# tactiq.

io free youtube transcript

00:00:00.000 [Music]
00:00:21.039 good day everyone
00:00:22.720 this segment is for grade 12 students
00:00:24.960 who are studying physical science but of
00:00:27.039 course
00:00:27.599 everyone who is willing and interested
00:00:30.160 to learn
00:00:30.800 is welcome to join us today we will talk
00:00:33.520 about
00:00:33.920 one of the most interesting questions in
00:00:36.239 science
00:00:37.280 how were the elements formed the calcium
00:00:40.160 in our bones are elements
00:00:42.239 how were they formed the air that we
00:00:45.120 breathe
00:00:45.600 are made up of elements how were they
00:00:47.680 made are you ready to answer these
00:00:50.160 questions
00:00:50.960 if yes then please make sure that you
00:00:53.199 have a pen and paper with you
00:00:54.960 so you can write all the things that you
00:00:56.640 will learn from this episode
00:00:58.079 i am teacher iman and i welcome you to
00:01:00.480 the very first episode of sciencequella
00:01:03.120 tv
00:01:03.840 where you can learn science concepts in
00:01:05.840 fun and easy way
00:01:16.080 i have identified eight important
00:01:17.920 concepts that will help you understand
00:01:19.759 the topic more easily
00:01:21.680 let's see how many of these concepts you
00:01:23.840 already know
00:01:25.200 answer the true or false questions with
00:01:27.280 science and quella
00:01:29.490 [Music]
00:01:32.400 science quella are you ready yes teacher
00:01:36.479 okay for our first question true or
00:01:39.600 false
00:01:40.799 elements are made up of subatomic
00:01:42.799 particles called
00:01:43.840 protons neutrons and electrons
00:01:52.640 the correct answer is true yes it's true
00:01:56.560 protons are positively charged particles
00:01:59.200 electrons are negatively charged
00:02:00.880 particles
00:02:01.680 and neutrons have no charge it is
00:02:04.719 important for you to know this if you
00:02:06.399 want to understand
00:02:07.439 how the elements are made because these
00:02:09.840 are the ingredients in making an
00:02:11.360 element if you want to know how to bake
00:02:13.440 a cake you need to learn the ingredients
00:02:15.520 first
00:02:16.319 the same is true with learning about
00:02:18.160 element formation
00:02:19.440 you need to know what the ingredients
00:02:21.360 are
00:02:23.120 question number two true or false
00:02:26.640 the identity of an element depends on
00:02:28.720 how many neutrons it has
00:02:36.959 the correct answer is false
00:02:39.320 [Music]
00:02:41.440 the identity of an element depends on
00:02:43.440 how many protons it has
00:02:45.920 an atom that has one proton is hydrogen
00:02:48.560 no matter how many neutrons and
00:02:50.239 electrons it has
00:02:52.000 if you add another proton to an atom of
00:02:54.080 hydrogen it will stop from being a
00:02:56.160 hydrogen
00:02:56.959 and it will become helium imagine if you
00:02:59.599 have a friend who is very talkative
00:03:01.680 and then one day he came to class and he
00:03:04.000 was very quiet
00:03:05.599 what do you usually say hey you're so
00:03:08.319 quiet today
00:03:09.280 that's not you now imagine you saw an
00:03:12.319 atom of hydrogen on the road
00:03:14.159 if that hydrogen has two protons what do
00:03:16.720 you say
00:03:18.080 hey you have two protons that's not you
00:03:21.360 you're not hydrogen you are helium if
00:03:24.239 you don't know how many protons an
00:03:25.920 element has
00:03:26.799 just look at their atomic number and it
00:03:28.560 will tell you the number of protons of
00:03:30.480 that element
00:03:31.840 it is also possible for a proton to turn
00:03:34.000 into a neutron and for a neutron to turn
00:03:36.000 into a proton
00:03:37.120 when this happens the identity of an
00:03:39.120 element changes
