UNIT II:

“Teaching and
Learning principles”
 Group 4:
Alcantara, Jhon Steven Valiente, Ian Kervie F.
Rivera, Lorence Gallego Robert G.
Dela Cruz, Erica B. Miranda MG S.
Valerio, Richmar M. Dizon, Mark kien
Gomez, Francis D. Lustre, Regine
LESSON 3:
“The Basics of
Instructional
Planning”
What is lesson plan
Lesson plan is a teacher’s detailed description of the
course of instruction or “learning trajectory” for a
lesson. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher
to guide class learning. Details will vary depending
on the preference of the teacher, subject being
covered, and the needs of the students.
Importance of Lesson Plan
Lesson plans are an essential tool for
teachers, serving as a roadmap for
delivering effective and engaging instruction.
They provide a structured framework for
guiding student learning and maximizing
classroom time.
1.CLEAR OBJECTIVE AND ALIGNMENT WITH
CURRICULUM. A well-crafted lesson plan starts with
clearly defined learning objectives. These objectives
outline what students should be able to understand,
know, or do by the end of the lesson. They also
ensure that the lesson aligns with the broader
curriculum goals and standards
2.ENGAGING ACTIVITIES AND DOFFERENTIATION.
Lesson plans should include a variety of engaging
activities that cater to different learning styles and
needs.
3.EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION
Lesson plans help teachers manage their time effectively.
They provide a structured sequence of activities, allowing
teachers to allocate appropriate time for each element of
the lesson.
4.ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
Lesson plans should include strategies for assessing
student learning. This can involve informal observations,
quizzes, projects, or other forms of evaluation. By
incorporating assessment into the lesson plan, teachers
can monitor student progress, identify areas of difficulty,
and adjust their instruction accordingly.
5. PREPARATION AND CONFIDENCE
Creating a lesson plan ahead of time allows teachers to
come to class prepared and confident.
6. PROFESSIONAL GROWTH AND REFLECTION
Lesson plans can serve as a valuable tool for
professional growth. Teachers can reflect on their
lesson plans after each class, identifying what worked
well and what could be improved.
7. COLLABORATION AND COMMUNICATION
Lesson plans can facilitate collaboration among
teachers. Sharing lesson plans with colleagues allows
for peer feedback and the sharing of best practices.
 Lesson 4:
“Classroom
Management”
 Overview of Classroom Management
What is classroom management?
• Classroom management can be defined as the actions taken by
teachers to create an environment that supports and facilitates
both academic and social emotional learning of the students.
• It’s important to remember that achieving successful classroom
management is an ongoing process.
Importance of classroom management:
• A well managed classroom will give the pupil rich opportunities
for mental growth and development.
Importance of classroom management:
• It produces favorable working conditions to good learning
and makes school work enjoyable & interesting.
• Good classroom management establishes an atmosphere.
Which permits activities to be carried on efficiently and
economically.
• Well groomed and hygienic condition affect the health as well
as the learning of pupils.
The four classroom management categories are:
• Rules and procedures: Rules describe generally acceptable
routines, standards, and procedures that inform students how
to behave.
The four classroom management categories are:
• Proactive management: Another set of preventive strategies
focuses on recognizing and acknowledging desirable conduct.
• Well-designed and delivered instruction: Good classroom
management and effective instruction are interdependent; you
can’t have one without the other.
• Disruptive behavior management: Disorderly behavior will
occur despite teachers’ best efforts to prevent it. Setting rules,
using proactive management, and implementing well-designed
instruction work most of the time, but inevitably situations arise
in which a teacher needs to effectively respond to unacceptable
student conduct.
Classroom management focuses on three
major components:
• Content Management - "does not refer to skills peculiar to teaching a
particular subject but rather to those skills that cut across subjects
and activities".
• Conduct Management - is centered on one’s beliefs about the nature
of people. By integrating knowledge about human diversity (and
individuality, at the same time) into a particular instructional
philosophy, teachers could manage their classrooms in a better, more
effective way.
• Covenant Management - stresses the classroom group as a social
system. Teacher and student roles and expectations shape the
classroom into an environment conducive to learning.
The Importance of Classroom Management:
• Classroom management is more than just keeping
students in line. It plays a significant role in shaping
students’ attitudes towards learning, their peers, and
themselves.
• When classroom management is implemented
effectively, students feel a sense of belonging and
ownership in their learning environment.
• Furthermore, classroom management helps create a
sense of community within the classroom.
 3 Goals for a Classroom
Management Plan

