“MUSIC OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD” CLASSICAL OPERA

• The classical era also called “Age of reason” is the period from 1750-1820. • Opera is a drama set to music where singers and musicians perform in a
Significant changes in musical forms and Styles were made. theatrical setting.
• In the middle of the 18th century, Europe began move toward a new style in
architecture, literature and the arts Known as Classicism. • The two distinct styles of opera:
• The term classical denotes conformity with the principles and characteristics of A. The Opera Seria (serious opera) usually implies heroic or tragic drama
ancient Greek and Roman literature and arts which were formal, elegant, simple, that employs mythological characters, which was inherited from the
freed, and dignified. Baroque period. “Idomeneo” by Mozart is an example of Opera Seria.
• Nobility is usually associated in the music of the Classical era. During that time, B. The Opera Buffa (comic opera) from Italy made use of everyday
musicians are financially supported by the members of the nobility. characters and situations, and typically employed spoken dialogues,
• Music is more familiar to the nobility compared to lower classes because during lengthy arias and was spiced with sight gags, naughty humor and social
that time, music was performed in the courts. satire. “The Marriage of Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, and “The Magic Flute”
are examples of popular Opera Buffa by Mozart.
VOCAL and INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

A. SONATA COMPOSERS OF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD

FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN (1732-1809)

• A multi-movement work for solo instrument. Sonata came from the word “Sonare”
which means to make a sound. This term is applied to a variety of works for a solo
instrument such as keyboard or violin. • His life is described as a “rags-to-riches” story. He came from a poor family and
Sonata Allegro Form his music led to his rise in social status.
• The most important form that developed during the classical era consists of 3 • He was named, “Father of the Symphony” although he excelled in every music
distinct sections: Exposition, Development and Recapitulation. genre of the period. Most of his symphonies have nicknames such as the
1. Exposition - the first part of a composition in sonata form that introduces the “Surprise Symphony”, “The Clock”, “The Military”. He also wrote chamber
theme. piano music and choral works.
2. Development - is the middle part of the sonata-allegro form wherein themes are
being developed WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART (1756-1791)
3. Recapitulation - repeats the theme as they first emerge in the opening
exposition • He is a child prodigy and the most amazing genius in musical history.
• He composed wonderful concertos, symphonies and opera such as “The
B. CONCERTO Marriage of Figaro” (1786), “Don Giovanni (1789), and “The Magic Flute”
which became popular. Other known works: Eine Kleine Nachtmusik,
• A multi-movement work designed for an instrumental soloist and orchestra. The Symphony No. 40 in G Major, and Sonata No. 11 in A Major K311.
solo instruments in classical concertos include violin, cello, clarinet, bassoon,
trumpet, horn and piano. A concerto has three movements: fast, slow, and fast. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)

C. SYMPHONY • Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. He was the composer who
bridged the late Classical era and the early Romantic era.
• A multi-movement work for orchestra, the symphony is derived from the word • His works include the “Missa Solemnis” (1818-1823) and opera “Fidelio”
“Sinfonia” which literally means “a harmonious sounding together”. It is a classical (1805). His known symphonies are: Symphony No. 3 (Eroica), No. 5, No. 6
music for the whole orchestra, generally in four movements. (Pastoral), No. 9 (Choral), which adds voices to the orchestra.
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 • He began to go deaf in 1796 but this did not become a hindrance. He continued • Violin, viola, cello, and double bass are the string instruments used during
composing through the help of an assistant and hearing gadget. Some of his the period.
famous compositions were made when he was deaf.
B. WOODWINDS
Characteristics of Beethoven’s works: • This family of instruments is composed of tubes that have opening on one end
• His music veered toward larger orchestras. and a mouthpiece at the other.
• Sound was centered on the violas and lower registers of the violins and cellos • The keys are rows of holes covered by metal caps.
to give his music a darker mood. • The sound change happens depending on the air leaving the instrument.
• All themes in a piece are tied together by one motif. • Flute, piccolo, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and saxophone are the woodwind
• He developed musical themes and motifs extensively by means of modulation instruments used during the period.
• He used more brass instruments and dynamics
C. PERCUSSIONS
RELATION OF OTHER FORMS AND HISTORY IN THE CLASSICAL MUSIC • This group of instruments produce sounds in three ways: hitting, shaking or
scraping.
• The most significant event in the West during the classical era were the French • Percussion instruments can be tuned or untuned which affects in generating
Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the American Declaration of notes.
Independence in 1776 and the American Revolution. • The tuned instruments produce definite or specific pitches while the untuned
instruments deliver indefinite sounds or pitch.
• A time when the archeological findings resulted the society to looking at the • Marimba, xylophone, and timpani are examples of tuned percussion
ancient Greeks and Romans for examples of order and ways of looking at life. instruments while bass drums, snare drums, and cymbals are examples of
untuned percussion instruments used during the period.
• In the 18th century, the Philosophers and scientists attempted to break from
the past and replace the darkness and ignorance of European thought with the D. BRASS
light of the truth. In the literature, the spirit of democracy was ignited by the • It is composed of long tubes which widen towards the end to form a bell-like
writings of thinkers such as Voltaire and Thomas Jefferson. shape.
• The instruments produce sounds through blowing the mouthpiece, thereby
• In terms of music, the musicians moved from the heavily decorated style of the causing air to vibrate against the inner border of the instrument.
Baroque period and accepted the clean, uncluttered style of the Greeks and • Trumpet, bass trombone, trombone, French horn, and tuba are the brass
Romans. instruments used in the classical period.