00:03:41.440 question number three true or false
00:03:45.120 lithium is one of the elements formed
00:03:47.440 during the big bang nucleosynthesis
00:03:58.720 the correct answer is true
00:04:02.799 the very first elements were made a few
00:04:04.879 minutes after the big bang
00:04:06.480 through the process called big bang
00:04:08.280 nucleosynthesis
00:04:10.000 most of what were formed were hydrogen
00:04:12.080 and helium however a few lithium and
00:04:14.400 beryllium are also made
00:04:16.238 if you look at the periodic table of
00:04:17.839 elements you will notice
00:04:19.358 that the ones at the top are the
00:04:21.120 elements that i mentioned
00:04:22.720 hydrogen helium lithium and beryllium
00:04:26.000 this is because these elements are
00:04:27.840 lighter than the ones at the bottom
00:04:30.000 they are lighter because they have less
00:04:32.160 protons and neutrons in their nuclei
00:04:35.600 question number four true or false
00:04:39.000 nucleosynthesis combines nucleons
00:04:41.600 protons and neutrons to form new
00:04:43.759 elements
00:04:51.120 the correct answer is true
00:04:54.520 nucleosynthesis came from the words
00:04:56.639 nucleo which means
00:04:58.080 nucleus and synthesis which means
00:05:00.800 creating something new
00:05:02.160 by combining separate materials studying
00:05:04.960 about the formation of new elements may
00:05:06.960 sound
00:05:07.360 overwhelming at first but it's actually
00:05:09.759 very easy
00:05:10.880 it's really just all about colliding
00:05:12.880 ingredients and then combining them to
00:05:14.960 form a new element
00:05:17.360 question number five true or false
00:05:20.639 the big bang is an explosion
00:05:25.100 [Music]
00:05:29.680 the correct answer is false
00:05:33.759 contrary to popular belief the big bang
00:05:36.240 is not an explosion the word explosion
00:05:38.880 is misleading
00:05:39.919 that is why we prefer to use the word
00:05:41.680 expansion to refer to big bang
00:05:44.080 according to the big bang theory the
00:05:46.080 universe was extremely small
00:05:47.759 even smaller than an atom it was also
00:05:50.000 extremely dense and extremely hot
00:05:52.400 but 13.8 billion years ago it began to
00:05:55.199 expand
00:05:55.919 and the formation of most light elements
00:05:57.919 occurred just a few seconds after the
00:05:59.840 big bang
00:06:03.759 question number six the universe was
00:06:07.199 colder 13.8 billion years ago
00:06:11.460 [Music]
00:06:16.560 and the answer is false the universe
00:06:20.160 was very hot billions of years ago
00:06:23.039 however
00:06:23.919 it cooled down as it expanded this fact
00:06:27.280 is important in our study of element
00:06:29.120 formation
00:06:30.160 it tells us that there was a time when
00:06:32.080 the universe was hot enough to form
00:06:34.400 elements and then it stopped because it
00:06:36.880 cooled down
00:06:39.039 question number seven true or false
00:06:42.720 the higher the energy of the particles
00:06:44.960 in an object are
00:06:46.319 the higher the temperature of that
00:06:48.240 object will be
00:06:53.120 the correct answer is true
00:06:56.720 temperature is a measure of the average
00:06:58.800 kinetic energy of the particles in an
00:07:01.039 object the higher the energy of these
00:07:03.680 particles are
00:07:04.639 the higher the temperature of the object
00:07:06.560 will be you're right quella
00:07:09.120 look at the two sets of molecules on the
00:07:11.039 screen let's all imagine that these are
00:07:13.520 water molecules
00:07:15.039 the molecules of the one on the left has
00:07:17.199 more energy
00:07:18.240 they are moving faster the one on the
00:07:20.560 right has less
00:07:21.599 energy which of the two do you think is
00:07:24.639 hotter
00:07:26.639 if you think that the one on the left is
