Copia de 01. Circulatory System Present U5

CIRCULATION
01 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system

The circulatory system distributes nutrients, hormones and oxygen to cells. It also
collects the waste products and takes them to the excretory organs.
It consists of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
1. The cardiovascular system consists of:

• A pump (the heart) that circulates the fluid (blood).
• A circulating fluid (blood)
• A network of vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) through which the blood circulates.
It has several functions: transporting nutrients; moving oxygen and carbon dioxide;
collecting waste products; helping the body’s defences; distributing hormones and
regulating the body temperature.

Blood: made up of various types of blood cells and blood plasma (is 90% water); contains
nutrients, hormones, ions and metabolic waste; composed of:
• white blood cells (leykocytes): two types: granulocytes and agranulocytes; have a
defensive function
• platelets: fragments of cells made in the red bone marrow; essential for blood clotting
• blood plasma: a yellowish fluid, can be used to obtain blood serum
• red blood cells (erythrocytes): contain haemoglobin that carries oxygen to cells
Blood types: based on the presence or absence of proteins (antigens or agglutinogens);

also determined by antibodies (agglutinins) in the blood plasma
The ABO system has four blood types: A, B, AB and O.
Rh factor: based on antigens (Rhesus factors); people with these factors are Rh positive,
people without are Rh negative.

Blood vessels: three types (arteries, capillaries and veins) with different structures and
functions.
• Capillaries: a network of microscopic vessels that take blood to the cells in the body;
the endothelium forms the capillary walls; nutrients, waste products, oxygen and
carbon dioxide are exchanged through the endothelium.
• Arteries: take blood from the heart to the rest of the body; they have thick, elastic
walls with a strong muscle layer and branch into arterioles (smaller vessels).
• Veins: collect blood from the body and take it to the heart; have thinner, less elastic
walls than arteries; Semilunar valves let blood flow to the heart and stop it from
flowing backwards. Veins branch into venules.

The heart: a hollow, muscular organ about the size of a fist; located between the
lungs with the bottom offset to the left
It consists of three layers:

• endocardium: epithelial tissue lining the inside of the heart
• myocardium: middle layer and thickest part, made up of cardiac muscle tissue;
myocardial contractions are involuntary
• pericardium: a double membrane surrounding the heart; The space between

the membranes is the pericardial space.

Structure of the heart
• Four chambers: two upper (atria), two lower (ventricles). The two halves of the heart
are separated by the interventricular septum, which stops direct blood flow between
them.
• Valves: The atrioventricular valves connect the atria to the ventricles. The right valve is
the tricuspid and the left one the mitral. Arterial (or semilunar) valves stop blood from
flowing backwards from the arteries into the ventricles.
• Blood vessels: There are two venae cavae and four pulmonary veins. The pulmonary
artery takes blood to the lungs. The aorta takes blood to the rest of the body. Coronary
arteries and veins provide the heart with nutrients and oxygen to fuel it.

The cardiac cycle
• The heart acts as a pump. Rhythmic contractions (the heartbeat) suck blood out of the
veins and push it into the arteries.
• Atrial systole: Atria push blood into the ventricles via the mitral and tricuspid valves,
which then close to stop blood from flowing backwards from the ventricles.
• Ventricular systole: Ventricles push blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery via the
semilunar valves, which then close.
• Diastole: Cardiac muscle relaxes, the atria fill with blood, the mitral and tricuspid valves
open and the ventricles start to fill. A new cycle begins.

The heartbeat
It shows that the heart is working.
There are two heart sounds:

• First sound: a prolonged, deep sound when the atrioventricular valves close.
• Second sound: a shorter sound when the semilunar valves close.
• Heart murmurs can be heard when one of the heart valves does not close properly.