• Instead of using many melodies at the same time as the Baroque period, the
Classical composers make a clearer music in which one melody sings out
while the other parts provide a simple harmonic accompaniment.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN CLASSICAL PERIOD

A. STRINGS
• The methods of playing the instruments are plucking the strings with fingers or
a plectrum and hitting the strings with a light wooden hammer or by rubbing
the string with the bow.

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 “ARTS OF THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS” Leonardo di ser Piero Da Vinci (1452-1519)
(ARTS) • a painter, architect, scientist, and mathematician
• was popularized in present times through a novel and movie entitled, “Da Vinci
RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1400- 1600) Code”
• means rebirth • known as the ultimate “Renaissance man” due to his talent, intellect, interest,
• flourished in the 1400s in the Florence, Italy and his expression of humanist and classical values
• the era of great creativity in painting, sculpture, and literature • widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and the most
• the period of economic progress diversely talented person to have ever lived
• the period that revived enthusiasm for the study of artistic values and ancient • The Last Supper (the most reproduced religious painting of all time), and the
philosophy Mona Lisa (the most famous and most parodied portrait) are his well-known
works
• the time when people rediscovered the glories of ancient Greece and Rome
• an era of great intellectual and artistic achievement with the birth of secular art
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Raphael) (1483-1520)
• an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance period
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
• clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of
• Humanistic and realistic arts were the focus
interpreting the Divine and incorporating Christian doctrines where his work
• Accurate anatomy, scientific perspective, and deeper landscape
was admired for
• Renaissance art was also a rejection of medieval themes or styles and is more
• formed the traditional trinity of great masters together with Michelangelo and
secular, the emphasis was on perspective, natural color, emotions, and basic
Leonardo da Vinci
human nature.
• his unique draftsmanship and compositional skills were his main contributions
• Most of the arts were optimistic and uplifting, the details were considered
to art
extremely important, the human body was glorified, and poses must be in
• The Sistine Madonna, The School of Athens, and The Transfiguration
natural form.
were his famous works
• period of artistic experimentation that brought man into full view just like the
• his last painting was The Transfiguration which he worked on up to his death
human figure in Greek Art.
Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (Donatello) (1386-1466)
Famous RENAISSANCE Artists & Artworks
• an early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence and one of the Italian great
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564) artists of the period
• an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet and considered as the greatest living • known for his bas-relief work, a form of shallow relief sculpture
artist in his lifetime, and one of the greatest artists of all time • David, Statue of St. George, Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata,
• his works in paintings, sculpture, and architecture rank among the famous in Prophet Habacuc, and The Feast of Herod were his statues and relief
existence sculptures
• his outstanding works as a sculptor were the following: Pieta, Bacchus,
BAROQUE PERIOD (1600-1800)
Moses, David, Dying Slave, Dawn and Dusk.
• derived from the Portuguese word Barocco which means “irregularly shaped
• The Pieta and David were the two of his best-known works and were sculpted
pearl or stone”
before he turned thirty
• a period of artistic styles in exaggerated motion, drama, tension, and grandeur
• the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and the Last Judgment on the altar
wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome are the two of the most influential works in • the period that utilizes a lot of ornamentation and uses exaggerated motion
fresco in the history of Western art and contrast that leads to a dramatic effect
• reflects the tensions of the age by the Catholic church in Rome
• medium for spreading the message of Counter-Reformation

