13.

6 Random Variables and its ProbaBl

have already learnt about random experinents und formation of sample spaces. In
We particular outcome that
most of these experiments, we were not only interested in the as
occurs but rather in some number associated with that outcomes shown in following
examplevexperiments.
() In tossing two dice, we may be interested in the sum of the numbers on the
two dice.
(ü) In tossing a coin 50 times, we may want the number of heads obtained.
 MATHEMATICS

(i) In the experiment of taking out four articles (one after the other) at random
from a lot of 20 articles in which 6 are defective. we want to know the
number of defectives in the sample of four and not in the particulur sequence
of defective and nondefective articles.
In all of the above experiments, we have a rule which assigns to each outcome of
the experiment a single real number. This single real number may vary with different
outcomes of the experiment. Hence, it is a variable. Also its value depends upon the
outcome of a random experiment and, hence, is called random variable. A random
variable is usually denoted by X.
If you recall the definition of afunction. you will realise that the random variable X
is really speaking a function whose domain is the set of outcomes (or sample space) of
a random experiment. A random variable can take any real value, therefore, its
co-domain is the set of real numbers. Hence, a random variable can be defined as
follows:
Definition 4 Arandom variable is a real valued function whose domain is the sample
space random experiment.
For example, let us consider the experiment of tossing a coin two times in succession.
The sample space of the cxperiment is S = (HH, HT, TH, TT).
IfX denoles the number of heads obtained, then X is a random variable and for
cach outcome, its value is as given below
X(HH) = 2, X(HT) =1, X(TH) = 1,X (TT) = 0.
More than one random variables can be defined on the same sample space. For
example, let Ydenote the number of heads minus the number of tails for each outcome
of the above sample space S.
Then Y(HH) =2, Y (HT) =0, Y (TH) =0, Y (TT) =-2.
Thus, X and Y are two different random variables defined aon the same sample
space S.
Example 22 A person plays a game of tossing a coin thrice. For cach head, he is
given Rs 2by the organiser of the game and f cach tail, he has to give Rs 1.50 to the
organiser. Let X denote the amount gaincd or lost by the person. Show that X is a
random variable and exhibit it as a function on the sample space of the experiment.
Solution X is a number whose values are defined on the outcomes of a random
experiment. Therefore, Xis a random variable.
Now, sample space of the experiment is
S= (HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT)
 PROBABILITY

Then X(HHH)= Rs (2 x 3) = Rs 6
X(HHT) = X(HTH)= X(THH) = Rs (2 x 2 - Ix 1.50) = Rs 2.50
X(HTT) = X(THT) = (TTH) = Rs (1 x 2) -(2 x I.50) =- Re
and X(TTT) =- Rs (3 x 1.50) = -Rs 4.50
where, minus sign shows the oss to the player. Thus, for each element of the sample
space, X takes a unique value, hence, X is a function on the sample space whose range
is
(-1, 2.50, - 4.50, 6|
Exumple 23 A bag contains 2 white and I red balls. One ball is drawn at random and
then put back in the box after noting its colour. The process is repcated again. If X
denotes the number of red balls recorded in the two draws, describe X.
Solution Let the balls in the bag be denoted by w,, w,, r. Then the sample space is

Now, for
X (@) = number of red balls
Therefore
X((w, w,) = X(w, w,) = X((w, w,) = X(w, w,) = 0
X((w, r) =X(w, r) =X(r w,) =X(r w,) =I and X((rrl) =2
Thus, Xisa random variable which can take values 0. Ior 2.
13.6.1 Probability distribution of a random variable
Let us look at the experiment of selecting one family out of ten familiesf. f,...s in
such a manner that each family is equally likely to be selected. Let the families f,. f,
....f, have 3.4, 3. 2. 5, 4, 3. 6, 4, 5 members, respectively.
Let us select a family and note down the number of members in the family denoting
X. Cleariy. X is a random variable defined as below
Xð) =3, X4) =4, X ()=3, X4) =2, X() =5.
Xð) = 4, X(,)= 3, 0)=OAX() = 4, X((,) =5
Thus, X can take any value 2,3,4,5 or 6 depending upon which family is selected.
Now, X will take the value 2 when the familyf, is selected. X can take the value
3 when any one of the families ,,5,,f, is sclected.
Similarty. X= 4, when family f,.f, or f, is selected,
X=5, when fanily f, orf, is selected
and X=6, when familyf, is selected.
 MATHEMATICS

