Ethics Project Report

FALL 2022
PHI 104: Introduction to Ethics
Project Title : The Impact of Artificial Intelligence
Course Instructor
Professor Md. Munir Hossain Talukder
( MA MPhil PhD)

Faculty Initial: MnT

Submitted By
Name : Ashikur Rahman Ashik
ID : 2111632642
Section : 11
 Content

Introduction: Ethics

Importance of Ethics,

Ethical Issues in Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 1: AI and Human Beings

Chapter 2: The Concept of Human Autonomy

Chapter 3: Theory Analysis: Utilitarianism

Chapter 4: Theory Analysis: Kant’s Moral Principles

Chapter 5: Theory Analysis: Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics

Chapter 6: Assigned Case Analysis

Conclusion
Introduction

Ethics: Ethics is a branch of philosophy. It is moral philosophy

or philosophical thinking about morality, moral problems and

moral judgments. Ethics defines that what is good for an

individual and for society. The word “Ethics” came from the

Greek word “Ethos” which means custom, character and habit.

It is also the code of values which guides our choices, actions

and determine purpose and course of our life.

Importance of Ethics: Ethics plays an important role in our

everyday life. It covers several dilemmas of an individual and

also for the society. Ethics taught us how live a good life, helps

us to make moral decisions, our rights and responsibilities as an

individual towards our family and society and ethics also helps

us to find out what is good and what is bad, how we should act

in a particular situation.

Ethical Issues in Artificial Intelligence: The legal and ethical

issues that confront society due to Artificial Intelligence (AI)

include privacy and surveillance, bias or discrimination, and

potentially the philosophical challenge is the role of human

judgment. Artificial intelligence (AI) is permeating the business

world across different industries, from banking and finance to

healthcare and media, with goals to improve efficiency and

increase profitability, among others. An ethical problem means

the problem in the decision-making process between two

possible options, neither of which is absolutely acceptable from

an ethical perspective. Although we face many ethical and

moral problems in our life, most of them come with relatively

straightforward solutions. On the other hand, some ethical

problems became extremely complicated challenges that cannot

be easily solved. Therefore, the ability to find the optimal

solution in such situations is critical to everyone. This kind of

situation may have more than one accepted solution. Every

person has encountered an ethical dilemma in almost every

aspect of their life, including personal, social, and professional

life. Ethical problems can be rose in business, medical and also

in social life. Ethical problems can also be rose in an

individual’s life such as whether he or she should do a

particular job which is against the ethical law.

Chapter 1 : AI And Human Being

Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence

processes by machines, especially computer systems. Specific

applications of AI include expert systems, natural language

processing, speech recognition and machine vision.If we can

compare it nature wise then, human intelligence intends to

revise to modern environments by using a mixture of distinct

cognitive procedures, whereas artificial intelligence intends to

create devices that can mock human behavior and conduct

human-like actions. Thus, we can say that the human brain is

analogous, but machines are digital.The simple difference is

that human beings use their brain, ability to think, memory,

while AI machines depend on the data given to them.

As we all know that humans learn from past mistakes and

intelligent ideas and intelligent attitudes lie at the basis of

human intelligence. Hence, this point is simply because

machines cannot think and learn from the past. They can learn

from information and through regular training, but they can

never attain the thinking procedure unique to humans.

Artificial intelligence takes much more time to adjust to the

new changes whereas human beings can adapt to changes

easily and this makes people able to learn and ace several

abilities.Modern computers normally use 2 watts of energy

whereas human brains use about 25 watts. Machines can handle

more data at a speedier rate as compared to humans. As of now,

humans cannot beat the speed of computers.

Artificial Intelligence has not aced the ability to choose up on

related social and excited codes. People are many ways better

at social interaction since they can develop academic data, have

self-awareness, and are elegant to others’ emotions.

Chapter 2: The Concept of Human Autonomy

Concepts of human autonomy have long played an important

role in moral and political philosophy. Despite general

agreement that human autonomy is valuable and merits respect,

there is less agreement around what autonomy is, and why (and

to what extent) it should be valued and respected. We will not

attempt to settle these disagreements, but here we will lay out a

few conceptual distinctions with the aim of providing clarity

around the notion as we employ it.