00:07:28.639 hotter than you are correct
00:07:31.599 if you are too shy to tell your friends
00:07:33.599 that you are hot
00:07:34.960 maybe you can tell them that the
00:07:36.319 particles inside you have a lot of
00:07:38.400 energy
00:07:39.440 if they watch this they won't be
00:07:41.120 confused with what you mean
00:07:44.000 the temperature of the universe can also
00:07:46.160 tell us whether or not it's possible for
00:07:48.240 new elements to be created there
00:07:50.639 when it's too hot the particles have too
00:07:53.199 much energy
00:07:54.160 they just get destroyed when they
00:07:55.759 collide if the particles lack energy
00:07:58.639 they will just bounce upon collision no
00:08:01.039 new element made
00:08:02.560 however if the temperature of the
00:08:04.639 universe is just
00:08:05.840 right protons and neutrons can combine
00:08:08.639 when they collide
00:08:09.919 when that happens new elements are made
00:08:14.720 last question true or false mass can be
00:08:18.400 converted into energy
00:08:20.360 [Music]
00:08:24.479 the correct answer is true
00:08:28.160 we learned from the law of conservation
00:08:30.000 of mass that mass can neither be created
00:08:32.559 nor destroyed
00:08:34.159 however einstein's theory of relativity
00:08:37.120 e is equal to m c
00:08:38.320 squared tells us that mass can be
00:08:40.320 converted into energy
00:08:42.320 it is important for us to understand and
00:08:44.320 to know that it is possible for mass to
00:08:46.800 be converted into energy
00:08:48.800 later you will see that when elements
00:08:50.640 are made energy is released
00:08:53.279 now where does this energy come from it
00:08:55.839 comes from mass
00:08:57.340 [Music]
00:09:01.680 so how did you do were you able to
00:09:03.680 answer everything correctly
00:09:05.600 if not then that's fine it only means
00:09:08.240 that there's still a lot to learn
00:09:10.080 and i know that you're very excited to
00:09:11.839 learn about how the elements were formed
00:09:14.240 so take it away professor atom
00:09:17.519 thank you teacher eman did you know that
00:09:20.000 protons and neutrons formed a few
00:09:22.080 seconds after the big bang
00:09:24.080 at first the universe was so hot and the
00:09:26.800 particles were so energetic
00:09:28.640 that when they collided they just got
00:09:31.120 destroyed
00:09:32.160 however the universe is expanding and as
00:09:35.120 the universe expands
00:09:36.560 it cools for a few minutes after the big
00:09:39.440 bang
00:09:40.000 the temperature of the universe reached
00:09:42.000 the point where the protons and neutrons
00:09:44.880 could combine when they collided
00:09:48.959 through this process new elements were
00:09:51.279 made and we call this
00:09:53.040 the big bang nucleosynthesis
00:09:57.200 how does this big bang nucleosynthesis
00:09:59.360 work
00:10:00.480 protons and neutrons collide and combine
00:10:03.600 to form to tiron deuteron is an isotope
00:10:07.600 of hydrogen
00:10:08.480 that has one proton and one neutron how
00:10:11.200 do we know that this deuteron is an
00:10:12.959 isotope of hydrogen
00:10:14.320 and not of any other elements it's
00:10:16.959 because it has one proton
00:10:19.120 and all atoms that have one proton is
00:10:21.519 hydrogen
00:10:23.120 soon another neutron collides and
00:10:25.040 combines with it
00:10:26.399 to form triton again
00:10:29.839 this is an isotope of hydrogen because
00:10:31.920 it has one proton
00:10:33.279 then again another proton collides and
00:10:35.839 combines with it
00:10:37.600 to form helium we know that this is
00:10:40.560 helium because it has two protons
00:10:43.360 most of what were formed were hydrogen
00:10:45.440 and helium
00:10:46.560 however some lithium and beryllium were