Since we had assurned that each family is equally likely to be selected the probability
I
that family f, is selected is
10

Thus, the probability that Xcan take the value 2 is We write P(X =2) =10
Also, the probability that any one of the families ff, or f, is selected is
3

Thus, the probability that X can take the value 3 =,o

3
We write P(X = 3) =
10
Similariy, we obtain
3
PX =4) =P¯ Í-) 0

PX =5) = P(U, S) 2o
and PIX =6) = P(¯,) =10
Such a description giving the values of the random variable along with the
corresponding probabilities is called the probability distribution of the random
variable X.
In general, the probability distribution of a random variable X is defined as follows:
Definition 5 The probability distribution of a random variable X is the system of numbers
X :

P(X) : P P,

where, P,>0, LP. =1,i=1,2.n

The real numbers ,,I, are the possible values of the andom variable Xand
p. (i= 12..... n) is the probability of the random variable X taking the value x, ie.
P(X = ) = P,
 PROBABILITY

NoteIfx is one of the possible values of a random variable X, the statement

X=x,is true only at some point (s) of the sample space. Hence, the probability that
Xtakes value x is always nonzero, ie. P(X = x) 0.
Also for all possible values of the random variable X, all elements of the sample
space are covered. Hence, the sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution
must be one.
Example 24 Two cards are drawn successively with repiacement from a well-shuffled
deck of 52 cards. Find the probability distritbution of the number of aces.
Solution The number of aces is a random variable. Let it be denoted by X Clearty. X
can take the values0, 1, or 2
Now, since the draws are done with replacement, therefore, the two draws form
independent experiments.
Therefore, P(X = 0) = P(non-ace and non-ace)
P(non-ace) x P(non-ace)
48 48 144
52 52 169
P(X = 1)= P(ace and non-ace or non-ace and acc)
P(ace and non-ace) + P(non-ace and ace)
=P(ace). P(non-ace) + P (non-ace). P(ace)
4 48,48 424
52 52 52 52 169
and P(X = 2)= P (ace and ace)
4
52 52 169
Thus, the required probability distribution is
X 2

P(X
144 24 1
169 169 169

Example 25 Find the probability distribution of number of doublets in three throws of

apair of dice.
S62 MATHEMATICS

Solution Let X denote the number of doublets, Possible doublets are

(1.1).(2.2), (3,3). (4.4), (5,5), (6,6)
Clearly, Xcan take the value 0, I. 2, or 3.
Probability of getinga doublet !
36 6

Probability of not getting a doublet --

2,5,5_ 125
Now POX =0) = P(no doublet)
= % 216
P(X = )= P (one doublet and two non-doublets)
-..2.,2,! 6 6 66 6 6 6 6

P(X = 2) = P (two doublets and one non-doublet)

5 15
216
and P(X = 3) = P(three doublets)

%66 216
Thus, the required probability distribution is
0

125 75 15
P(X) 216 216 216 216

Verification Sum of the probabilities

125 75
2P-6*216*26 216
125 + 75 + 15+1 216
216 316
 PROBABILITY S63

Example 26 Let X denote the number of hours you study during a randomly selected
school day. The probability that X can take the valucsx, has the following form, where
kis some unknown constant.

