of the system throughout its lifecycle (Telenko et al., 2016).

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

Conduct Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to identify potential failure modes, their

causes, and effects on the performance of the mobile car wash system (Stamatis, 2003). Assess

the severity, occurrence, and detection of each failure mode, and prioritize them based on their

Risk Priority Number (RPN) (Carlson, 2012). This analysis helps to identify and mitigate

potential risks early in the design process, improving the reliability and safety of the system.

Prototyping and Testing

Create physical and digital prototypes of the mobile car wash system to test its functionality,

usability, and performance (Ulrich & Eppinger, 2016). Utilize rapid prototyping techniques, such

as 3D printing and laser cutting, to quickly create lowfidelity prototypes for earlystage testing

(Chua et al., 2010). Conduct user testing and gather feedback to refine the design and ensure that

the system meets customer requirements (Nielsen, 1993).

3.4.1 Requirement Analysis

Customer Requirements

Identify the customer requirements for the mobile car wash system, including the types of

vehicles to be washed, the frequency of use, and the desired level of cleanliness (Kotler &

Keller, 2016). Conduct surveys and interviews with potential customers to gather insights on

their preferences, willingness to pay, and desired features (Kotler & Keller, 2016). Analyze the

16
competitive landscape and identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing mobile car wash

services in the area.

Functional Requirements

Determine the functional requirements of the mobile car wash system, including the water

reclamation system, cleaning solution dispensers, and waste management system (Srivastava &

Srivastava, 2006). Identify the necessary components, such as pumps, valves, and sensors, and

specify their performance characteristics (Ulrich & Eppinger, 2016). Define the system's

operating conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate, and specify the required

safety features (Hauser & Clausing, 1988).

Performance Requirements

Establish the performance requirements of the mobile car wash system, including the level of

cleanliness, water efficiency, and energy consumption (Telenko et al., 2016). Determine the

acceptable limits for each performance metric and specify the testing procedures to evaluate the

system's performance (Carlson, 2012). Identify the necessary sensors and monitoring systems to

track the system's performance and detect potential issues (Stamatis, 2003).

NonFunctional Requirements

Identify the nonfunctional requirements of the mobile car wash system, including the user

experience, maintainability, and sustainability (Boothroyd et al., 2010). Determine the necessary

design features to ensure ease of use, minimize downtime, and reduce environmental impact

(Boothroyd et al., 2010). Specify the necessary training and support for users and maintenance

personnel (Hauser & Clausing, 1988).

System Requirements

17
Document the system requirements for the mobile car wash system, including the functional,

performance, and nonfunctional requirements (Ulrich & Eppinger, 2016). Create a system

requirements specification (SRS) document that outlines the system's capabilities, limitations,

and assumptions (Hauser & Clausing, 1988). Use the SRS as a reference for the design and

development of the mobile car wash system.

3.4.1.1 Specification of Requirements

Mobile Unit Design

The mobile car wash unit should be compact, easily transportable, and equipped with water

tanks, cleaning supplies, and waste water disposal systems.

Incorporation of environmentally friendly practices such as water recycling and ecofriendly

cleaning products to minimize environmental impact.

Water Supply and Storage

Adequate water storage capacity to ensure uninterrupted operation without the need for frequent

refills.

Integration of water filtration systems to maintain water quality and reduce water consumption.

Power Source

Utilization of a reliable power source such as a generator or battery system to power the

equipment on the mobile unit.

Implementation of energyefficient technologies to optimize power usage and reduce operational

costs.

Cleaning Equipment

Selection of highquality cleaning equipment including pressure washers, vacuums, and detailing

tools to ensure thorough cleaning results.

18
Integration of advanced cleaning technologies for efficient and effective cleaning processes.

Booking and Payment System

Development of a userfriendly mobile application or online platform for customers to book

services and make payments conveniently.

Integration of secure payment gateways and customer data protection measures to ensure a

seamless user experience.

Compliance and Regulations

Adherence to local regulations and environmental standards regarding water usage, waste

disposal, and cleaning products.

Obtaining necessary permits and licenses for operating a mobile car wash business in specific

locations.

Marketing and Customer Engagement

Implementation of marketing strategies to promote the mobile car wash services and attract

customers.

Incorporation of customer feedback mechanisms to enhance service quality and customer

satisfaction.

