Introduction

Course Name: Automotive Engineering I

Course Code: ME 8105
Lecturer : L.N. Kariwa  Engine Classification
Contents  Cooling System
 Workshop safety and regulation  Lubrication System
 Tools and equipment: Hand Tools  S.I. Engines Fuel Supply
 Fastener and locking device System
 Injection Systems
 Locking Device  Compression Ignition
 Vehicle Layout Engines
 Engine Components  Ignition system
 Electronics Ignition System
 Battery
 Charging System
 Starting System
 Introduction
TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES:
This Course Will Be Conducted Through Lectures, Assignments and Practical.
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
Continues Assessment 50%
Theory 20%
Practical 30%
Semester Examination 50%
Theory 30%
Practical 20%
READING LIST:

V. A. W. Hillier And F. W. Pittuck, (1993)

Fundamentals Of Motor Vehicle Technology,
Hutchison Educational, London.
Introduction to Automotive Engineering

Safety in Workshop

Hand & power Tools

Fasteners & Locking

Devices
Safety in the Automotive Workshop
Safety in the Automotive Workshop
Workshop is a place where many
auto-mechanics are done.
Those job can be done easily and
safety if you follow safety rules.
What's wrong with the picture?
Safety in the Automotive Workshop
Safety means protecting your self
and others from possible danger and
injury.
Safety in the workshop should be
responsibility of all people who
enter it whether they are visitors or
workman.
Personal Protective Equipment
 Ear defenders against excessive noise
 Goggle or a visor to protect your eye from
particles or liquid
 Mask to filler out dust or gases
 Overalls of the correct type to shield your
skin
 Gloves to protect your hands and
particularly from diesel oil and acids
 Industrial shoes or boots to protect your
feet
Types of PPE

PPE includes…

• Safety Footwear
• Safety Harnesses
• Eye Protection
• Gloves
• Safety Helmets
• Hearing Protection
Safety Regulations in the Automotive Workshop
 Proper Vehicle Operation: Move vehicles slowly (5-10 km/h maximum) in and out
of the shop, ensuring that the area is clear of personnel and obstacles.
 Hazardous Material Handling: Treat hazardous materials with care, ensuring
proper storage and disposal methods are followed to prevent spills and
contamination.
 Equipment Safety Training: Only operate machinery or equipment after receiving
proper training to ensure safe usage.
 Ventilation Requirements: Ensure adequate ventilation when working with fumes
or chemicals, using exhaust hoses when necessary to avoid inhalation of harmful
substances.
 Regular Maintenance Checks: Conduct regular inspections of tools and equipment
to ensure they are in good working condition, reducing the risk of malfunction
during use.
 Watch the Temperature: Be aware of hot components like engines and exhaust
systems before touching them to prevent burns.
 Be Careful Underneath Vehicles: Only work under vehicles that are properly
supported with jack stands or lifts to prevent crushing injuries.
 Remove the Vehicle Key: Always remove keys from the ignition before performing
any repairs to avoid accidental starts and electrical shocks.
Safety Regulations in the Automotive Workshop

