Exp No 5

Instrumentation and control Lab EXERIMENT NO 05
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
Proportional level control process module
OBJECTIVE:
 To represent the dynamic response curve of the system

 To verify the effects of the gain of the loop on the dynamic response of the system
INTRODUCTION:
 CONTROL :
Control in instrumentation refers to the process of regulating and manipulating variables within a
system to achieve a desired output. It involves the use of various devices and techniques to
measure, analyze, and adjust these variables. This is crucial in industries like manufacturing,
chemical processing, and power generation, where precise control is essential for efficiency,
safety, and product quality.
 Types of Control Strategies:
1. On-Off Control: This simple strategy switches the actuator fully on or off based on a
threshold.
2. Proportional Control: The control output is proportional to the error between the
measured value and the setpoint.
3. Integral Control: The control output is proportional to the integral of the error over
time.
4. Derivative Control: The control output is proportional to the rate of change of the error.
5. PID Control: Combines proportional, integral, and derivative control for more precise
and robust control.
 PROPORTIONAL LEVEL CONTROL:
Proportional level control is a fundamental technique in instrumentation engineering, designed

to maintain a desired level of a liquid or gas within a process vessel or tank. It works by
continuously monitoring the actual level and adjusting a control valve to regulate the flow of the
substance into or out of the vessel.
WORKING PRINCIPLE :
1. Level Measurement:
o A level transmitter, such as a differential pressure transmitter or ultrasonic sensor,
continuously measures the actual level of the fluid.
2. Error Signal Calculation:
o The controller compares the measured level (process variable, PV) to the desired
level (setpoint, SP).
o The difference between these two values is the error signal.
3. Proportional Control Action:
o The controller calculates a control output signal, which is proportional to the error
signal.
o A higher error signal results in a larger control output, and vice versa.
4. Control Valve Adjustment:
o The control output signal is sent to a control valve, which adjusts the flow rate of
the fluid into or out of the vessel.
o A larger control output signal opens the valve more, increasing the flow rate.
 Key Concepts:
1. Proportional Gain (Kp): This parameter determines the magnitude of the control output
for a given error signal. A higher Kp results in a more aggressive response.
2. Proportional Band (PB): This is the range of error over which the controller output
changes from 0% to 100%. A smaller PB indicates a more sensitive controller.
3. Offset: This is the steady-state error that remains after the controller has reached a stable
condition.
EXPERIMENTATION:
 APPARATUS:
1. Connection leads
2. Digital voltmeter
3. Level control process module
4. Level control training console
 PROCEDURE :
1. bush No. 10 to bush adjacent to it .PUMP DRIVER its adjacent bush and Connect
the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush No. 8 of the PUMP DRIER .
2. Press the main switch (ON).
3. Connect bush No. 1 of the flow sensor to it adjacent bush of the relevant interface
and bush No. 2 to its adjacent bush Connect the bush of SET POINT 2 to bush
No. 4 of the PID controller and bush No. 3.
4. Flow sensor to bush No. 3 of the PID controller Insert one terminal of the digital
voltmeter, set in de, in the bush of SET POINT 2 and the other one in the earth
bush. Regulate the PROPORATIONAL knob at 25%.
5. Observe the response while the flow will stabilize at the new value and write
down the flow value, read on the flow meter, both at 3V and at 4.5V. Repeat the
previous operations regulating the knob PROPORTIONAL firstly at 50%, then at
75% and eventually at 100% and observe what happens: the valve can oscillate
continuously without finding a stability position.
6. Search for the value, also intermediate, which gives the best stability and write it
down.
7. Put OFF the main switch. Analyze the results
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
 READINGS
Time(sec) Kp=25% Kp=50% Kp=75% Kp=100%