[0.L if x=0
|kr, if xlor2
P(X =x) =
k(5-x), ifr=3or4
o, otherwvise
(a) Find the valuc of k.
(b) What is the probability that you study at least two hours ? Exactly two hours?AI
most two hours?

Solution The probability distribution of X is

|X0 1|2 3
P(X) 0.1 k 2k 2k k
(a) We know that
Therefore 0.1 +k + 2k + 2k + k=|
i.e. k=0.15
(b) P(you study at least two hours) -P(X 22)
- PX =2) +P(X =3) + P(X= 4)
- 2k + 2k + k= 5k=5 x 0.I5 = 0.75
P(you study exactly two hours) = P(X = 2)
= 2k = 2 x 0.15 =0.3
P(you study at most two hours) =P(X s 2)
= P(X = 0) + P(X = l) + P(X = 2)
=0.1 +k+ 2k =0.1 +3k =0.1 +3x 0.15
= 0.55

13.6.2 Mean of a random variable

In many problems, it is desirable to describe some feature of the random variable by
means ofa single number that can be computed from its probability distribution. Few
such numbers are mean, median and mode. In this section, we shall discuss mean only.
Mean is a measure of location or central tendency in the sense that it roughly locates a
tidd or average valu of the random variable
S64 MATHEMATICS

Definition 6 Let Xbe a random variable whose possible values x,, I,, K,, .. x occur
with probabilities p, P,. P,.. p., respectively. The mean of X, denoted by 4 is the
number p, Le. the mean of Xis the weighted average of the possible values of X.
cach value being weighted by its probability with which it occurs.
The mean of a random variable X is also called the expectation of X. denoted by
E(X).

Thus,

In other words, the mean or expectation of a random variable X is the sum of the
products of all possible values off Xby their respective probabilities.
Example 27 Let a pair of dice be thrown and the random variableX be the sum of the
numbers that appear on the two dice. Find the mean or expectation of X.
Solution The sampie space of the experiment consists of 36 clementary events in the
form of ordered puirs (,. y). where x, = 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and y = 1.2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
The random variable X i.e. the sum of the numbers on the two dice takes the
values 2. 3, 4, 5. 6. 7, 8, 9, 10, I l or 12.

Now P(X = 2) =PI(I.D) 6

P(X = 3) =P02). (2.1) -
P(X = 4) = P|(13), (2.2). (3.1)|) = 36

P(X =5) =PLA).(23). (3.2). (4.1)) =30

P(X = 6) = P{U5).(24). (3.3). (4.2). (5,1)|)=

P(X =7) =P({(U.6).(2,5). (34). (4.3). (5.2). (6.1) =36

P(X =8) =P((26).(3.5).(4.4). (5.3). (6,2)|)

 PROBABILUTY

PX =9) = P{(3,6).(45). (64). (6.3)|)

P(X = 10) = P{(4,6).(5,5). (6,4))

P(X = 11) =P({(5,6), (6,5) ) =

P(X = 12) = P(| (6,6)))

The probability distribution of X is

Xor x 2 3 10 ||12
6 4 3 1
1 2 3 4
POX) or P36 6366 36 36 3636 3636 36
Therefore,

u= E(X)=

+6x+7x+8x+9x+10x+x2+12
36 36 36 36 36 36 36

2+6+12+ 20+ 30 +42 +40+ 36+ 30 + 22 +12 -

36

Thus, the mean of the sum of the numbers that appear on throwing two fair dice is 7.
13.6.3 Variance ofa random variable
bility in the
The mean of a random variable does not give us information about the variability
añahle
vanabie. In mall th en tne Values
Ale ohability
vannie
distributions can are
haveclose
equalto means
ine mean.Asodm varnabes wn dmerent proaniy
bown in the following distributions of X

X 2 4

POX) 3 2
 MATHEMATICS

4 5 6

1
P(Y
8 8 8

Clearly

and

The variables XandY are different, however their means are same. It is also
easily observable nthe diagramatic representation of these distributions (Fig 13.5).