To help prevent accidents from

happening follow these rules
 Always use the right tool for the job
 The wrong tools could damage the part
being worked on and could cause you to
get hurt
 Keep your hands away from the engine
fan and belt when the engine is running
Types of Fires and Fire Extinguisher
Types of Fire
Ordinary combustion materials class ‘A’ fire.
This cause by ordinary combustible materials such
as wood, paper, textiles and so forth
Flammables liquids class ‘B’ fire. This causes by
flammables liquids greases, gasoline, paints and so
forth.
Causes by electrical equipment class ‘c’ fire. This
causes by electrical equipment like motor, switches
and so forth.
Types of Fire Extinguishers
(i) Form.
This is solution of aluminium, sulphate and bicarbonate of
soda this use on the fire ‘A’ and ‘B’
(ii) carbon dioxide
(Carbon dioxide gas under pressure) this use on the fire
‘B’ and ‘C’
(iii) dry chemical (mult purpose type)
This use on the fire A, B, and C
(iv) soda-acid
(bicarbonate of soda solution and sulphuric acid)
This use on the fire, A only
Types of Fire Extinguishers
Housekeeping
 Housekeeping is an important component in the workshop to ensure risks of injury
from potential hazards in the environment are controlled.
The following precautions are to be taken to ensure the safety of personnel within
workshop:
 Floors are to be kept tidy and dry
 Benches are to be kept clean and free from chemicals and apparatus that are not
being used.
 Aisles and exits are to be kept free from obstructions.
 Bottles and glassware are to be kept off the floor.
 Access to all emergency equipment (fire extinguishers, first aid kits) is to be kept
free from obstruction.
 Work areas and equipment are to be thoroughly cleaned after use.
 If last to leave the workshop, make sure all equipment is turned off.
 If contractors are working in your area, make known to them any hazards that may
exist in your area, i.e. flammable liquids, dusts, combustible material.
Housekeeping
Basic workshop safety requirements
The following recommendations detail the standard behavior for all
personnel working within workshop.
a) Never adopt a casual attitude in the workshop and always be
conscious of the potential hazards.
b) Ensure that personal clothing is suitable to the workshop conditions,
e.g. Safety footwear with steel capping. Thongs or open footwear
should not be worn in the workshop area.
c) Always wear eye protection when using power operated hand or
machine tools, or while performing physical tests that could lead to
eye damage.
d) Use protective clothing and devices appropriate to the type of
operation being carried out, giving due consideration to the work
being carried out in the vicinity.
e) Never run in the workshop or any laboratory.
Basic workshop safety requirements
e) Never indulge in reckless behavior in the workshop
f) Always exercise care when opening and closing doors
and entering or leaving the workshop.
g) Do not handle, store or consume food or drink in the
workshop.
h) Do not store food or drink in a refrigerator, which is used
to store workshop materials.
i) Do not smoke within any university building.
j) Regard all substances as hazardous unless there is
definite information to the contrary
k) Do not operate equipment you do not know how to
use.
 Hand Tools Safety Rules
 Be sure your hands are as free as possible of dirt, grease and oil when using tools.
 Use proper type and size of hand tool.
 Make sure that the tools you use are sharp and in good condition. If they are not, do not
try to sharpen or repair them yourself! Tell your teacher.
 Handle sharp-edged or pointed tools with care.
 Make sure when using a sharp-edged tool, to point the sharp edge away from yourself
and your classmates and teacher.
 When handing a sharp-edged tool to another person, hand it to them with the handle first.
 Control or guide chisels, gouges and carving tools with one hand while the other hand
apply the pressure.
 Clamp or fasten small work on the bench or secure it in a vise when using a gouge or
wood chisel.
 Clamp or fasten small work on the workbench or secure it in a vise when driving screws.
 Wear a face shield, safety glasses or goggles when doing any work where scrap chips