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 • use to propagate Christianity by the Roman Catholic Church • made a sculpture of “David” for Cardinal Borghese and is different from
• use for architecture and arts to impress visitors, express triumph, power, and Michelangelo’s David
control by the aristocracy • the design of Piazza San Pietro in front of the Basilica made him as the
greatest Baroque sculptor and architect
Characteristics of Baroque Art • Piazza San Pietro, one of his most innovative and successful architectural
• It was the period of artistic styles in an exaggerated motion, tension, drama, designs
and grandeur. • The famous “Ecstasy of St. Teresa” and the Colonnade of the Piazza of St.
• Some Baroque arts were continuation of Classicism and Naturalism of Peter’s Rome were his greatest achievements
Renaissance art, characterized by dynamic composition, a far more colorful
style, more ornate and more dramatic, experimental. It is influenced by the Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669)
developments in Science, Geometry, and Astronomy. • a brilliant Dutch realist, painter, and etcher
• in European art, he was considered as one of the greatest painters and
Famous BAROQUE Artists & Artworks printmakers
• fascinated with spiritual values and frequently chooses religious subjects
Michelangelo Merisi or Amerighi da Caravaggio (1571-1610) • he shares with Rubens the revolution which painting came to depict the more
• better known as Caravaggio, an Italian artist who wanted to deviate from the personal aspects of the painter: his own home and his family
classical masters of the Renaissance • he often painted himself
• his own actions and the lack of modesty and reverence for religious subjects • his concept of himself continued to deepen in grasp and subtlety, and his
in his own paintings made him an outcast in his society technique grew more daring popular work was “Self portrait in Old Age”
• he started out as a specialist in his paintings of still life, especially of fruits
• studies of single figures followed, but they are clumsier than the fruit which Diego Velasquez (1599- 1660)
gives their savor of originality and charm • an artist from Spain
• his models at this period were either himself or young persons who have an • one of the finest Master of Composition and one of the most important painters
air of being promising but wicked of the Spanish Golden Age come out with solutions to pictorial problems of
design that transcend the style of any period almost at the very start of his
Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) career, he discovered his avocation passion for still life frequently emerges in
• a Flemish Baroque painter his art
• paintings of mythical and figurative subjects, landscapes, portraits, and • The Surrender of Breda, Las Meninas (The maids of honor), Los
Counter- Reformation altarpieces where he is well known for religious Barachos (The Drinker), and Maria Theresa are his famous works
subjects, history paintings of magical creatures, and hunt scenes are his
mostly commissioned works CHARACTERISTICS OF ART FORMS (PAINTING, SCULPTURE,
• Samson and Delilah, Landscape with a Tower, Portrait of Helene ARCHITECTURE) DURING RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS
Fourment, and The Three Graces are his famous works
Characteristics of RENAISSANCE PAINTING
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) • Linear perspective, landscape, light, anatomy, realism, figure composition,
• the first Baroque Italian artist real-life figures, altarpieces, and Fresco cycles