AI technology can make a difference to the conditions of

human autonomy, and it would be surprising if the difference it

makes could not be negative or positive. The more ubiquitous

AI technology becomes, the more important it is to understand

its ethical effects. And as, indeed, “digital technologies now

mediate most human experience”, AI technology is already

quite ubiquitous. From decision and recommender systems to

self-tracking technologies and autonomous vehicles, AI

systems can have more or less subtle, but nonetheless, far-

reaching effects on how humans deliberate and behave.

Taking these points together, we can outline a series of

characteristics for a con-ceptualisation of autonomy useful for

AI and technology contexts. For this working definition, we

can conclude that human autonomy within technology systems

requires:

• A feeling of willingness, volition and endorsement.

• The lack of pressure, compulsion or feeling controlled.

• The lack of deception or deliberate misinformation.

Although this is, of course, not a complete or sufficient

conceptualisation for opera-tionalising human autonomy within

AI systems, it forms a helpful foundation that provides a basis

for addressing a large number of the key tensions that arise

within these contexts, which will be demonstrated within our

case study in the second half of this chapter. However, first we

will turn to perceptions and manifestations of autonomy within

computer science, engineering, and human-computer

interaction.
Chapter 3: Theory Analysis: Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that

foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause

unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making social,

economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would

aim for the betterment of society as a whole.

An ethical theory known as utilitarianism establishes right from

wrong by emphasizing results. Utilitarianism is arguably the

most reason-based approach to determining right and wrong.

Utilitarianism is essentially a moral theory. According to this

theory, an act's evaluation should be based on the pleasure and

suffering it causes. Both the demonstration that causes the

greatest amount of pleasure and the demonstration that causes

the greatest amount of suffering are unacceptable. In this way,

the joy and simplicity of each demonstration serve as its

measurement.

Utilitarianism would say that an action is right if it results in the

happiness of the greatest number of people in a society or a

group. Utilitarianism is a tradition of ethical philosophy that is

associated with Jeremy Bentham (1747-1832) and John Stuart

Mill (1806-1873), two late 18th- and 19th-century British

philosophers, economists, and political thinkers. Utilitarianism

holds that an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and

wrong if it tends to produce sadness, or the reverse of

happiness—not just the happiness of the actor but that of

everyone affected by it. According to Jeremy Bentham, “The

greatest happiness for the greatest number of people”. Bentham

said that everyone should seek his or happiness. Bentham’s

book named “An Introduction to the Principle of Morals and

Legislation” was published in 1789, he mentioned about 7

factors are needed for greatest happiness and those are:

Intensity, Duration, Certainty, Propinquity, Fecundity, Purity

and Extent. Bentham also mentioned about the “Hedonic

Calculus” which means the calculation of happiness. Another

theorem of Utilitarianism is given by British Philosopher John

Stuart Mill in his book named “Utilitarianism” which was

published in 1861. Mill said that Utilitarianism has 5 theories.

Those are:

1. Pleasure is the only thing that is desirable.

2. The only proof that a thing is desirable is the fact that people

do actually desire it.

3. Each person’s own pleasure or happiness is good to that

person, so the general happiness is good to everybody.

4. Men do desire other objects but they desire them as a mean

to pleasure.

5. If one of two pleasures is preferred by those who are

completely acquainted with both, we are justifying in

saying that is preferred pleasure is in quantity to the other.

According to Mill, as a human being we must follow the

superior happiness. Mill labeled superior happiness as mental

as psychological happiness an inferior happiness as physical

happiness.

The theory of utilitarianism has been harshly criticised and

numerous challenges will manifest in the event that if it is

implemented. Be that as it may, the fundamental bit of leeway

of this theory was that numerous theoretical speculations with

respect to the state got a serious setback. The utility turned into

the rule and criteria for the testing the values of state and

establishments. The aim of the state was settled as the

maximum welfare of the greatest number of individuals. Along

these lines, the capacity of the state was restricted distinctly to

the maintenance of law. Yet, it was likewise expected to work

for the welfare of public.