may fly into your eyes. Arrange your work so that classmates will not be hit by flying
chips.
Different Shapes And Colors Used For Safety Signs
 Safety Colors - RED
 Emergency stop bars on hazardous machines such as rubber mills,
wire blocks, flat work ironers, etc., shall be red. Stop buttons or
electrical switches which letters or other markings appear, used for
emergency stopping of machinery shall be red.
 Danger; Safety cans or other portable containers of flammable liquids
 Fire protection equipment and apparatus, Extinguishers, Hose pump
locations, Hydrants.
 Safety Colors Yellow = Caution
 Yellow (Caution Signs) shall be the basic color for designating
caution and for marking physical hazards such as: Striking
against, stumbling, falling, tripping. E.g guard rail, Exposed
edges of platforms and curbs, doorway projections, Fork Lifts,
cranes, Conveyors
 Safety Colors - Green
Designates Location Of:
First Aid Dispensers
First Aid Kits
Gas Masks
Stretcher
Other Safety Equipment
Safety Instruction Signs
 Safety Organizations
 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
regulations mandate the kinds of safety that apply to a wide range
of workplaces.
 The overall objective of the Occupational Safety and Health
Authority (OSHA) is to oversee workplace safety and health in
Tanzania Mainland. The organization has two main sections, one to
oversee the safety component and the other to oversee and manage
the health component
 Tanzania Occupational Health and Safety Association (TOHASA)
is a national professional association founded on 8th August 2022
by 13 Health and Safety professionals from different industries
such as Telecommunication, Manufacturing, Oil and Gas, financial,
Construction and Mining.
HAND AND POWER TOOLS
Hand and power Tools
Hand and power Tools
Tool box
 Tools and Equipment
Common hand tools
Power tools
Welding and oxyfuel cutting equipment
Computers to perform administrative tasks and access
service information
Computerized diagnostic equipment
Measuring tools
Test instruments
Other specialty tools,
 Hand and Power Tools
Hand tools
These tools may be referred to as hand tools because
your hands supply the power necessary to operate
them.
Open end spanner. These are sometimes called flat
spanners. The open-end spanner usually has different
sized and openings at the two end.
 Ring spanners
Ring spanners should be used only
when it is not possible to use a socket
set and the bolt or nut are too tight for
an open-end spanner
 Combination spanners
These spanners are open at one end
and have a ring of the same at the
other end.
 Adjustable spanners
Adjustable spanners available in different size.
They should be used when the correct size of
convention spanner is not available
 Socket spanners
This spanner consists of a ring- type head with a
square hole at the rear designed to lock into
various types of handle.
socket spanners kit
A set of socket spanners consists of:
Size and Kind of Socket
Different Types of Handles
Different Lengths of Extensions
A Universal Joint All Which Include
in A Socket Set
 Ratchets, Sockets, and Extensions
Always use the proper
size socket that correctly
fits the bolt or nut.
All sockets and ratchets
should be cleaned after
use before being placed
back into the toolbox.
Deep sockets allow access to the
nut that has a stud plus other
locations needing great depth,
such as spark plugs.
 Pliers
Pliers Should Never Be Used On Bolt Heads Or Nuts.
This Round The Heads Of The Bolts And Nuts And
Makes It Impossible To Turn Them With A Spanner
Types Of Pliers;
 Slips-joint Pliers
 Diagonal Pliers
 Snipe-nosed Pliers
 Vice Grip Pliers
 slip-joint pliers
Slip joint pliers are the most commonly used
type of pliers. They are used for general purpose
holding jobs
 Diagonal pliers
Diagonal pliers are often called diagonal cutters. They
used for removing and inserting split pins as well as
all wire and split pin cutting operations
 Snipe –nosed pliers
• Snap-ring pliers come in many styles and types.
Snap-ring pliers are required for spreading or
compressing springy snap rings found in
Transmissions. Snap-ring pliers are available that
can remove internal Snap rings, external snap rings,
or both
 Snap-Ring Pliers