level(cm) Level(cm Level(cm) Level(cm)
)
0 6.36 6.81 6.91 6.97
15 6.17 6.62 6.81 6.88
30 6.15 6.62 6.81 6.88
45 6.15 6.62 6.81 6.88
60 6.14 6.64 6.81 6.88
75 6.13 6.62 6.81 6.88
90 6.13 6.62 6.81 6.88
105 6.13 6.62 6.81 6.88
120 6.13 6.63 6.82 6.88
135 6.13 6.62 6.82 6.88
150 6.13 6.61 6.81 6.88
165 6.12 6.61 6.81 6.88
180 6.11 6.64 6.81 6.88
195 6.11 6.62 6.81 6.88
210 6.11 6.62 6.81 6.88
225 6.10 6.62 6.81 6.88
240 6.10 6.63 6.81 6.88
255 6.10 6.63 6.81 6.88
270 6.09 6.64 6.81 6.88
285 6.09 6.64 6.81 6.88
300 6.09 6.64 6.81 6.88
315 6.08 6.63 6.81 6.88
330 6.08 6.63 6.81 6.88
345 6.08 6.64 6.81 6.88
360 6.08 6.64 6.82 6.88
375 6.08 6.64 6.82 6.88
390 6.08 6.64 6.82 6.88
 GRAPHS:
APPLICATIONS:
 APPLICATIONS OF PROPORTIONAL CONTROL:
1. Simplicity: Relatively easy to understand and implement.

2. Stability: Can provide stable control for many processes.
3. Flexibility: Can be adjusted to suit different process dynamics.
Limitations of Proportional Control:
 Offset: May not eliminate steady-state error completely.

 Sensitivity to Noise: Can be susceptible to measurement noise, which can lead to
oscillations.
 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS:
Proportional level control is widely used in various industries, including:
1. Chemical Processing: Maintaining reactant and product levels in tanks and reactors.
2. Water Treatment: Controlling water levels in clarifiers, sedimentation tanks, and
reservoirs.
3. Oil and Gas: Regulating fluid levels in storage tanks and separation vessels.
4. Food and Beverage: Controlling liquid levels in fermentation tanks, mixing vessels, and
storage tanks.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, proportional level control is a fundamental technique in process control systems,

designed to maintain a desired level of a liquid or gas within a vessel or tank. By continuously
monitoring the actual level and adjusting a control valve, proportional control ensures precise
and efficient operation of various industrial processes.
The performance of a proportional level control system is significantly influenced by the tuning
parameters, such as proportional gain (Kp). Proper tuning is essential to achieve optimal control
performance, avoiding excessive overshoot and undershoot.
The analysis of the control loop's response to disturbances and setpoint changes, as depicted in
the time-domain and frequency-domain graphs, provides valuable insights into the system's
dynamic behavior. By carefully examining these graphs, engineers can identify potential issues
and make necessary adjustments to improve control performance.
In practical applications, proportional level control is widely used in industries such as chemical
processing, water treatment, oil and gas, and food and beverage. By effectively implementing
this control strategy, industries can achieve greater efficiency, product quality, and safety.
REFERENCES
1. National Instrument resources on control systems, including PID control and its
applications.
2. Process Control: A Primer by Dale Seborg, Thomas Edgar, and Duncan Mellichamp
3. Modern Control Systems by Richard C. Dorf and Robert H. Bishop

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Instrumentation and control Lab EXERIMENT NO 05

Proportional level control process module

 To represent the dynamic response curve of the system

 Types of Control Strategies:

 PROPORTIONAL LEVEL CONTROL:

Proportional level control is a fundamental technique in instrumentation engineering, designed

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Time(sec) Kp=25% Kp=50% Kp=75% Kp=100%

 APPLICATIONS OF PROPORTIONAL CONTROL:

1. Simplicity: Relatively easy to understand and implement.

Limitations of Proportional Control:

 Offset: May not eliminate steady-state error completely.

Proportional level control is widely used in various industries, including:

In conclusion, proportional level control is a fundamental technique in process control systems,

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