Chapter 4: Theory Analysis: Kant’s Moral

Principles

Kant’s moral philosophy is a deontological normative theory,

which is to say he rejects the utilitarian idea that the rightness

of an action is a function of how fruitful its outcome is. He says

that the motive (or means), and not consequence (or end), of an

action determines its moral value. To live ethically, one must

never treat another human being as a means to some greater

end. Human beings, by virtue of their unique ability to reason,

are different from other forms of physical existence.

Kant wrote that “without rationality, the universe would be a

waste, in vain, and without purpose.” The only way to preserve

such consciousness, which is unique to the universe or at least

the Earth, is by treating all humans as ends in and of

themselves. It’s alright to eat food to satiate hunger, but

stealing is wrong as it deprives the owner of her private

property.

Fairness and the value of the individual are at the center of

Kant's moral philosophy. Kant's ethical system is built around

the idea of a "categorical imperative," which is an overarching

moral precept that states that one should always recognize the

humanity in others and that one should only act in line with

moral standards that may apply to everyone. There are three

formulae for the categorical imperative in Kant's moral

philosophy. Therefore, if you're in a moral bind, you must

decide whether or not to act in accordance with the formulas.

Simply defined, consider the formulae as requirements that

must be met before a principle or deed is considered moral.

According to formula one, we should behave in a way that will

allow the maxim, or principle, of our deed to become a

universal law. If your maxim cannot be applied to all situations,

then the conduct is immoral. For instance, I must examine if

my maxim may be enacted as a universal law when I am

considering stealing a loaf of bread. This might resemble the

following: Is it OK for everyone to steal constantly? The

maxim would be counterproductive if everyone constantly

committed theft because there wouldn't be any private property

and theft would be impossible.

According to the second rule, we should never view humanity

(including ourselves and others) as merely a means to an aim.

This basically means that I treat everyone with respect and

decency, that I assist others in reaching their goals when I can,

and that I refrain from using other people as tools or objects to

accomplish my own objectives. According to Kant, it is vital

that we treat people with respect and dignity because they are

capable of autonomy and reason.

According to the third formula, we behave in accordance with

moral standards that would be deemed reasonable by a group of

other rational agents. We transition from the individual to the

societal level using the third formula, "the kingdom of ends."

In a nutshell, fairness and the value of the individual are at the

center of Kant's moral philosophy. His approach is based on

our capacity for logic, autonomy (the capacity to establish

moral rules for ourselves and direct our own lives), and logical

coherence. Additionally, he gives an impartial moral compass

in the shape of unalterable obligations—obligations that hold

true regardless of our aspirations, objectives, or results.

Chapter 5: Theory Analysis: Aristotle’s Virtue

Ethics:

Aristotle describes virtues as personal qualities or inclinations.

Virtues are those unique attitudes that are pertinent to the

circumstance and, to return to our job, encourage acts that are

reasonable. Again, a more specific illustration will demonstrate

how Aristotle characterizes virtues in action. The Aristotelian

Virtue Ethics is an agent-centered theory because it places

more emphasis on individuals and their characteristics than it

does on specific behaviors. Aristotle believed that morality was

more about "how should I be?" than "what should I do?" The

second question might start to take care of itself if we can

answer the first one, as we will see later in this chapter. This

emphasis on character rather than precise remarks on the

morality of deeds must be taken into consideration while

describing and analyzing Aristotelian Virtue Ethics. For

Aristotle, virtue is not a feeling itself but an appropriate

psychological disposition in response to that feeling; the proper

response. The correct response to a feeling is described as

acting on the basis of the Golden Mean, a response that is

neither excessive nor deficient. The table below makes this

more apparent

Aristotle emphasized that virtue is practical, and that the

purpose of ethics is to become good, not merely to know.

Aristotle also claims that the right course of action depends

upon the details of a particular situation, rather than being

generated merely by applying a law.Virtue Ethics focuses on

the good characters of human being. Utilitarianism and

Kantianism is not followed properly in the virtue ethics.