00:10:48.800 also formed
00:10:50.240 one way lithium was formed was through
00:10:52.240 the collision and combination of
00:10:54.320 helium-4 and triton
00:11:00.480 and one way beryllium was formed was
00:11:02.720 through the collision and combination of
00:11:04.959 helium-4 and helium-3
00:11:11.440 as the universe continued to expand the
00:11:13.920 temperature dropped to a point
00:11:15.760 where the particles no longer had enough
00:11:18.000 energy to combine when they collide
00:11:21.200 they just bounced the universe was able
00:11:23.920 to create a lot of hydrogen and helium
00:11:26.240 and a few lithium and beryllium
00:11:28.480 that is the process of big bang
00:11:30.279 nucleosynthesis
00:11:31.600 as you can see it is very
00:11:33.519 straightforward and very easy to
00:11:35.519 understand
00:11:36.640 all you have to remember are the words
00:11:38.720 collision and combination
00:11:41.279 now that we know how the light elements
00:11:43.200 were formed the question that remains is
00:11:46.560 how are the elements heavier than
00:11:48.160 beryllium formed
00:11:50.079 so far we've learned that we need enough
00:11:52.000 heat so that the particles have enough
00:11:53.920 energy
00:11:54.639 to combine when they collide however
00:11:57.680 we know that the universe can no longer
00:11:59.839 provide that heat
00:12:01.120 because like what we learned earlier as
00:12:03.200 the universe expands
00:12:04.560 it cools now can you think of a hot
00:12:07.600 place where heavier elements could
00:12:09.120 possibly form
00:12:10.880 if you thought of the sun then you are
00:12:12.800 correct yes
00:12:14.480 some heavier elements were formed in
00:12:16.320 celestial bodies like the sun
00:12:18.560 the stars and that made me think of the
00:12:21.120 nursery rhyme twinkle twinkle little
00:12:22.880 star
00:12:23.760 and i'd like to share to you the senior
00:12:25.360 high school version of that song
00:12:27.680 twinkle twinkle big big star now i know
00:12:31.200 how
00:12:31.519 hot you are heavy elements exist because
00:12:34.800 of you
00:12:35.760 gold calcium oxygen and silver too
00:12:39.360 so what have we learned from this song
00:12:40.959 that i hope you sang in your head
00:12:43.040 the rhyme tells us that stars don't just
00:12:45.279 twinkle
00:12:46.240 they do more than that they make it
00:12:48.480 possible for elements to form
00:12:50.800 it also tells us that stars are not
00:12:52.800 little they're big
00:12:54.480 and they only look small because they're
00:12:56.160 very far away
00:12:57.760 lastly the rhyme tells us that stars are
00:13:00.320 so hot
00:13:01.120 they can provide energy for another type
00:13:03.200 of nucleosynthesis
00:13:04.959 the stellar nucleosynthesis
00:13:08.079 when elements are formed inside a star
00:13:10.480 we call that stellar nucleosynthesis
00:13:13.120 it all starts with a stellar nebula the
00:13:15.440 stellar nebula is the birthplace of the
00:13:17.519 star
00:13:18.240 it is called such because it is where
00:13:20.000 the stars are born
00:13:21.519 it is a huge clump of gas and dust
00:13:23.760 particles
00:13:24.800 eventually gravity will collapse this
00:13:27.040 structure
00:13:28.000 and as it collapses the force of gravity
00:13:30.560 increases the kinetic energy of the
00:13:32.320 particles
00:13:33.519 hydrogen atoms gain enough energy to
00:13:35.519 collide and combine to form
00:13:37.200 helium atoms through the process called
00:13:39.760 nuclear fusion
00:13:41.839 in a nutshell nuclear fusion happens
00:13:44.399 when atoms gain enough energy to combine
00:13:46.720 when they collide
00:13:48.160 this process releases huge amount of
00:13:50.480 energy
00:13:51.519 have you ever wondered why the sun is so
00:13:53.600 hot
00:13:54.560 where does it get its energy from it