Snap-ring pliers are also called lock-ring pliers and are designed to remove internal and
external snap rings (lock rings).
 Vice- grip pliers
These are very special pliers which can be
locked on to object and will grip it with
great pressure
PLIERS - Multigroove Adjustable Pliers

For gripping larger objects, a set of multigroove adjustable

pliers is a commonly used tool of choice by many service
technicians.

Multigroove adjustable pliers are

known by many names, including the
trade name “Channel Locks.”
Screwdrivers
 Many smaller fasteners are removed and
installed by using a screwdriver.
 The most commonly used screwdriver is
called a flat tip or straight blade.
A flat-tip (straight blade)
screwdriver. The width of
the blade should match the
width of the slot in the
fastener being loosened or
tightened.
Screwdrivers
 Both straight blade and Phillips screwdrivers
are available with a short blade and handle
for access to fasteners with limited room.

Two stubby screwdrivers

that are used to access
screws that have limited
space above.
A straight blade is on top
and a second Phillips
screwdriver is on the
bottom.
Screwdrivers
Screwdrivers - Impact Screwdriver
An impact screwdriver
is used to break loose
or tighten a screw.
A hammer is used to
strike the end after the
screwdriver holder is
placed in the head of
the screw and rotated
in the desired direction.
An impact screwdriver used to remove
slotted or Phillips head fasteners that
cannot be broken loose using a standard
screwdriver.
 Allen key
 This is a simple hexagonal shaped rod with a
right-angle bend designed to engage into the
head of a screw which has a hexagonal
shaped recess in the head
 this is a very common screw found in many
modern domestic appliances and motor
vehicle.
 Allen keys are available in sets of metric and
imperial sizes.
Allen key
 Feeler gauges
Feeler gauges are used to measure the various
clearances which are necessary for the satisfactory
operation of the internal combustion engine and its
mechanism
 Torque wrenches
Torque wrenches are used to ensure proper
tightening of nut and bolts and have indicators
which show the amount of torque being applied
 Hammers and Mallets
 Hammers and mallets are used to force
objects together or apart.
 The shape of the back part of the hammer
head (called the peen) usually determines the
name.

A typical ball-peen hammer.

 Hammers and Mallet
The head on a mallet is made of rubber. These types of hammers deliver
softer impact than hammers with metal heads, which doesn't causing the
material as much damage when struck, and also being significantly
lighter than metal hammers of the same type.

Maintenance
 Hammers should be kept free of dirt and grease, with the faces smooth
and free of all foreign matter.
 Hammers should be stored in a dry place to prevent rust.
Safety
 Always be sure the head is secured firmly on the handle.
 Be sure the handle is in good condition.
 Strike a flat-surfaced hammer flat against the object being struck, not at
an angle
 Piston Ring Compressor/Squeezer
The piston ring compressor is a special tool that is specifically
designed for compressing the piston rings when a piston is re-installed.
This is accomplished by opening the piston ring compressor enough so
that the piston will slide into the opening.
Piston Ring Compressor/Squeezer
 An Oil Filter Wrench
• An oil filter
wrench for
tightening
or loosening
an oil filter
• An oil-filter
wrench used
to removing
spin-on type
oil filters
Punches
A punch is a small diameter steel rod that has a smaller
diameter ground at one end.
A punch is used to drive a pin out that is used to retain two
components.

A punch used to drive pins from assembled components.

This type of punch is also called a pin punch.
Seal Drivers and Pullers
Seal Pullers
 Grease seals are located on many automotive
components, including brake rotors,
transmission housings, and differentials.
 A seal puller is used to properly remove
grease seals.
Seal Drivers and Pullers
Seal Pullers

A seal puller being used to remove a seal from a rear axle.

 Wheel Spanner
A wheel nut spanner is a tool often used by mechanics in the automotive
industry, to manually loosen and tighten the nuts on automobile wheels.
Wheel nut spanners differ from standard socket spanners because their
design gives the user more leverage when securing or loosening wheel
nuts.

Cross wheel spanner

 Oil Gun/Oil Can
An oilcan is a tool that holds oil (usually motor oil)
for lubricating parts of machines.
Oil Gun is specially designed for use with oil for
lubrication, example may be used to lubricate
bearings, or to pre-charge hydraulic cylinders.
 Grease Gun
 A grease gun is a common workshop and garage tool used
for lubrication.
 The purpose of the grease gun is to apply lubricant through
an aperture to a specific point, usually from a grease
cartridge to a grease fitting or 'nipple'.
 The channels behind the grease nipple lead to where the
lubrication is needed.
 Hand Chain Hoist
A chain block also referred as
a hand chain hoist, is a
mechanism used to lift and
lower load by using a chain
when the operator pulls down
one side chain loop, this will
turn a pulley mechanism
inside the chain hoist housing
when this pulley turns it will
rise up the end of the other
chain which has a hook on one
end