Aristotle said that, we should seek Eudaimonia. It is a Greek

word which means better expressed as excellence of

performing the proper function. Aristotle wrote a book named

“Nicomachean Ethics”, in which he explained all about virtue

ethics throughout its ten chapters. Aristotle said that the

Rational principal is the excellence which we achieve by

following Doctrine of Mean, which means average or

intermediate. It is also called the Golden Mean. According to

Aristotle, we must go for the average not for the extremes or

vices. Aristotle emphasized that virtue is practical, and that the

purpose of ethics is to become good, not merely to know.

Aristotle also claims that the right course of action depends

upon the details of a particular situation, rather than being

generated merely by applying a law.

Aristotle defined Virtue as a habit of choice, the characteristic

of which lies in the observation of the mean or of moderation

(relative to the circumstances of the individual concerned), as it

is determined by reason or as the practically prudent man

would determine it. Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, II, VI, 15.

Aristotle discusses the concept of middle or moderation. Virtue

is regarded as a middle position between two vices. Courage is

the middle position between rashness and cowardice. Liberality

is the middle position between extravagance and miserliness. In

addition the, mean course of some action is dependent on the

circumstances of an individual. For example, a soldier’s

courage ought to be proximate to rashness then that of the

courage of the statesman.

Chapter 6: Analysis of the Question with New Case

Studies: Is Artificial Intelligence (AI) a Threat for

Human Autonomy?

Artificial intelligence (AI) affects our lives more and more.

Human autonomy might be compromised when it competes

with other values that are increasingly gaining importance in

modern society such as safety, security, convenience, and

access to services and/or products. Trade-offs and serious

consequences emerge. Take the example of using AI risk

assessment tools and techniques used in the criminal justice

system.

Here, human autonomy is affected in two key ways. The first

relates to the autonomy of judges and their degree of freedom

left in their decision-making process considering the

assessment provided by the AI system. They might indeed feel

highly pressured to comply with the judgment proposed by the

system. The second relates to the individual autonomy of

perpetrators: they will not be judged on a strictly individual

basis but rather on the basis of what other people with a profile

similar to theirs have done, and what was decided about them.

AI is basically smart software that enables machines to mimic

human behavior. For many people, it is already a part of daily

life. Apple's Siri, Google Now, and Skype's Real-Time

Translation tool are all examples of artificial intelligence.

Some AI systems incorporate many different components like

computer vision, speech recognition, tactile feedback and touch

systems. All of these sensory modalities give computers the

ability to sense as well as, or even better than humans. The

collected data can then be used to plan or take action.

So I think the dangers of AI is not so much in artificial

intelligence itself, in its ability to reason and learn, but in the

autonomy.

If we focus on what’s possible today with AI, here are some of

the potential negative impacts of artificial intelligence:

Job automation: AI will change the workplace and the jobs that

humans do. Some jobs will be lost to AI technology, so humans

will need to embrace the change and find new activities that

will provide them the social and mental benefits their job

provided.

Political, legal, and social ramifications: If our governments

and business institutions don't spend time now formulating

rules, regulations, and responsibilities, there could be

significant negative ramifications as AI continues to mature.

AI-enabled terrorism: Artificial intelligence will change the

way conflicts are fought from autonomous drones, robotic

swarms, and remote and nanorobot attacks. In addition to being

concerned with a nuclear arms race, we'll need to monitor the

global autonomous weapons race.

Social manipulation and AI bias: So far, AI is still at risk for

being biased by the humans that build it. If there is bias in the

data sets the AI is trained from, that bias will affect AI action.

AI surveillance: AI’s face recognition capabilities give us

conveniences such as being able to unlock phones and gain

access to a building without keys, but it also launched what

many civil liberties groups believe is alarming surveillance of

the public. In China and other countries, the police and

government are invading public privacy by using face

recognition technology. Bostrom explains that AI's ability to

monitor the global information systems from surveillance data,

cameras, and mining social network communication has great

potential for good and for bad.

