NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION (EE-352)

COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM

Group Member Names:

Sameer Ali Bin Zakir (EE-21325)

Sheikh M. Tabish Ali (EE-21191)

Syed M. Bazif Feroz (EE-21212)

TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 3
SECTION 1 Introduction to Transmission Line Systems .............................................................. 3
1.1 Understanding Transmission Lines ....................................................................................... 3
1.2 Parameters Influencing Transmission Lines ......................................................................... 4
1.3 Critical Factors in Transmission Line Design ....................................................................... 5
SECTION 2 Detailed Methodology & Analysis ............................................................................ 6
2.1 Framework for Parameter Evaluation ................................................................................... 6
2.2 Design Optimization Process ................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Calculations for Parameter Justification ............................................................................... 6
SECTION 3 Implementation of Analysis ....................................................................................... 7
3.1 Python Code for Electrical and Mechanical Parameters ....................................................... 7
3.2 Efficiency Enhancement for Transmission Line Design .................................................... 10
3.2 Impact of Transmission Line Models on the Environment ................................................. 10
LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 11
ABSTRACT
This report analyzes and presents a systematic evaluation of transmission line designs by
analyzing their electrical and mechanical properties. Utilizing Python, several configurations
were examined based on their operational voltage levels. A thorough investigation was
conducted to optimize one specific design by enhancing its parameters, thereby improving
efficiency and reducing losses. This study underscores the significance of precise parameter
calculation and structural design in developing robust and cost-effective transmission networks.

SECTION 1 Introduction to Transmission Line Systems

1.1 Understanding Transmission Lines
Transmission lines are a fundamental component of electrical power systems, serving as conduits
for transferring electrical energy over long distances. These systems are engineered to minimize
power loss and distortion while maintaining high efficiency. Transmission lines are mainly
categorized into the following types:

Overhead Transmission Lines:

Overhead transmission lines are widely used for transmitting electrical power over long distances
due to their cost-effectiveness and high efficiency. These lines consist of bare conductors
supported by poles or lattice towers using insulators. Operating at high voltages, they are capable
of carrying large power loads over long distances with minimal loss. Overhead lines are
relatively inexpensive to install and maintain, as their components are easily accessible for
inspection and repair..

Underground Transmission Lines:

Underground transmission lines are buried beneath the surface and are often employed in urban
or environmentally sensitive areas where overhead lines are impractical. These lines use
insulated conductors enclosed in protective ducts or directly buried with added waterproofing
and sheathing for durability.

Figure 1 Equivalent circuit of a short-length transmission line

1.2 Parameters Influencing Transmission Lines
The behavior and performance of transmission lines are governed by their parameters, which are
grouped into two main categories:

 Electrical Parameters:

Inductance:

Inductance in transmission lines is the property that opposes changes in current flow due to the
magnetic field generated around the conductors. This magnetic field creates a self-induced
voltage, which resists variations in the current, as described by Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction. The inductance of a transmission line depends on factors such as the spacing between
conductors, their radius, and whether they are single or bundled. It is an essential parameter in
transmission line design, as high inductance can cause voltage drops and reactive power losses.

Figure 2 External Magnetic Field

Capacitance:

Capacitance in transmission lines is the ability of the system to store electrical energy between
conductors separated by a dielectric medium, such as air or insulation. It arises due to the electric
field formed between the conductors, which act as plates of a capacitor. The capacitance of a
transmission line depends on the spacing between the conductors, their radius, and the properties
of the dielectric material. In long transmission lines, the distributed capacitance plays a
significant role, causing charging currents that affect voltage regulation and power flow.
 Figure 3 Arrangement of image conductors in a three-phase transmission line

Resistance and Conductance:

Resistance and Conductance refers mainly affect energy losses during transmission.

 Mechanical Parameters:

Ground Clearance:

Ground clearance in transmission lines refers to the safe distance between the conductor and the
ground to ensure operational safety and preventing a potential risk and hazard.