PX) PY)

4
(ü)
Fig 13.5
To distinguish X from Y, we require a measure of the extent to which the values of
the random variables spread out. In Statistics, we have studicd that the variance is a
measure of the spread or scatter in data. Likewise. the variability or spread in the
values of a random variable may be measured by variance.
Definition 7 Let Xbe a rundom variable whose possible values x,, K,...K Occur with
probabilities px,). px,)...pPx,) respectively.
Let =E(X) be the mcan of X. The variance of X, denoted by Var (X) or o' is
defined as

or equivalently a, E(X
 PROBANIITY

The non-negative number

G =Var(X) =

is called the standard deviation of the andom variable X.

Another formula to find the variance of a random variabie. We know that.

-«'-2a) )

Var (X) =

or Var (X) = E(X) - (E(XF. where E(x) -px)

Example 28 Find the variance of the number obtained on a throw of an unbiased die.
Solution The sample space of theexperiment is S= (1.2. 3, 4, 5. 6).
Let X denote the number obtained on the throw. Then X is a rundom variable
which can take values I. 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
S6 MATHEMATICS

Also P(l) = P(2) = P(3) = P(4) = P(5) = P(6) =

Therefore, the Probability distribution of X is

x12 5 6

P(X) 6 6

Now

- k-+2x+3x-+4xt5x+6x21
6 6 6 6 6

Also

Thus, Var (X) E (X) - (E(X)F

91 41 35
9121)
66 6 36 12

Example 29 Two cards are drawn simukaneously (or successively without replacement)
from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation
of the number of kings.
Solution Let X denote the number of kings in a draw of two cards. X is a random
variable which can assume the values 0, I or 2.
48

Now P(X =0)= P(no king) = 4C, 2(48-2)! 48x 47 188

52! 52xsI 221
2(52-2)!

P(X = I)= P(one king and one non-king)

4x 48x2 32
52x51 221
 PROBABILITY

4x3
nd P(X =2) =P(two kings) =y5"2
Thus, the probability distribution of X is
X 0 2
I88 32
P(X) 21 221 221

Now Mean of X= E(X) = %

px)

Also E(X) = ps)

36

Now Var(X) = E(X) - [E(X)P

3634 ) 6800
221 221) (221)

J6800
Therefore o, - Var(X) 221
=0.37

EXERCISE 134
1. State which of the following are not the probability distributions of a rundom
variable, Give reasons for your answer.
(i)X0 12
P(X)0.4 0 0.2

(ü) X0 12 3 4
P(X) 0.I0.5 0.2-0.1 0.3
ST0 MATHEMATICS

Y-0
P(Y) 0.6 0.1 0.2

(iv) Z 3 2 1 0-1
P(Z) 030.2 04 0.10.05
2. An un contains 5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are randomly dawn. Let X
represent the number of black balls. What are the possible values of X? Is X a
random variable

3. Let X represent the difference between the number of heads and the number of
tails obtained when a coin is ossed 6 times. What ue possible values of X?
4. Find the probability distribution of
) number of heads in two tsses of a coin.
(ü) number of tails in the simultaneous tosses of three coins.
(ü) number of heads in four tosses of a coin.

5. Find the probability distribution of the number of successes in two losses of a cie,
defnet
where a success is
() number greater than 4
(ü) six appears on at least one die

6. Froma lot of 30bulbs which include 6 defectives, a sample of 4bulbs is drawn

at randon with replacement. Find the probability distribution of the number of
defective bulbs.
7. Acoin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is
tossed twice, find the probability distribution of number of tails.
8. Arandom variable Xhas the following probability distribution:
X01 2|34S6 7
POOO 2 2B2 7
Determine
(iü) P(X <3)
(m) P(X>6) (iv) P(0 <X<3)
 PROBABLITY $71

9. The random variable X has a probability distribution P(X) of the following form,
where kis some number
(k. if I=0
|2k. if x=|
PX) = u.if x2
|0, otherwise
(a) Determine the value of k.