Chain Block
 Power Tools

Power tools are those which are

operated by;
(i) Electrical power
(ii) Hydraulic power
(iii) Pneumatic power
 Electrical power tools
Electrical power tools. The electrical tools such as drills valve grinders
are operated by electric motors
Hydraulic power - Bottle Jack
Hydraulic power tools. Hydraulic tools are tools that work because of pressure
on a liquid e.g. car lift floor jack portable cranes and hydraulic pressure
 Raising and supporting vehicles safely
a) Jack — A device, such as a hydraulic floor jack, that raises
the front, rear, or side of a vehicle off the ground.
b) Lift — A piece of hydraulic equipment used to lift the
whole vehicle off the ground. C. Lifting — using a device
to raise a vehicle off the ground for the purpose of
inspection, service, or repair.
c) Safety stands — lightweight frames used to support a
vehicle after being lifted by a jack. E.
d) Wheel blocks or wheel chocks — blocks that are placed
on one or more wheels before lifting to keep the vehicle
from rolling.
Raising and Supporting Vehicles Safely
 Hydraulic Floor Jack
Floor jacks have wheels or castors and are often found in
garages. These jacks are able to lift a heavier load than bottle
jacks. Hydraulic jacks work by compressing hydraulic fluid
into the cylinder of the jack by use of a pump plunger.
Hydraulic Floor Jack
 Hydraulic lift
1. Functions hydraulically to raise the whole vehicle off the floor
2. Allows for inspection under the vehicle
3. Allows repairs to be done at a more comfortable height for the
technician
Safety
 Refer to service information for positioning the vehicle on the lift and
follow all safety precautions for operating the lift.
 Before lifting the vehicle, check for proper clearance on all sides of the
vehicle in the lift area so that the vehicle does not hit other objects.
 Do not lift vehicles with passengers inside or with the doors, hood, or
luggage lid open.
 Be sure that the lift’s locking mechanism is in the locked position before
walking under the lift.
 Be familiar with safety lock release mechanisms for safe lowering of
vehicles.
Hydraulic power tools - Hydraulic lift
 A Hydraulic Press
A hydraulic press is found in most shops.
It uses a powerful pushing force to press
bearings and gears onto and off of shafts.
Pulling a handle on the press raises or
lowers a ram. The ram presses the part
against a table.

Safety
 Consult the instructor for the procedure
for properly setting up and using the
hydraulic press.
 Wear personal protective equipment
(PPE) while using a hydraulic press.
 The Engine Hoist
The engine hoist, or portable engine crane, is used to
raise heavy engines and transmissions. After turning
a valve, a handle is pumped to raise the hoist.
A hoist is simply a hydraulic jack that is designed
for attaching onto the top of an object and pulling it
upward, instead of getting underneath of an object
and pushing it upward.
 Engine hoist
An engine crane (also referred as engine hoist) is a common
repair tool used in vehicle repair shops to remove or install
gasoline or diesel engines in small and crowded vehicle engine
compartments.
 Pneumatic power tools
Pneumatic power tools. Pneumatic power tools are
operated by air pressure (compressed air)
Examples of the pneumatic tools are;
1. Air impact spanner
2. Air drill
3. Pneumatic floor jack
Pneumatic Power Tool
 Pneumatic Grease Guns
• Air-powered or pneumatic grease guns use compressed air
to apply pressure to an air piston, which drives the grease
piston and forces lubricant out of the coupler into a grease
fitting.
• By depressing the gun's trigger, a steady flow of lubricant is
dispensed.
 Diesel injection pump machine
Testing the fuel-
supply spacing of
each cylinder and
fuel supply starting
point in the static
state.
Testing and
calibrating the
performance of
mechanical speeder.
 Injector Nozzle Tester Machine