• the last in the list of the dazzling universal geniuses and a prodigy skillful in • Example: The Transfiguration
painting, sculpture, architecture, and stage design Characteristics of RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE
• he was also a playwright the first artworks date from his 8th birthday • Naturalism, naturalistic portraits of human beings, contemporary subjects,
• The Goat Amalthea with the Infant Jupiter and a Faun, Damned Soul, and proportions, drapery, anatomy, perspective, re-emergence of classical
The Blessed Soul were among his early works subjects and forms.
• Example: David
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Characteristics of RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE • Sfumato technique uses very fine transparent pigments and a glazing
• Symmetry and balance, flat ceilings of buildings, used of arches and domes, medium that can flow smoothly and spread easily. In addition to the technique
used of Roman type columns, square or rectangle symmetrical shapes of superposing color layers, glazing was also used to make the outline blurred.
buildings, front or "façade" of the buildings are symmetrical around the vertical
axis. Michelangelo Buonarroti Simoni
• Example: St. Peter’s Basilica • is a hugely influential painter and sculptor.
• He has a special interest in relief.
Characteristics of BAROQUE PAINTING • Relief is a technique in sculpting that entails an image into stone, so the image
• mostly illustrated with the Catholic dogma key elements, either in Biblical appears above the background.
works or an imaginary or symbolic work • He was also the one who brought the “Cangiante” technique in painting. It
• The powerful use of chiaroscuro, contrasting of light and shadow, ranges is an Italian term which means to change.
• Example: Self-Portrait • Cangiante’s main purpose is to replace the highlights and shades by using
Characteristics of BAROQUE SCULPTURE analogous colors as long as the value and hue do not show a too big difference
• The sculpture is marked by dynamic movement along with active use of space, when compared to the actual color.
and typically larger than life-size.
• Stressed movement, figures are caught mid-motion, meant to be seen in the Michelangelo Merisi or Amerighi da Caravaggio
ground, employ negative space, texture is important within marble materials, • use live models, forgo drawings, and work directly onto the canvas.
and theatrical • Most of his themes or subject vividly expressed crucial moments and scenes.
• Example: David (Bernini) He often features violent struggles, torture, and death.
Characteristics of BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE • In his painting, he used the chiaroscuro technique and made it a dominant
• It was designed to create spectacle and illusions, replaces with flowing curves stylistic element in the period.
of the Renaissance straight lines. • The word chiaroscuro came from the Italian word Chiaro which means clear
• Example: The Colonnade of the Piazza of St. Peter’s Rome or bright, and Oscuro, a Latin word meaning dark or obscure.
• Symmetry still applies in architecture, religious themes in classical style, • Chiaroscuro technique darkens the shadows and transfixing the subject in a
ornate, rich, with lavish decorations inside and outside part of the architectural blinding shaft of light. It also uses light and shade to express three-dimensional
works, attempt to show Church power, emotional and violent portrayals, strong forms and space.
contrast between light and dark colors, uses Trompe l’oiel (fool the eye)
painted illusions. Other TECHNIQUES AND STYLES used in Renaissance and Baroque Periods