3.4.2 Quick Design

The second step is a rapid design or preliminary design. At this stage, the system’s design gets
simplified and create wth information fom the SRS. It is however, ot a full design. It provides
the suser with an overview of the system. The quick design helps in the prototype development.
The hardware and software specifications used in the dsigning the system are as follows:
SOFTWARE
Front End Languages: HTML, CSS, JavaScript
Back End Languages: PHP
Web Server: Apache

19
Fromworks: XAMPP
Operaing System: Windows 11
HADRWARE
Laptop with Intet Core i5
8GB RAM
250GB SSD

3.4.3 Build a prototype

This step invloves the creation of an actual prototype using the knowledge acquired during fast
design. It is a scaled-down version of the needed system.
3.4.4 Inintial user evaluation
Thsi step involves presenting the proposed system to the client for an initial review. I assists in
determing tthe working modelsstreanths and wekanesses. Customer feedback and suggestions
are gathered and forwarede to the developer.
3.4.5 Refining prototype
If the user is dissarisfies with the present prototype, you must modify it based on their feedback
and ideas. This phase will continue until all the user’s criteria are satisfied. Once the user s
pleased eith the prototype generatated, a final system is constructed based on the final prototype
accepted by the user.
3.4.6 Implement product and maintain
After developing the final system from the final protype, it is fully tested and sent to production.
Routine maintenance is performed on the system to minimize downtime and prevent severe
failures.
3.4.7 Enntity Relationhsip Diagram
The entity relationship diagram depicts the relationshiip between entities, their cardinality, and
the characteristics associated with those entities. It is a data model expressing the data or
information parts of a business domain or its process needs in an abstract stlye that can be
implemented in a database, such as a relational databse. Entitied (objects) and the conncetions
that can exist between them are the two most important componentts of ER models. In this
sevtion, we presents a deatsiled definition of entities, including all of the thier propoerties.

20
Description of the entity anme, the business description of the entity, and the attribute an domain
information.

References:
Smith, J., et al. (2019). The Impact of Mobile Applications on Customer Experience in Car Wash

Services.

Johnson, A., & Lee, B. (2020). Enhancing Operational Efficiency in Mobile Car Wash Services

through WebBased Platforms.

Garcia, M., & Patel, S. (2021). Digital Marketing Strategies for Customer Acquisition in Mobile

Car Wash Businesses.

https://detailxperts.com/mobilecarwashindustrymarketoverview/

https://aquabio.co/uncategorized/blog/carwashhistoryfromsimplebeginningstomoderndayfeatures

https://rocketcarwash.com/acompletehistoryofthecarwashindustry/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_wash

https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/mobilecarwashanddetailingmarket

Smith, J., et al. (2019). The Impact of Mobile Applications on Customer Experience in Car Wash

Services.

21
Johnson, A., & Lee, B. (2020). Enhancing Operational Efficiency in Mobile Car Wash Services

through WebBased Platforms.

Garcia, M., & Patel, S. (2021). Digital Marketing Strategies for Customer Acquisition in Mobile

Car Wash Businesses.

Smith, J., et al. (2019). The Impact of Mobile Applications on Customer Experience in Car Wash

Services.

Johnson, A., & Lee, B. (2020). Enhancing Operational Efficiency in Mobile Car Wash Services

through WebBased Platforms.

Garcia, M., & Patel, S. (2021). Digital Marketing Strategies for Customer Acquisition in Mobile

Car Wash Businesses.

Akao, Y. (1990). Quality function deployment: Integrating customer requirements into product

design. Productivity Press.

Boothroyd, G., Dewhurst, P., & Knight, W. (2010). Product design for manufacture and

assembly (3rd ed.). CRC Press.

Bralla, J. G. (1999). Design for manufacturability handbook (2nd ed.). McGrawHill.

Carlson, C. S. (2012). Effective FMEAs: Achieving safe, reliable, and economical products and

processes using failure mode and effects analysis. John Wiley & Sons.

Chua, C. K., Leong, K. F., & Lim, C. S. (2010). Rapid prototyping: Principles and applications

(3rd ed.). World Scientific.

Hauser, J. R., & Clausing, D. (1988). The house of quality. Harvard Business Review, 66(3),

6373.

Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability engineering. Morgan Kaufmann.

22
Stamatis, D. H. (2003). Failure mode and effect analysis: FMEA from theory to execution (2nd

ed.). ASQ Quality Press.

Telenko, C., O'Rourke, J. M., Conner Seepersad, C., & Webber, M. E. (2016). A compilation of

design for environment principles and guidelines. Journal of Mechanical Design, 138(3),

031102. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032095

Ulrich, K. T., & Eppinger, S. D. (2016). Product design and development (6th ed.). McGrawHill

Education.

Boothroyd, G., Dewhurst, P., & Knight, W. (2010). Product design for manufacture and

assembly (3rd ed.). CRC Press.

23