• Nozzle testers used to assess injector

nozzle performance and diagnose faulty.
• Used to adjust and calibrate the
injection nozzle opening pressure and
to carry out leakage / spray pattern and
chatter characteristic tests.
Wheel Balance machine
 Wheel alignment machine

A wheel alignment is the process of adjusting the angles of a vehicle's steering and
suspension components back to original specifications. This means the front and rear
wheels are in alignment with the vehicle's centerline — optimizing drivability and fuel
efficiency.
 Tire Remover Machine
• A tire changer/tire remover
is a machine used to help
tire technicians dismount
and mount tires with
automobile wheels.
• After the wheel and tire
assembly are removed from
the automobile, the tire
changer has all the
components necessary to
remove and replace the tire
from the wheel.
Tire remover Machine
 On-board diagnostics (OBD)
 On-board diagnostics (OBD) is a term referring to a vehicle's
self-diagnostic and reporting capability.
 A primary benefit of this is that OBD systems give the vehicle
owner or repair technician access to the status of the various
vehicle sub-systems. The amount of diagnostic information
available via OBD has varied widely since its introduction in the
early 1980s versions of onboard vehicle computers.
 Early versions of OBD would simply illuminate a malfunction
indicator light (MIL) or "idiot light" if a problem was detected,
but would not provide any information as to the nature of the
problem.
 Modern OBD implementations use a standardized digital
communications port to provide real-time data in addition to a
standardized series of diagnostic trouble codes, or DTCs, which
allow a person to rapidly identify and remedy malfunctions
within the vehicle.
 On-board diagnostics (OBD)
 OBD stands for On-board diagnostics (OBD). The definition of an
on-board diagnostics system is an automotive electronic marketing
system that supplies vehicle self-diagnosis and reporting capabilities
for repair.
 An OBD device tracks and provides technicians with real-time
information about the vehicle’s performance and issues.
 The Electronic Control Unit (ECU) is the central part of the OBD that
gathers input from different sensors in the vehicle.
 Other components of the OBD system include sensors, The
Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC), Malfunction Indicator Lights (MIL),
and The Data Link Connector (DLC).
 DTC consists of letters and numbers indicating the cause and type of
the problem.
 The on-board diagnostic MILs inform technicians about vehicle
troubles early. The sensors send codes to the ECU. The DLC is the
connection port.
On-board Diagnostics (OBD-II)
 On-board Diagnostics Generation-II (OBD-II) Systems

During the 1980s, most manufacturers began

equipping their vehicles with full-function control
systems capable of alerting the driver of a
malfunction and of allowing the technician to
retrieve codes that identify circuit faults.
The automotive industry calls these systems On-
Board Diagnostics (OBDs).
On-board Diagnostics (OBD-II)
On-board Diagnostics (OBD-II)
 Hand Tool Maintenance
Most hand tools are constructed of rust-resistant
metals but they can still rust or corrode if not
properly maintained.
For best results and long tool life, the following
steps should be taken:
 Clean each tool before placing it back into the
tool box.
 Keep tools separated.
 Line the drawers of the tool box with a material
that will prevent the tools from moving as the
drawers are opened and closed.
 Release the tension on all “clicker-type” torque
wrenches.
 Keep the tool box secure.
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
When working with hand tools, always ________
a) Push the wrench don’t pull toward you
b) Pull a wrench don’t push a wrench

The proper term for Vise Grips is _____

a) Locking pliers
b) Slip-joint pliers
c) Side cuts
d) Multigroove adjustable pliers
 Quiz Cont.……
Two technicians are discussing torque wrenches. Technician A says that a
torque wrench is capable of tightening a fastener with more torque than a
conventional breaker bar or ratchet. Technician B says that a torque wrench
should be calibrated regularly for the most accurate results. Which
technician is correct?
a) Technician A only
b) Technician B only
c) Both Technicians A and B
d) Neither Technician A nor B

Which type of pliers is capable of fitting over a large object?