THE INFLUENCES OF ICONIC ARTISTS ▪ Unione is a technique in Renaissance painting where the contours, outlines
OF THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS and edges of objects and space meet and blend in a precise point yet remain
visible to the viewer. They are not too bold nor too blurred. It is the point where
Leonardo Da Vinci the transition between the objects and space is still recognizable.
• made remarkable contributions to engineering, architecture, science, urban
planning, cartography, philosophy, and anatomy during the Renaissance. ▪ Scumbling is a Baroque painting technique in which a thin, translucent
• He was also a master of painting techniques, including that of chiaroscuro, application of paint is vigorously scrubbed into the canvas while allowing part
which is the treatment of the light and shade. Though he did not invent this of the layer underneath to show through. This technique is applied to visually
technique, he certainly perfected it. soften or lighten the areas. It must be done over a dry paint layer, and you
• Leonardo da Vinci is also famous for using the technique of Sfumato typically apply the paint unthinned, using a dry-brush technique.
masterfully, which is derived from the study of light and shade.

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 ▪ (Mannerism refers to a stylized, exaggerated approach to painting and “SOCIAL DANCES AND DANCE MIXERS”
sculpture. It is named after an Italian term Maniera which means style or (PE)
manner. It focuses on unnatural figures with very prominent muscular bodies.
Nature and Background
▪ Tenebrism is a Baroque style of painting where there is a violent contrast of
• Social dances and dance mixers are primarily intended to get to know other
light and dark, and darkness becomes the dominating feature of an image. It
people.
came from the Italian word tenebroso which means dark, gloomy, or
• They are also called ballroom dances.
mysterious. Occasionally called as dramatic illumination.
• Ballroom dances are usually performed in pair: male and female. Sometimes,
▪ Rococo is an ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and it is performed by group.
decoration. It is a combination of scrolling curves, asymmetry, sculpted • Ballroom dances are classified into two major classification.
molding, gilding, white and pastel colors, and trompe l’oeil frescoes to create
surprise and the illusion of motion and drama. 1. LATIN AMERICAN DANCES
• It can be determined through the costume worn by the performers.
The Influences of the Western Classical Art Tradition to Philippine Art Form • It is revealing, tight-fitting, sexy and sophisticated in nature.
• It can be performed in an open or close hold. It can also be easily determined
• Art forms in the Philippines are diverse due to traditions and cultural by the nature of the movement. The movement shows rhythmic expression,
influences. sensual, and spicy style.
• These foreign influences specifically the Western Art can be seen in
Philippine arts such as painting, dancing, weaving, sculpting, and pottery. Latin American
Western art made a huge impact in terms of designs, motifs, techniques, and Description Country of Origin
Dances
styles.
Cha-Cha-Cha It is a lively, fun, cheeky and playful Cuba
• In the 16th century, the Baroque style was carried by the Spanish and dance.
Portuguese to the Philippines where it became the prominent style of building
Rumba It is recognized for the subtle side to Cuba
for large and small churches.
side hip movements with the erect
• A proportionally very wide facade that seems to stretch between the towers torso.
is often seen in the large Baroque churches.
• At the same time, the Spaniards’ religious propaganda to spread Catholicism Samba It is known to the simple forward and Brazil
throughout the Philippines was done by means of paintings. These paintings backward steps and tilting, and rocking
appeared mostly on the walls of the church. They feature religious figures in body movements.
Catholic teachings.
• The historical and cultural traditions of the Philippines are reflected in its Paso Doble An energetic dance modeled after the Spain
architectural heritage, such as the churches. drama of the Spanish bullfight.
• The Philippine architecture was dominated by Spanish influences over three
hundred years of colonization. Jive/Boogie It is described as very happy, boppy, USA
lively dance, with many of knee-lifting,
bending, and rocking of the hips.
Swing It is known as an energetic style of USA
dancing in which a dancer often lifts,
spins and flips his or her partner.

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 Merengue It is described as a fun, fast and easy Dominican Foxtrot It is a beautiful, romantic dance, that USA
dance made up of simple steps. It is Republic consists of fairly simple walking steps
composed of a non-progressive dance, and side step.
but can also travel counter-clockwise
around the floor. Quickstep The dance is suited for both formal and USA
informal events because of the upbeat
Salsa It is a combination of many Latin and Cuba melodies that Quickstep is danced. The
Afro-Caribbean dances whose dance steps can be described as fast,
movements were coming from in the powerfully flowing, sprinkled with
Cuban Son, Cha-Cha -Cha, Mambo syncopation.
and other dance forms.
• Dance sports is different from social or ballroom dances because it requires
Mambo It is recognized as a fast and spicy Cuba athleticism. It has established rules of different levels of difficulty.
dance. The Cuban motion, staccato
movement and expression of rhythm • Dance mixers are social dances that allows group of performers to change
through the body is noticeable. partners periodically while dancing to allow chance to get to know other
members of the performing group. The major purpose of dance mixers is to
maximize the social dimension of the dance.
2. MODERN STANDARD DANCES
• The performers wear ankle-length gowns for females and coat-and-tie for
Attire Gentlemen Ladies
males.
• Most of the time, they perform close ballroom position. However, if it is Formal Tailcoat, Tuxedo Coat, Regular Ball Gown, Evening Gown,
dancesport, it is strict to do close ballroom position. Coat, Bow Tie or Regular Dinner Gown, Cocktail Gown
Necktie, Black Trouser

Latin Button-up shirt, Solid T-shirt, Sexy Outfits and Long Slit
Modern Standard Turtleneck, Dress Slacks, skirts, Low Necklines and
Description Country of Origin
Dances Bright Colorful Outfits are Exposed Mid-riffs are Popular
Slow Waltz It is a smooth dance that travels around Austria Accepted
the dance floor. It is easy to recognize
slow waltz because of the “rise and fall” Semi-formal Dress Shirt and Tie, Vest or Dinner Dresses, Flowing
action. Sweater that shows the Tie Pants