(b) FindP(X<2). P(XS2). P(X > 2).

10. Find the mean number of heads in three tosses of afair coin.
Two dice are thrown simultancously. If X denotes the number of sixes, find the
cxpectation of X.
12. Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six
positive integers. Let X denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find
E(X).
13. Let X denote the sum of the numbers cbtained when two fair dice re rolled
Find the variance and siandard deviation of X.
14. A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17. 15. 14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20,
17, 16, 19 and 20 years. One student is selected in such a manner that each has
the same chance of being chosen and the age X of the selected student is
recorded. What is the probability distribution of the random variable X? Find
mean, variance and standard deviation of X.
15. In a meeting. 70% of the members favour and 30% oppose a certain propasal.
A member is selected at random and we take X = 0 ifhe opposed, and X= I if
he is in favour. Find E(X) and Var (X).
Choose the correct answer in each of the following:
16. The mean of the numbers obtaincd on throwing a die having written I on three
faces, 2 on two faces and 5 on one face is

(A) I (B) 2 (C) 5

(D);
17. Suppose that two cards are drawn at random from a deck of cards. Let Xbe the
number of aces obtained. Then the value of E(X) is

(A) (B)
21
372 MATHEMATICS

13.7 Bernoulli Trials and Binomial lDistribution

13.7.1 Bernoulli trials
Manyyexperiments are dichotomOus in nature. For example, a tossed coin shows a
be 'defective' on-de fective' he
"head' or 1can be
Io a guestion mieht he has hatched' or not hutehed'" the derision
'no' ete. In such cases, it is customary to call one of the outcomes a 'success'
and the other 'not success' or 'failure'. For example, in tossing a coin, if the occurrence
of the head is considered a success, then occurTence of tail is a failure
Each time we toss a coin or roll a die or perform any other experiment, we call it a
trial. Ifa coin is tossed, say. 4 times, the number of trials is 4, each having exactly two
outcomes, namely, success or failure. The outcome of any trial is independent of the
outcome of any other trial. In each of such trials, the probability of success or failure
remains constant. Such independent trials which have only two outcomes usually
referred as 'success' or failure' are called Bernoulli trials.
Definition 8 Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if they satisfy
the following conditions :
() There should be a finite number of trials.
(ü) The trials should be independent.
(iüi) Each trial has exactly two outcomes: success or failure.
(iv) The probability of success remains the same in each trial.
For example, throwing a die 50 times is a case of 50 Bernouli trials, in which each
Irial resul1s in success (say an even number) or failure (an odd number) and the
probability of success (p) is same for all 50 throws. Obviously, the successive throws
of the die are independent experiments. If the die js fair and have six numbers I to 6
written on six faces, then p= andq= | -p = 7=probability of failure.
Example 30 Six balls are drawn successively from an um containing 7 red and9 black
balls. Tell whether or not the trials of drawing balls are Bernoulli trials when after each
draw the ball drawn is
) replaced (ü) not replaced in the um.
Solution
(i) The number of trials is finite. When the drawing is done with replacement, the
probability of success (say, red ball) is p which is same for all six trials
(draws). Hence, the drawing of balls with replacements are Bernoulli trials.
 PROBABLITY

(ü) When the drawing is done without replacement, the probability of success
(i.e., red ball) in first trial is in 2nd trial is ifthe first ball drawn is red or
if the fist ball drawn is black and so on. Clearly, the probability of successis
not same for all trials. hence the trials are not Bermoulli trials.