00:13:57.199 gets its energy from nuclear fusion
00:13:59.680 when four hydrogen atoms combine to form
00:14:02.240 helium
00:14:03.040 some of the mass of hydrogen is
00:14:04.720 converted into huge amount of energy
00:14:08.639 this energy blows the contents of the
00:14:10.880 star out
00:14:11.839 but instead of being ejected the
00:14:13.839 contents of the star are held in place
00:14:15.920 by gravity
00:14:17.519 when the star is at this stage we say
00:14:20.079 that it is in its main sequence stage
00:14:22.959 currently the sun is at this stage now
00:14:26.560 what happens inside the star in its main
00:14:28.720 sequence stage depends on how big it is
00:14:31.680 in other words different types of
00:14:33.600 nuclear fusion happens inside the star
00:14:36.240 depending on how big it is for
00:14:38.639 medium-sized stars like our sun
00:14:40.880 the proton-proton chain reaction is
00:14:42.880 dominant for more massive stars
00:14:45.360 the cno or carbon nitrogen oxygen cycle
00:14:48.480 is more dominant the proton proton chain
00:14:52.079 reaction starts with
00:14:53.920 two protons or two hydrogen atoms
00:14:56.320 colliding and combining
00:14:58.240 as they combine one of the protons turns
00:15:00.720 into a neutron
00:15:01.920 because of this a positron and a
00:15:04.000 neutrino are released
00:15:05.760 the positron will annihilate with an
00:15:07.760 electron and release energy
00:15:09.839 we talked about this earlier it was
00:15:12.079 mentioned that protons can turn into a
00:15:14.000 neutron
00:15:14.800 and neutron can turn into a proton now
00:15:18.320 what we have left is a deuteron which is
00:15:20.720 an isotope of hydrogen
00:15:22.720 later another proton hits deuteron and
00:15:25.680 helium-3 is formed
00:15:27.680 when this helium-3 emits another
00:15:29.440 helium-3 which was
00:15:30.959 formed from the collision and
00:15:32.320 combination of other hydrogen atoms
00:15:34.800 they collide and they combine two
00:15:37.680 protons will be released to perform
00:15:39.519 another nuclear reaction
00:15:41.199 and that is how helium is formed through
00:15:43.440 the process of proton proton chain
00:15:45.360 reaction
00:15:46.480 back to you teacher iman that is how the
00:15:49.920 light
00:15:50.320 elements were formed during the big bang
00:15:52.680 nucleosynthesis and
00:15:54.000 how some light elements were formed
00:15:56.160 during the stellar nucleosynthesis
00:15:58.800 let's have a little review and see how
00:16:00.560 much you learned about element formation
00:16:04.420 [Music]
00:16:06.000 at the beginning we reviewed eight
00:16:08.160 important concepts that will help us
00:16:09.920 understand how elements were formed
00:16:12.399 these are number one all atoms are made
00:16:16.000 up of subatomic particles
00:16:17.680 called protons neutrons and electrons
00:16:21.360 number two the identity of an element
00:16:24.399 depends on how many protons it has
00:16:27.120 just look at the total number of protons
00:16:29.199 that an atom has
00:16:30.399 and you will know what type of element
00:16:32.160 it is
00:16:33.839 number three the light elements hydrogen
00:16:37.199 helium lithium and beryllium were the
00:16:39.759 very first atoms to form
00:16:42.079 number four nucleosynthesis combines
00:16:45.360 nucleons
00:16:46.240 to form new elements to form a new
00:16:49.040 element all you really have to do
00:16:51.199 is to collide particles and combine them
00:16:54.800 number five big bang is not an explosion
00:16:59.279 it is the expansion of space
00:17:02.480 number six as the universe expands
00:17:05.599 it cools this tells us that the universe
00:17:08.720 was hot before
00:17:10.240 hot enough to energize particles to
00:17:12.160 combine and collide
00:17:13.679 but as the time went by it became cooler