Tango It is described as vibrant and playful Argentina

dance between two people. It is very DON’TS (OUTFITS & DANCE SHOES)
rich in expression, improvisation and • Avoid wearing sneaker or any shoe with rubber or spongy sole. It can stick to
connection. the dance floor during turns and spins and it can cause knee and ankle injuries.
Always wear a pair of dance shoes.
Viennese Waltz It is known for its noticeable Vienna • Do not use sleeveless shirts and strapped dresses. It is unpleasant touch your
gracefulness and constant, wide- sweaty skin.
sweeping turns along with its fast • Do not use shaggy, loose, low armpit upper shirt. Your partner’s hand may get
tempo. caught in the baggy sleeves.
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 • Do not use big rings, watches, brooches, loose/long necklaces and big belt BENEFITS OF SOCIAL DANCE
buckles. It may cause injury like scratches and bruises when your partner’s • It elevates energy and improve strength.
clothing caught it. • It enhances muscle tone, balance, coordination, and posture.
• Long hair should be put up or tied in a pony tail because it might get caught in • It decreases tension and stress.
the partner’s hands or may even hit your partner’s face. • It improves stamina and flexibility.
• It helps widen social circle.
PERSONAL GROOMING • It helps improve social interaction and conquer shyness.

Before the Dance:

• Take a bath and use a deodorant FIRST AID FOR MINOR DANCE INJURIES
• Brush your teeth and use mouthwash/breath mint to have a fresh breath
• Avoid eating food that may produce strong odor Blisters
• Avoid smoking cigarette. It may cause foul mouth and clothing odor
• If the blister is small and not broken, do not pierce to reduce the chance of
After the Dance: infection. Instead, carefully clean the blister with water and pat it dry. Cover it
• Check your grooming occasionally with an adhesive bandage. The hydrocolloidal dressing will absorb fluid from
• Freshen up and towel off occasionally in the bathroom the blister.
• Bring an extra shirt in case you need to change clothes after dancing
Bruises, Strains and Sprains
ON THE DANCE FLOOR
• Line of Direction (Counter clockwise) • Rest - take a break from performing.
• Avoid colliding with other pairs while on the floor • Ice - cold will decrease pain and swelling. Apply ice pack for 15 minutes, every
• Be Polite. (Thank or compliment your partner) two hours for 24 hours, then for 15 minutes every four hours for the next 24
• Accompany your partner back to her seat hours. Apply heat to the area that hurt if the swelling is gone. Do not directly
apply cold or heat to the skin. Use a towel over the cold or heat pack before
NO FAULT DANCING applying it to the skin.
• Never blame a partner for missed execution of figures • Compress - Compress or wrap the injury using the elastic bandage, firmly to
• Dance to the level of your partner extend well beyond the injury. If you think you need to use the wrap for 48 to
• The show must go on. Say “sorry” to your partner if something went wrong 72 hours, its means serious problem is present.
• Elevate - Elevate or raise the injured part above the level of the heart to
DEMEANOR minimize swelling, while applying cold or heat pack. If the arm is injured,
• Be personable. Smile and make eye contact with your partner. support it with a sling. If it is a small joint injuries, use an elastic bandage.
• Project a positive image on the dance floor even if it’s not your personal style.
• Dance to the level of your partner
• If you do not know the dance, be honest. Refuse promptly if asked to dance.
• No teaching on the dance floor. It may insult your partner
• Do not cut other dancers off.