Deepfakes: AI technology makes it very easy to create "fake"

videos of real people. These can be used without an individual's

permission to spread fake news, create porn in a person's

likeness who actually isn't acting in it, and more to not only

damage an individual's reputation but livelihood. The

technology is getting so good the possibility for people to be

duped by it is high.
The Impact of AI: Artificial intelligence is a much more

important technology than we know.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

1. Reduction in Human Error One of the biggest advantages

of Artificial Intelligence is that it can significantly reduce errors

and increase accuracy and precision. The decisions taken by AI

in every step is decided by information previously gathered and

a certain set of algorithms. When programmed properly, these

errors can be reduced to null.

2. Zero Risks

Another big advantage of AI is that humans can overcome

many risks by letting AI robots do them for us. Whether it be

defusing a bomb, going to space, exploring the deepest parts of

oceans, machines with metal bodies are resistant in nature and

can survive unfriendly atmospheres. Moreover, they can

provide accurate work with greater responsibility and not wear

out easily.

3. 24x7 Availability

There are many studies that show humans are productive only

about 3 to 4 hours in a day. Humans also need breaks and time

offs to balance their work life and personal life. But AI can

work endlessly without breaks. They think much faster than

humans and perform multiple tasks at a time with accurate

results. They can even handle tedious repetitive jobs easily with

the help of AI algorithms.

4. Digital Assistance

Some of the most technologically advanced companies engage

with users using digital assistants, which eliminates the need

for human personnel. Many websites utilize digital assistants to

deliver user-requested content. We can discuss our search with

them in conversation. Some chatbots are built in a way that

makes it difficult to tell whether we are conversing with a

human or a chatbot.

We all know that businesses have a customer service crew that

must address the doubts and concerns of the patrons.

Businesses can create a chatbot or voice bot that can answer all

of their clients' questions using AI.

5. New Inventions

In practically every field, AI is the driving force behind

numerous innovations that will aid humans in resolving the

majority of challenging issues.

For instance, recent advances in AI-based technologies have

allowed doctors to detect breast cancer in a woman at an earlier

stage.
6. Unbiased Decisions

Human beings are driven by emotions, whether we like it or

not. AI on the other hand, is devoid of emotions and highly

practical and rational in its approach. A huge advantage of

Artificial Intelligence is that it doesn't have any biased views,

which ensures more accurate decision-making.

7. Perform Repetitive Jobs

We will be doing a lot of repetitive tasks as part of our daily

work, such as checking documents for flaws and mailing thank-

you notes, among other things. We may use artificial

intelligence to efficiently automate these menial chores and

even eliminate "boring" tasks for people, allowing them to

focus on being more creative.

Example: In banks, it's common to see multiple document

checks to obtain a loan, which is a time-consuming task for the

bank's owner. The owner can expedite the document

verification process for the advantage of both the clients and

the owner by using AI Cognitive Automation.

8. Daily Applications

Today, our everyday lives are entirely dependent on mobile

devices and the internet. We utilize a variety of apps, including

Google Maps, Alexa, Siri, Cortana on Windows, OK Google,

taking selfies, making calls, responding to emails, etc. With the

use of various AI-based techniques, we can also anticipate

today’s weather and the days ahead.

Example: About 20 years ago, you must have asked someone

who had already been there for instructions when you were

planning a trip. All you need to do now is ask Google where

Bangalore is. The best route between you and Bangalore will

be displayed, along with Bangalore's location, on a Google

map.

9. AI in Risky Situations

One of the main benefits of artificial intelligence is this. By

creating an AI robot that can perform perilous tasks on our

behalf, we can get beyond many of the dangerous restrictions

that humans face. It can be utilized effectively in any type of

natural or man-made calamity, whether it be going to Mars,

defusing a bomb, exploring the deepest regions of the oceans,

or mining for coal and oil.

For instance, the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power

facility in Ukraine. As any person who came close to the core

would have perished in a matter of minutes, at the time, there

were no AI-powered robots that could assist us in reducing the

effects of radiation by controlling the fire in its early phases.Let

us now look at what are the main disadvantages that Artificial

intelligence holds.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence :

1. High Costs

The ability to create a machine that can simulate human

intelligence is no small feat. It requires plenty of time and

resources and can cost a huge deal of money. AI also needs to

operate on the latest hardware and software to stay updated and

meet the latest requirements, thus making it quite costly.