Figure 4 Equivalent circuit of a medium length transmission line

1.3 Critical Factors in Transmission Line Design

Effective transmission line design depends on several key considerations:

Conductor Type and Size:

Determines current-carrying capacity and efficiency.

Power Flow Capability:

Affects stability and reliability of the system.

Minimization of Losses:

Includes reducing corona discharge and resistive losses.

Economic Viability:

Balances initial investment and long-term maintenance costs.

SECTION 2 Detailed Methodology & Analysis

2.1 Framework for Parameter Evaluation
Ten transmission line geometries were analyzed based on their voltage levels, ranging from 132
kV to 765 kV. Key parameters such as sag, ground clearance, and conductor type were evaluated
to identify performance bottlenecks and areas for improvement.

2.2 Design Optimization Process

1. Structure Evaluation:

- Horizontal configurations generally have lower costs but require wider clearances.

- Vertical structures are space-efficient but taller, potentially impacting aesthetics and
increasing wind loading.

2. Parameter Calculation:

- Electrical parameters were calculated using theoretical formulas, incorporating real-world

variables like temperature and conductor materials.

- Mechanical properties were computed considering environmental factors and operational

loads.

3. Simulation and Validation:

MATLAB was used to simulate the parameters and validate calculations, ensuring their
applicability in real-world scenarios.

2.3 Calculations for Parameter Justification

Sample Calculations

1. Inductance:

For Single Phase Two Wire Line:

-L= 2 x 10-7 ln (D/r’)

where r’= 0.7788r

For Three-Phase Symmetrical Line:

-L= 2 x 10-7 ln (D/r’)

For Three-Phase Unsymmetrical Line:

-L= 2 x 10-7 ln (Dequivalent /r’);

where Dequivalent = √

For Single Circuit Bundled Conductor:

-Ds=√

-Ds= √

-Ds=1.09 x √

-Dm= √

For Double Circuit Single Conductor

(Always an unsymmetrical case)

Ds= √

Dm= √

2. Capacitance:

C= (2 x π x ξ0) / ln (Dm/Ds) (Farad/meters)

Where;

Dm= Geometric mean distance

Dm= Geometric mean radius

ξ0= (8.85 x 10-12 )

SECTION 3 Implementation of Analysis

3.1 Python Code for Electrical and Mechanical Parameters
import math

def calculate_transmission_parameters():
print("\n--- Transmission Line Parameter Calculator ---\n")

# Input: Basic details about the transmission line

print("Step 1: Basic Information")
radius_conductor = float(input("Enter the radius of the conductor
(in meters): "))
num_circuits = int(input("Enter the number of circuits in the
transmission line (1 for single, 2 for double): "))
is_symmetrical = input("Is the transmission line geometrically
symmetrical? (yes/no): ").strip().lower()

if is_symmetrical == "no":
print("\nStep 2: Conductor Spacing")
print("Enter the distances between conductors (in meters):")
d_ab = float(input("Distance between A and B: "))
d_bc = float(input("Distance between B and C: "))
d_ca = float(input("Distance between C and A: "))
else:
d_ab = d_bc = d_ca = float(input("Enter the uniform spacing
between conductors (in meters): "))

# Input: Bundling information

is_bundled = input("\nIs the transmission line bundled? (yes/no):
").strip().lower()
if is_bundled == "yes":
num_subconductors = int(input("Enter the number of sub-
conductors in the bundle: "))
bundle_spacing = float(input("Enter the spacing between sub-
conductors in the bundle (in meters): "))
else:
num_subconductors = 1
bundle_spacing = 0

# Input: Line details

print("\nStep 3: Line Details")
frequency = float(input("Enter the frequency (in Hz): "))
length = float(input("Enter the length of the transmission line
(in km): "))

# Constants
permeability_free_space = 4 * math.pi * 1e-7 # H/m
permittivity_free_space = 8.854e-12 # F/m

# Step 1: Calculate Geometric Mean Radius (GMR)

if is_bundled == "yes":
gmr_bundle = (bundle_spacing ** (num_subconductors - 1)) *
radius_conductor
 else:
gmr_bundle = radius_conductor