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 “PREVENTION OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE” 1. PERSONAL
(HEALTH) (Early Aggressive Behavior vs. Self-control)
Risk Factors Protective Factors
Common Concepts in Drug Education
• Use of drugs at an early age • Self-control behavior
• Drugs - are any substances or chemicals which when taken into the body, • Risk-taking behavior • Good reasoning skills
either through nasal, oral, transdermal or intravenous way, have • Experimentation • Excellent social skills
psychological, emotional and behavioral effects on a person. • Poor social skills and interaction • Positive interaction with people
• Drugs of abuse - are drugs commonly abused by users. In the Philippines, • Childhood problems • Sense of belongingness
the three most common drugs of abuse are shabu, marijuana and inhalants. • Feelings of isolation
• Drug dependence - is a cluster of physiological, behavioral, and cognitive 2. FAMILY
phenomena of variable intensity in which the use of a drug takes on a high (Weak Parental Guidance vs. Strong Parental Guidance)
priority, thereby creating a strong desire to take the substance.
• Drug misuse - is the use of a substance incoherent or inconsistent with the Risk Factors Protective Factors
prescribed dosage or frequency of use. • History and patterns of drug use • Good communication with people
• Drug abuse - is the use of a substance for non-medicinal purposes. Abuse • Attitudes toward drug use • Positive family relationship
leads to organ damage like brain damage and liver damage, addiction and • Poor parenting and child rearing • Clear and consistent family rules
troubled behavioral patterns. • Inconsistent family rules • Strong family values
• Drug tolerance - is the condition of the body to adapt to the effects of • Poor family values • Positive expectation to child’s
substances to the body, thus requiring an even larger amount of the substance • Poor family ties success in family, school and
to experience the same physiological and mental effect experienced when community
taking the smaller dosage.
3. PEERS AND FRIENDS
RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS (Substance Abuse vs. Academic Excellence)
OF DRUG USE, MISUSE, ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE Risk Factors Protective Factors
• Association with peers and friends • Association with peers and friends
• The use, misuse, and abuse of drugs are the result of various factors known to use gateway drugs who do not use gateway drugs
surrounding a person. It either increases or decreases the possibility of a (cigarettes and alcohol) • Formation of friendships
person to use drugs. • Preference to stay with peers and • Reliance on friends for emotional
• Risk factors are those influences that increase the chances of using, friends than with family support
misusing, and abusing drugs. • Inviting friends at home to know the
• Protective factors, on the other hand, are those influences which decrease family
the chances of using, misusing, and abusing drugs.
4. SCHOOL
Domains of Life (Availability of Drugs vs. Strong Anti-Drug Policies)
• Personal Risk Factors Protective Factors
• Family
• Poor academic performance • Good to excellent academic
• Peer and Friends
• Lack of commitment to studies performance
• School
• Poor attendance in school • Participation to extra-curricular
• Community • Involvement in fights and conflicts activities and school organizations
• Interest in attending classes
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 5. COMMUNITY 4. Narcotics
(Poverty vs. Strong Community Relationship) • Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain and induce sleepiness.
• These drugs in medicine are administered in moderation to patients with
Risk Factors Protective Factors
mental disorders and those in severe pain like cancer.
• Easy access to gateway drugs • Strong community relationships • This kind of drug is illicit and dangerous if taken.
• Poor community organization and • Active and positive community • Narcotics include cocaine, heroin, and marijuana.
neighborhood relationship programs, projects and activities for
• Poor implementation of community the youth 5. Hallucinogens
laws • Positive attitude which combat drug • Hallucinogens are drugs that distort reality and facts. It affects all senses
• Negative attitudes which favor drug use and makes a user see, hear, and feel things that do not exist in the time being.
use • Strong community advocacy against • The name hallucinogen came from the word hallucination which is to perceive
drugs illusions.
• Hallucinogens include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin
obtained from mushroom and mescaline.
Six (6) Classifications of Drugs 6. Inhalants
• Inhalants are found in ordinary household chemical products and
1. Gateway drugs
anesthetics.
• Gateway drugs are legal drugs that anybody can buy and try, which may
• Inhalant intoxication is like the signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication. One
lead them to use more dangerous drugs such as marijuana and shabu.
difference is the foul smell of chemicals sniffed, inhaled or huffed by the user.
• Mostly, teenagers who are involved in early smoking and early drinking have
• Delusions, brain damage, liver damage, coma, and even death are the effects
a higher chance of using and experimenting drugs of abuse.
of continuous use and abuse of inhalants.
• An example of these drugs are cigarettes and alcohol.
• Examples of household products used as inhalants are acetone, rugby or
solvent, ordinary and spray paint, cleaning fluids and air conditioner
2. Depressant drugs
fluids (Freon).
• Depressant drugs slow down a person’s central nervous system (CNS)
which includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
• Individuals who experience anger, stress, or tense are commonly prescribed
with these drugs by the doctors to lessen their extreme emotions.
• Depressant drugs can also make patients feel light-headed and sleepy.
• These drugs include alcohol, barbiturates and tranquilizers.

3. Stimulant drugs
• Stimulant drugs speed up a person’s central nervous system (CNS).
• Stimulant drugs have the opposite effect of depressants. Stimulants make a
person’s energy high.
• Negative effects of stimulants include depression and tiredness.
• Stimulants include amphetamines which include shabu, nicotine, and
cocaine.

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