13.7.2 Binomial distribution

Consider the cxperiment of tossing a coin in which each trial results in success (say.
heads) or failure (tails). Let S and F denote respectively success and failure in each
trial. Suppose we are interested in finding the ways in which we have one success i
six trials.
Clearly, six different cases are there as listed below:
SFFFFF, FSFFFF, FFSFFF, FFFSFF. FFFFSF, FFFFFS.
6!
Similarly, two successes and four failures can havecombinations, It will be
lengthy job to list all of these ways. Therefore, calculation of probabilities of 0. I.2..
n number of successes may be lengthy and time consuming. To avoid the lengthy
calculations and listing of all the possible cases, for the probabilities of number of
successes in n-Bernaulli trials, a formula is derived. For this purpose, let us take the
experiment made up of three Bernoulli trials with probabilities p and q = I-p for
success and failure respectively in cach trial. The sample space of the experiment i
the set
S= (SSS,. SSE. SFS, ESS, SFF. FSE, FFS, FFF)
The number of successes is a random variable X and can take values 0, I,2, or 3.
The probability distribution of the number successes is as below:
P(X = 0) = P(no success)
=P(FFF) = PF) PF) PF)
=4.9.q=q' since the trials are independent
P(X = 1)= P(one successes)
=R|SFF, FSF, FFS)
= (SFF) +P(|ESF) + P({FFS)
- P(S) P(F) PF) + PF) P(S) PF) + PE) PF) P(S)
=p.q.4 + 4P.q + 4.4p = 3pg
P(X = 2) =P (two successes)
= P(SSE. SFS, FSS))
=P(SSF) +P(SFS|) + P((FSS|)
$74 MATHENMATICS

= P(S) P(S) P(F) + P(S) PF) P(S) + P(F) P(S) P(S)

=Pp.4. t p.4p + 4p.p 3pq
and P(X = 3)= P(three success) = P((SSS)
= S).P(S). PS) =p
Thus, the probability distribution of X is
X 0 1 23
|P(X) 3g'p 3qp' p
Also, the binominal expansion of (q +p} is

Note that the probabilities of 0. 1, 2 or 3 successes are respectively the Ist, 2nd.
3rd and 4th term in the expansion of (g tia+p}
Also, since q +p= l, it follows that the sum of these probabilities, as expected, is I.
Thus, we may conclude that in an experiment ofn-Bernoulli trials, the probabilities
of 0, 1, 2..n successes can be obtained as Ist, 2nd,.(n + 1) terms in the expansion
of (q +p. To prove this assertion (result), let us find the probability of x-successes in
an experiment of n-Bernoulli trials.
Clearly, in case of x successes (S), there will be (n - x) failures (F).
n!
Now, s successes (S) and ( -1) failures (F) can be obtaincd in n- ways

In each of these ways, the probability ofx successes and (n - ) failures is

=Pr successes). Pn-x) failures is

P(S).P(S)..P(S) · PF.PF)..P(F)
stime i-)mes -p'

Thus, thc probability of x successes in n-Bernoulli trials is n!

or C,p
Thus P(x successes) = "C.p'g . x=0, I, 2...n. (q =1-p)
Clearly, P(x successes). i.c. "C.p' is the (x + |yh term in the binomial
expansion of (q +py.
Thus, thep
Thus, probability distribution of number of successes in an experiment consisting
of n ernoulli trials may be obtained by the binonial expansion of (q +pr. Hence, this
 PROBABILITY

distribution of number of successes X can be written as

...x..n
P(XC,C,epC, p C , C
The above probability distribution is known as binomial distribution with parameters
n and p. because for given values of n and p, we can find the complete probubility
distribution.

The probability of xSuccesses P(X = ) is also denoted by P(r) and is given by

P) ="C p. I=0, 1,.., n. (q =l-p)
This P(r) is called the probabiliry function of the binomial distribution.
Abinomial distribution with n-Bernoulli trials and probability of success in each
trial as p, is denoted by B(n, p).
Let us now take up some examples.

Example 31 Ifa fair coin is tossed 10 times, find the probability of

() exactly six head
(ü t least six heads
(ii) at most six hends

Solution The repeated tosses of a coin are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote the number
of heads in an nexperinent of 10 trials.