# Step 2: Geometric Mean Distance (GMD)

if is_symmetrical == "yes":
gmd = d_ab # In symmetrical geometry, all spacings are equal
else:
gmd = (d_ab * d_bc * d_ca) ** (1 / 3) # Cube root of the
product of distances

# Step 3: Inductance Calculation

gmr_eff = gmr_bundle
inductance = (2 * permeability_free_space / math.pi) *
math.log(gmd / gmr_eff) # H/m
inductance_per_km = inductance * 1000 # Convert to H/km

# Step 4: Capacitance Calculation

gmr_capacitance = gmr_bundle
capacitance = (2 * math.pi * permittivity_free_space) /
math.log(gmd / gmr_capacitance) # F/m
capacitance_per_km = capacitance * 1000 # Convert to F/km

# Step 5: Reactance Calculations

xl = 2 * math.pi * frequency * inductance_per_km * length #
Reactance inductive (Ohms)
xc = 1 / (2 * math.pi * frequency * capacitance_per_km * length)
# Reactance capacitive (Ohms)

# Output the results

print("\n--- Results ---")
print(f"Inductance per phase per km: {inductance_per_km:.6e}
H/km")
print(f"Capacitance per phase per km: {capacitance_per_km:.6e}
F/km")
print(f"Inductive Reactance (X_L): {xl:.2f} Ohms")
print(f"Capacitive Reactance (X_C): {xc:.2f} Ohms")
print("\n--- Calculation Complete ---")

# Main function
if _name_ == "_main_":
print("Welcome to the Transmission Line Parameter Calculator!")
while True:
calculate_transmission_parameters()
choice = input("\nDo you want to calculate for another
transmission line? (yes/no): ").strip().lower()
if choice != "yes":
print("Thank you for using the Transmission Line Parameter
Calculator. Goodbye!")
break
3.2 Efficiency Enhancement for Transmission Line Design
Inductance Optimization

Bundled conductors were implemented to decrease inductive reactance, allowing greater current
flow and reducing power losses.

3.2 Impact of Transmission Line Models on the Environment

The environmental impact of transmission lines is multifaceted, involving both the construction
and operation phases. Here’s a detailed breakdown:

 Impact on Natural Landscapes

Visual Intrusion: Overhead transmission lines, with their tall towers and visible cables, can alter
the natural aesthetics of landscapes, particularly in scenic or rural areas. This often leads to
opposition from communities valuing their visual environment.

Deforestation: For overhead lines, large areas of forest may need to be cleared to create right-of-
way paths, disrupting local ecosystems.

Soil Disturbance: Underground lines, though visually less intrusive, require extensive
excavation, which can damage soil structure and vegetation.

 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Construction Phase:

Building transmission lines, especially overhead ones, involves significant machinery and
material use, leading to CO2 emissions.

SF6 Gas Leaks:

Substations associated with transmission lines often use sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as an
insulating gas. SF6 is a potent greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential thousands of
times greater than CO2.

 Community and Health Concerns

Electromagnetic Fields (EMF):

Prolonged exposure to EMF has raised public concerns about potential health risks, including
links to cancer, though scientific evidence remains inconclusive.

Resettlement and Land Use:

Construction may require relocation of people or businesses, leading to social and economic
disruption.
Mitigation:

Strategic Planning:

Routing lines through less populated and environmentally sensitive areas can reduce social and
ecological disruptions.

Efficient Technology:

Using advanced materials and design techniques to minimize visual, noise, and electromagnetic
impacts.

Conclusion
The study demonstrates that the performance and efficiency of transmission lines are heavily
influenced by both electrical and mechanical parameters. By optimizing these parameters,
significant improvements can be achieved, ensuring cost-effective and reliable power delivery.

LIST OF REFERENCES
 Environmental Protection Agency: Impact of Electric Power Transmission Lines

 ScienceDirect: Environmental Impacts of Power Transmission

 Energy.gov: Mitigating Environmental Effects of Transmission Lines

 Wildlife and Power Lines

 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA): Environmental Impacts of Energy

Transmission