GOALS 1 GOALS 2 GOALS 3

Creating a Positive Promoting Student Clear expectations and
Learning Environment: A Engagement: Engaged boundaries are essential
positive learning students are more likely for maintaining a well-
environment is the to retain information and managed classroom.
cornerstone of effective develop a love for
classroom management. learning.
What is CRCM?
"Classroom management refers to those activities of
classroom teachers that create a positive classroom climate
within which effective teaching and learning can occur
(Martin & Sugarman, p.9. 19931. CRCM) refers to strategies
that focus on developing a classroom for all student teachers
use cultural awareness to guide management decisions about
their classroom. They also take into consideration students
backgrounds, cultures, home lives, leaning styles, and past
experiences to create opportunities for everyone s success
 CRCM implemented 3P's in the
classroom

POSITIVE PROACTIVE PREVENTATIVE

means a set of abstract means get out ahead of the is related to choosing battle.
characteristics that a classroom management. It The teacher permanently
teacher always displays is related to predict eliminates opportunities for
upcoming disruption. unwanted behavior in the
to the students.
classroom.
 “R's for Effective Classroom Management
in Culturally Responsive Classroom”

RAPPORT RELATIONSHIP RESPECT

Special bond between Relationship between teacher Mutual respect between
teacher and student and student Is an essential teacher and students
component of a culturally
responsive classroom. This
relationship builds trust
between then.
Weinstein et al. (2004) conceptualized several
principles for effective CRCM:
• Recognition of teachers' own ethnocentrism;
• Knowledge of students' culture;
• Understanding of the broader social, economic
and political systems in education;
• Appropriate management strategies; and
• Development of caring classrooms.
The goal of classroom management is to
create an environment in which students
behave appropriately from a sense of
personal responsibility, not from a fear of
punishment or desire for a reward
If teacher performs several tasks like
1. Create an environment that develops academics and
social skills.
2. Interact with students and family in culturally appropriate
ways.
3. Apply effective instructional strategies to assist students
with their cultural identities.
4. Exhibit culturally responsive disposition and
5. Establish a supportive learning environment to encourage
self-directed learning.
 Maintaining Classroom Control
• What is classroom control?
-Is about keeping the classroom coordinate. It’s about stopping negative
behavior of students and making sure they follow the rules and
regulations of the school. It involves implementing strategies and
techniques that ensure students remain focused, engaged, and well-
behaved. Our goal is to have calm and relaxing place where everyone
can learn without any distraction. In order to do that we will use a couple
of techniques.
Importance of Maintaining Classroom Control:
• Enhances Learning Outcomes: A well-managed classroom minimizes
distractions, allowing students to focus better and absorb more
information.
• Promotes Positive Behavior: Clear rules and expectations encourage
respectful and orderly conduct.
• Ensures Safety and Well-being: Establishes boundaries, reducing
instances of bullying and conflict.
• Supports Teacher Effectiveness: Reduces disruptions, allowing
teachers to deliver engaging lessons more efficiently.
• Fosters Mutual Respect: Builds a foundation of respect between
students and teachers.
Consequences of Poor Classroom Control:
1. Disrupted learning environment
2. Decreased student engagement
3. Increased misbehavior and discipline issues
4. Teacher burnout and stress
5. Negative impact on student academic performance
6. Decreased teacher morale and job satisfaction
7. Difficulty in meeting academic standards
8. Parent and administrative concerns
Key Techniques for Maintaining Classroom Control:
1.Set Clear Rules: Establish Clear Rules and Expectations At the start
of the school year, it is crucial to set clear rules and expectations.
Students need to know what behavior is acceptable and what is not.
These rules should be simple, concise, and consistently enforced.