2. No creativity

A big disadvantage of AI is that it cannot learn to think outside

the box. AI is capable of learning over time with pre-fed data

and past experiences, but cannot be creative in its approach. A

classic example is the bot Quill who can write Forbes earning

reports. These reports only contain data and facts already

provided to the bot. Although it is impressive that a bot can

write an article on its own, it lacks the human touch present in

other Forbes articles.

3. Unemployment

One application of artificial intelligence is a robot, which is

displacing occupations and increasing unemployment (in a few

cases). Therefore, some claim that there is always a chance of

unemployment as a result of chatbots and robots replacing

humans.

For instance, robots are frequently utilized to replace human

resources in manufacturing businesses in some more

technologically advanced nations like Japan. This is not always

the case, though, as it creates additional opportunities for

humans to work while also replacing humans in order to

increase efficiency.

4. Make Humans Lazy

AI applications automate the majority of tedious and repetitive

tasks. Since we do not have to memorize things or solve

puzzles to get the job done, we tend to use our brains less and

less. This addiction to AI can cause problems to future

generations.

5. No Ethics

Ethics and morality are important human features that can be

difficult to incorporate into an AI. The rapid progress of AI has

raised a number of concerns that one day, AI will grow

uncontrollably, and eventually wipe out humanity. This

moment is referred to as the AI singularity.

6. Emotionless

Since early childhood, we have been taught that neither

computers nor other machines have feelings. Humans function

as a team, and team management is essential for achieving

goals. However, there is no denying that robots are superior to

humans when functioning effectively, but it is also true that

human connections, which form the basis of teams, cannot be

replaced by computers.
7. No Improvement

Humans cannot develop artificial intelligence because it is a

technology based on pre-loaded facts and experience. AI is

proficient at repeatedly carrying out the same task, but if we

want any adjustments or improvements, we must manually alter

the codes. AI cannot be accessed and utilized akin to human

intelligence, but it can store infinite data.

Machines can only complete tasks they have been developed or

programmed for; if they are asked to complete anything else,

they frequently fail or provide useless results, which can have

significant negative effects. Thus, we are unable to make

anything conventional
Conclusion

Artificial intelligence has the potential to transform all

organizations. The process by which this transformation

happens can vary, but the steps will tend to follow the roadmap

we have listed in this book. Following all the steps outlined in

the previous chapters will enable our organization to implement

and excel in the use of AI technology. AI holds the key to

unlocking a magnificent future where, driven by data and

computers that understand our world, we will all make more

informed decisions. These computers of the future will

understand not just how to turn on the switches but why the

switches need to be turned on. Even further, they may one day

ask us if we need switches at all.

Benefits of AI: AI could help people with improved health

care, safer cars and other transport systems, tailored, cheaper

and longer-lasting products and services. It can also facilitate

access to information, education and training. The need for

distance learning became more important because of the Covid-

19 pandemic. AI can also make workplace safer as robots can

be used for dangerous parts of jobs, and open new job positions

as AI-driven industries grow and change.

AI is at the centre of a new enterprise to build computational

models of intelligence. The main assumption is that intelligence

(human or otherwise) can be represented in terms of symbol

structures and symbolic operations which can be programmed

in a digital computer. There is much debate as to whether such

an appropriately programmed computer would be a mind, or

would merely simulate one, but AI researchers need not wait

for the conclusion to that debate, nor for the hypothetical

computer that could model all of human intelligence. Aspects

of intelligent behaviour, such as solving problems, making

inferences, learning, and understanding language, have already

been coded as computer programs, and within very limited

domains, such as identifying diseases of soybean plants, AI

programs can outperform human experts. Now the great

challenge of AI is to find ways of representing the

commonsense knowledge and experience that enable people to

carry out everyday activities such as holding a wide-ranging

conversation, or finding their way along a busy

street. Conventional digital computers may be capable of

running such programs, or we may need to develop new

machines that can support the complexity of human thought.

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