00:17:16.480 and cooler
00:17:18.400 number seven the higher the energy of
00:17:21.199 the particles in an object are
00:17:23.359 the higher the temperature of that
00:17:24.959 object will be
00:17:27.119 number eight mass can be converted into
00:17:30.840 energy we also learned that a few
00:17:33.280 moments after the big bang
00:17:35.039 protons and neutrons were formed for a
00:17:37.520 few minutes
00:17:38.400 the universe was hot enough to make the
00:17:40.480 combination of these subatomic particles
00:17:42.880 possible
00:17:44.000 and because of that helium lithium and
00:17:46.640 some beryllium were formed
00:17:48.960 however when the universe was no longer
00:17:51.200 hot enough
00:17:52.080 the nucleosynthesis stopped the story of
00:17:55.200 the elements did not end there though
00:17:57.679 stars were born and nuclear fusion
00:17:59.600 occurred at their core
00:18:01.600 inside hydrogen atoms combine to form
00:18:04.400 helium
00:18:05.039 and release energy now it's time to show
00:18:08.559 how much you have learned
00:18:10.640 please choose the letter of the best
00:18:12.320 answer let's start with an easy one
00:18:15.840 question number one which of the
00:18:18.640 following
00:18:19.280 is not considered as light element
00:18:22.720 a helium b hydrogen
00:18:26.080 c lithium or d iron
00:18:31.650 [Music]
00:18:35.039 the answer is d iron question number two
00:18:39.600 which of the following is true about
00:18:41.720 nucleosynthesis
00:18:43.919 a it is the division of atomic particle
00:18:47.919 b the combination of elements to form
00:18:50.559 compound
00:18:52.000 c it is the creation of everything
00:18:54.720 including all matter in universe
00:18:57.520 d it is the process of creating new
00:19:00.000 atomic nuclei
00:19:01.120 from pre-existing nuclei
00:19:02.890 [Music]
00:19:08.960 the answer is d it is the process of
00:19:12.160 creating new atomic nuclei
00:19:14.240 from pre-existing nuclei question number
00:19:17.200 three
00:19:18.080 at which phase of star life cycle is our
00:19:21.039 sun
00:19:21.440 in a main sequence star
00:19:26.160 b planetary nebula
00:19:29.360 c red giant or d
00:19:32.480 white dwarf
00:19:39.360 the answer is a main sequence star
00:19:44.320 question number four how is the energy
00:19:47.600 of the star produced
00:19:49.600 a by combustion b
00:19:52.960 by decomposition c by nuclear fission
00:19:57.520 or d by nuclear fusion
00:20:06.000 the answer is d nuclear fusion
00:20:10.159 last question which type of nuclear
00:20:12.960 fusion occurs
00:20:14.000 at the core of a medium-sized star
00:20:17.520 a alpha leather process
00:20:20.799 b cno cycle
00:20:23.919 c proton proton chain reaction
00:20:27.760 or d tri-alpha process
00:20:36.320 the correct answer is c proton proton
00:20:39.760 chain reaction
00:20:43.679 before we end this episode i'd like to
00:20:45.760 share something that i hope will
00:20:47.280 encourage you
00:20:48.240 in this new learning setup many people
00:20:51.200 may express
00:20:52.000 doubt in your ability to learn without a
00:20:54.000 teacher teaching you face to face
00:20:56.720 remember you can choose to be like the
00:20:58.880 moon that always depends on others to
00:21:00.720 shine
00:21:01.520 but you can also choose to be a star
00:21:03.840 that shines whether or not there is
00:21:05.520 light around
00:21:07.720 congratulations you have reached the end
00:21:10.080 of the very first
00:21:11.200 episode of sciencequella tv on our next
00:21:14.320 topic we will talk about how the heavier
00:21:16.480 elements were formed inside the stars
00:21:19.120 don't forget to come back next week for
00:21:20.880 another episode because
00:21:22.720 learning science with teacher iman is
00:21:28.840 fun
00:21:36.730 [Music]
00:22:27.120 you