a) Slip-joint pliers
b) Linesman’s pliers
c) Locking pliers
d) Multigroove adjustable pliers
Fasteners and Locking Devices
 Fasteners and Locking Devices
Fasteners
All engines and all mechanisms are put
together by means of fasteners
Fasteners are devices we use to holding parts
and pieces together example; nuts, bolts,
screws, studs etc.
There are also permanent ways to fasten
things together such as welding and
soldering for example the car body is made
by welding metal parts and panels
 Fasteners - A Nut
 A nut is defined as a type of fastener characterized by a
threaded hole. It is almost always used in conjunction with a
bolt to fasten multiple parts together.
 The effectiveness of a nut in securing components relies on
several factors:
• Thread friction: the friction between the threads of the nut
and bolt helps maintain their connection.
• Stretching of the bolt: when tightened, bolts experience
slight elongation, which contributes to the overall clamping
force.
• Compression of parts: the compression exerted on the
materials being joined further enhances stability
 Nuts come in various types, including hex nuts, wing nuts,
castle nuts, and acorn nuts, each designed for specific
applications or environments.
NUT, Slotted Nuts, Wing Nut
 Bolts
A bolt is another type of fastener featuring an
external helical thread that engages with a
complementary internal thread found in nuts or
other threaded objects.
Bolts serve primarily to hold objects together or
position them accurately.
Types of bolts: there are numerous types such as
carriage bolts, eye bolts, hex bolts, lag bolts, and
machine bolts.
Each type has unique features suited for different
applications.
Fasteners – A Bolts
Bolts
 Studs
Studs are bolts without head which are threaded at both ends
 Snap rings or circlips
Snap rings or circlips are also classified as
fasteners, circlips are made from spring steel in
two basic types;
External circlips
Internal circlips
External Snap ring
Internal snap ring
 Locking Devices
Locking devices are the terms
used to keep nut, bolt and
studs from becoming loose
These include. All types are
available in standard sizes to
fit standard bolts
 Locking Devices
Example of locking devices are:
 Flat Washer
 Spring Washer
 Star Washer
 Double Nutting
 Cotter Pin
 Keys
 Tab Washer. Etc
 Locking Devices
These Locking Devices Can Be Split Into
Two Groups
(I) Non-positive Locking Device
(Ii) Positive Locking Device
Non positive locking device are
those that rely on the force of
friction to fit them tight
 Flat Washer
Flat Washer. The hole in this washer is usually a little
than diameter of the bolt or stud are used under the
head of a screw or bolt or under a nut to spread a load
over a greater area.
 Spring washer
Spring washer. The spring washer is made from
spring steel considerable force is required to press the
offset ends down flat they serve as spring take-up
devices to compensate (not allow) for looseness
developed and the loss of tension.
 Star washer
There are three types of Star
Washer These are
Internal Washer
External Washer
Internal And External
Washer
 Star Washer - Internal Washer
Star washers are a type of locking washer
designed to prevent nuts and bolts from
loosening due to vibration or torque.
These washers are typically ring-shaped
pieces of metal with serrated edges on the
inner walls.
The design allows the teeth to grip onto the
head of a screw or bolt, effectively preventing
loosening due to vibrations or movement
 Star Washer - Internal Washer
In contrast, external star washers have teeth that face
outward. The serrations on the outer circumference allow
these washers to grip the surface beneath them, such as a
metal plate or other structural components.
External star washers are often used in applications
requiring more significant torque or where there is a risk
of loosening due to vibration.
This larger size allows external locking washers to
distribute load over A greater area, making them
particularly effective in applications requiring A strong
hold against loosening forces.
Internal And External Star Washer
Star washer
 Positive Locking Device
Positive locking device do not rely on the force
of friction to keep them tight. This include tab
washer, split pin
 Split Pin
The split is used with a slotted or castellated
hexagonal nut and a bolt or stud which has a
hole through the thread near the outer end of the
bolt
NUTS
Washers