2.Building Positive Relationships with your Students: Developing a
positive bond with students fosters mutual respect and cooperation.
When students feel valued and understood, they are more likely to
behave well.
3.Engaging with your Students: Engaging lessons keep students
interested and focused, reducing the likelihood of disruptive behavior.
Use a variety of teaching methods to cater to different learning styles.
Key Techniques for Maintaining Classroom Control:
4. Use Positive Reinforcement: this encourages students to continue
displaying good behavior. Recognizing and rewarding positive actions
can be more effective than punishing negative ones.
5. Arrange the Classroom: he classroom setup can significantly impact
behavior. Arrange the physical space to minimize distractions and
promote a conducive learning environment.
6. Be Prepared: Thoroughly planning lessons and having all materials
ready helps maintain a smooth flow of the class. This reduces downtime
and keeps students engaged.
7. Deal with Issues Immediately: When disruptions occur, address them
promptly and calmly to prevent escalation. Ignoring issues can lead to a
loss of control and more significant problems.
Key Techniques for Maintaining Classroom Control:
8. Use Non-Verbal Signals: Non-verbal signals can be
an effective way to manage behavior without
interrupting the flow of the lesson.
9. Stay Calm: Maintaining a calm and consistent
demeanor helps set the tone for the classroom.
Students take cues from the teacher’s behavior.
10. Reflect and Adapt Regularly: reflecting on what
strategies work and what don’t can help in fine-tuning
classroom management techniques
Managing Student Misbehavior
• Managing Student Misbehavior is a crucial aspect of teaching and
learning. Effective management strategies can create a positive
learning environment, promote student engagement, and reduce
disruptions. Here are some evidence-based strategies for managing
student misbehavior.
• Culturally Responsive Classroom Management (CRCM) is an
approach that considers students’ diverse backgrounds, cultures, and
experiences to create an inclusive and equitable learning
environment.
 Importance of CRCM:
1. Builds trust and relationships: Fosters positive connections among students,
teachers, and communities.
2. Increases student engagement: Encourages participation, motivation, and academic
success.
3. Reduces behavioral issues: Addresses underlying causes, reducing conflicts and
disruptions.
4. Promotes diversity and inclusion: Values diverse perspectives, cultures, and
identities.
5. Enhances teacher efficacy: Empowers educators to manage classrooms effectively.
6. Supports social-emotional learning: Develops skills like empathy, self-awareness,
and self-regulation.
7. Addresses systemic inequalities: Mitigates biases, stereotypes, and marginalization.
Prevention:
1. Establish clear rules and expectations
2. Build positive relationships with students
3.Encourage student involvement and engagement
4. Foster a growth mindset and self-reflection
5. Provide opportunities for physical activity and
breaks
REDIRECTING MISBEHAVIOR DE-ESCALATION TECHNIQUES
1. Stay calm and composed 1. Active listening
2. Use non-verbal cues (e.g., gestures, facial
2. Empathy and validation
expressions)
3. Open-ended questions
3. Redirect to alternative behaviors
4. Provide constructive feedback 4. Problem-solving together
5. Offer support and guidance 5. Calming strategies
.

RESTORATIVE PRACTICES ADDITIONAL STRATEGIES

1. Restorative circles 1. Differentiated instruction
2. Mediations 2. Technology integration
3. Apology and forgiveness processes 3. Social-emotional learning
4. Community-building activities 4. Parent-teacher communication
5. Reflective discussions 5. Continuous professional development
Key Principles Benefits
1. Consistency and fairness 1. Improved student behavior
2. Respect and empathy 2. Increased academic engagement
3. Clear communication 3. Enhanced teacher-student relationships
4. Student-centered approach 4. Reduced conflicts and disruptions
5. Flexibility and adaptability 5. Positive school culture.

Remember!
managing student misbehavior requires patience, understanding, and a
proactive approach. By implementing these strategies, you can create a
positive learning environment that promotes student success.
Thank You