Blood circulation
Human blood circulation is:

• closed: No blood ever leaves the blood vessels when circulating.
• double: Blood must flow through the heart twice to complete a circuit.
• complete: Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood circulate through different circuits and
never mix.
Two blood circuits start from the heart:

• pulmonary circuit: Blood flows between the heart and lungs in both ways.
• systemic circuit: Blood flows between the heart and the rest of the body in both ways.
02 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Structure of the lymphatic system

This system consists of lymph, the lymph nodes and lymph vessels. Lymph is
moved mainly by skeletal muscle contractions.
• Lymph nodes: organs formed by an internal network of fibres; form part of the
immune system, are found throughout the lymphatic system and are connected by
the lymph vessels. Many are located in the groin, armpits and neck.
• Lymph vessels: narrow tubes with closed sacs at the end; Valves ensure that
lymph only flows towards the heart. They join together to form increasingly larger
vessels.
• Lymph: a colourless liquid made up of interstitial fluid and blood plasma. It

contains proteins, fats, white blood cells and cell fragments.
02 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Functions of the lymphatic system

The lymphatic system has three functions:
• Absorption of fats from digested foods and transportation in the lymph to the
bloodstream via the lacteals (lymphatic vessels).
• Interstitial fluid drainage: the lymph capillaries collect lymph fluid and take it to the
lymph veins. These veins returns the filtered fluid back to the bloodstream through the
subclavian veins.
• Formation of immune system cells: the lymph nodes store infectious organisms
collected by the lymph as it travels through the body, and produce cells involved in
protecting the body.
03 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM HEALTH
Circulatory system diseases

The circulatory system can be affected by illnesses that affect the blood, heart and
the blood vessels.
Diseases affecting the heart

• Arrhythmias: abnormal heart rhythms, tachycardia (abnormally fast heart rate),
bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate)
• Myocardial infarction (heart attack): occurs when a blood clot blocks one of
the coronary arteries; can be fatal
• Angina: Chest pain that occurs if not enough blood reaches the myocardium.
03 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM HEALTH
Circulatory system diseases

Diseases affecting the blood
• Anemia: low levels of haemoglobin and red blood cells
• Leukaemia: a type of cancer affecting the bone marrow cells
• Haemophilia: a genetic disease characterized by problems with blood clotting
Diseases affecting the blood vessels

Varicose veins, thrombosis, stroke, hypertension (high blood pressure), arteriosclerosis
Healthy habits to prevent circulatory disease:

Avoid being overweight or obese; exercise regularly; do not smoke; reduce salt
consumption; avoid stress; do not wear tight clothing
04 TRANSFUSIONS AND BLOOD GROUPS
Cross-matching and blood groups

Transfusions: an essential part of treating blood diseases; Before a transfusion,
blood type has to be cross-matched to ensure biological compatibility between the
blood group of the donor and the recipient.
Blood groups: a system for classifying blood based on certain types of molecules; The
most common systems are the ABO system and the Rh system.
• The ABO system: includes the groups A, B, AB and 0
• The Rh system: includes the Rh negative group which lacks Rh factor and may
contain anti-Rh antibodies, and the Rh positive group which contains antigens
(Rh factor) and lacks antibodies.
04 TRANSFUSIONS AND BLOOD GROUPS
Cross-matching and blood groups

For a transfusion to be compatible, it is necessary to check that the recipient’s plasma
has no antibodies against the antigens of the donor’s red blood cells.
In the event of an incompatible transfusion, an agglutination reaction occurs. This could

lead to the death of the recipient.
Taking this into account:

• Group O Rh-: This is the universal donor as it has no antigens (A, B, or Rh factor).
• Group AB Rh+: This is the universal recipient as it has no antibodies (anti-A, anti-B,
or anti-Rh).

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CIRCULATION

01 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The cardiovascular system

1. The cardiovascular system consists of:

The cardiovascular system

Blood types: based on the presence or absence of proteins (antigens or agglutinogens);

The cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system

It consists of three layers:

• pericardium: a double membrane surrounding the heart; The space between

The cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system

It shows that the heart is working.

There are two heart sounds:

• Second sound: a shorter sound when the semilunar valves close.

The cardiovascular system

Human blood circulation is:

Two blood circuits start from the heart:

Structure of the lymphatic system

• Lymph: a colourless liquid made up of interstitial fluid and blood plasma. It

Functions of the lymphatic system

Circulatory system diseases

Diseases affecting the heart

Circulatory system diseases

• Leukaemia: a type of cancer affecting the bone marrow cells

• Haemophilia: a genetic disease characterized by problems with blood clotting

Diseases affecting the blood vessels

Healthy habits to prevent circulatory disease:

Cross-matching and blood groups

Cross-matching and blood groups

In the event of an incompatible transfusion, an agglutination reaction occurs. This could

Taking this into account:

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