Clearly, X has the binomial distribution with n = 10 and p =

Therefore P(X =1) = Cgp,r= 0, 1, 2...n
Here n = 10,

Therefore

="c,10! 1 105
Now (i) PX =6) 6!x4! 2 S12

(iü) P(at cast six heds) = P(X26)

=P(X =6) +P(X = 7) +P(X =8) +P(X =9) +P(X = 10)
 MATHEMATICS

10! ) 10! 10! 10!.10: 193

=6!x4!7x 31 \8!x 2!\9!x1!)10:/20 S12
(üi) P(at most six heads) =P(X S6)
=P(X = 0) +P(X= 1)+P(X= 2) + P(X= 3)
+P(X=4) + POX= 5) +P(OX =6)

848 53
1024 64

Example 32 Ten eggs are drawn successively with replacement froma lot containing
10% defective cggs. Find the probability that there is at least one defective cgg
Solution Let Xdenote the number of defective eggs in the l0 eggs drawn. Since the
drawing is done with replacement, the trials are Bernoulli trials. Clearly. X has the
10 I
binomial distribution with n= 10and p=n:

Therefore
q=I-p"6
Now Plat least one defective egg) = P(X> 1)=1 - P (X = 0)

EXERCISE 13.5
1. A die is thrown 6 times. If 'geting an odd number is a success, what is the
probability of
) 5 successes? (ü) at lcast 5 successes?
(üi) at most 5 successes?
 PROBABILLTY S77

2. A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered a success, find

the probability of two successes.
3. There are 5% defective items in a large bulk of items. What is the probability
that a sample of 10 items will include not more than one defective item?
4. Five cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck
of 52 cards. What is the probability that
(i) all the five cards are spades?
(ü) only 3 cards are spades?
(ii) none is a spade?
5. The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after I50 days of use
is 0.05. Find the probability that out of 5 such bulbs
() none
(ü) not more than one
(ü)) more than one
(iv) at least one
will fuse after 150 days of use.
A bag consists of 10 balls each marked with one of the digits Oto 9. If four balls
are draN
drawn successively with replacement from the bag, what is the probability
that none is marked with the digit 0?
7. In an examination, 20 questions of true-false type are asked. Suppose a student
tosses a fair coin to determine his answer to each question. If the coin falls
heads, he unswers 'true'; if it alls tails, be answers 'false'. Find the probubility
that he answers at least 12 questions correctly.

8. Suppose X has a binomial distribution B6.. Show that X=3is the most
likely outcome.

(Hint : P(X=3) is the maximum among all Plr), ,=0,1.2,3,4.5,6)

On a multiple choice examination with three possible answers for each of the
five questions, what is the probability that a candidate would get four or more
corect answers just by guessing
10 A person buys a lottery ticket in 50 lotteries, in each of which his chance of
winning a prize is What is the probability that he will win a prize
(a) at least once (b) exactly once (c) at least twice?
578 MATHEMtATICS

I1. Find the probability of getting 5exactly twice in 7 throws of adie.

12. Find the probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 throws of a single die.
13. It is known that 10% of certain articles munufactured are defective. What is the
probability that in a random sample of 12 such articles, 9 are defective?
In cach of the following, choose the correct answer:
14. In a box containing 100 bulbs, 10 are defective. The probability that out ofa
sumple of 5 bulbs, none is defective is

(A) 10 (C

15. The probability that a student is not a swimmer is Then the probability that
out of five students, four are swimmers is

(A)

(C) (D) None of these

Miscellaneous Examples
Example 33 Coloured balls are distributed in four boxes as shown in the following
table:

Box Colour

Black White Red Blue

3 5 6

2 2 2
1 3
IV 4 3 5

A box is selected at random and then a ball is randomly drawn from the selected
box. The colour of the ball is black. what is the probability that ball drawn is from the
box III?