Chapter 9: weak and strong forms(P.

Roach)

Spelt with ‘a’; strong pronunciation would have ae ‘attend’ /Əten/ d ‘character’/kᴂrƏkta/ ‘barracks’ /bᴂrks/

Spelt with ‘ar’; strong pronunciation would have a: ‘particular’ patikjab ‘molar’ maula ‘monarchy’ m nnoki

Adjectival endings spelt ‘ate’; strong pronunciation would have ei

‘intimate’ intimat ‘accurate’ aekjarat

‘desolate’ desalat (although there are exceptions to this: ‘private’ is usually

praivit)

iv) Spelt with ‘o’; strong pronunciation would have d or au

‘tomorrow’ tamorau ‘potato’ pateitau

‘carrot’ kaerat

v) Spelt with ‘or’; strong pronunciation would have a:

‘fofget’ faget ‘ambassador1 aembaesada

‘opportunity’ opatfumati

vi) Spelt with ‘e’; strong pronunciation would have e

‘settlement’ setlmant ‘violet’ vaialat

‘postmen’ paustman

vii) Spelt with ‘er’; strong pronunciation would have 3:

‘pe/haps’ pahaeps ‘stronger* strogga

‘superman’ su:pamaen

viii) Spelt with ‘u’; strong pronunciation would have a

‘autumn’ o:tam ‘support’ sapa:t

‘halibut’ haelibat

ix) Spelt with ‘ough’ (there are many pronunciations for the letter-sequence ‘ough’)

‘thorough’ 0Ara ‘borough’ bAra

x) Spelt with ‘ou’; strong pronunciation might have a u

‘gracious’ greijas ‘callous’ kaelas.

SYLLABIC CONSONANTS

There are syllables in which there is no vowel. In this case, a consonant, either 1, r or a nasal, stands as the
top of the syllable instead of the vowel, and we count them as weak syllables.

syllabic 'l' occurs after another consonant, and the manner in which it occurs depends to some extent on the
nature of that consonant. If the preceding consonant is alveolar, as in 'bottle5 botl, 'muddle' mAdl, 'tunnel'
tAnl, the articulatory movement from the preceding consonant to the "l" is: The sides of the tongue, which
are raised for the preceding consonant, are lowered to allow air to escape over them (this is called lateral
release).

SYLABIC "n" The syllabic n is most common after alveolar plosives and fricatives; in the case of t d, s, z
followed by n, the plosive is released nasally by lowering the soft palate, so that in the word 'eaten' i:tn, for
example, the tongue does not move in the sequence tn, but the soft palate is lowered at the end of t so that
the compressed air escapes through the nose.

We do not usually find n after 'l', tj, d3, so, for example, 'sullen' should be pronounced SAlan, 'Christian' as
kristfan (although this word can be pronounced with t followed by i or j).

The syllabic n after non-alveolar consonants is not as widespread. In words where the n following a velar
consonant is written 'an' or 'on' (e.g. 'toboggan', 'wagon') it is rarely heard. The most common pronunciation
is tabngan, waegan.

Syllabic “(m,ղ)” Both can occur as syllabic, but only as a result of processes such as assimilation and
elision.We find them sometimes in words like ‘happen’, which can be pronounced haepm, though haepn and
haepan are equally acceptable, and ‘uppermost’, which could be pronounced as /ˈʌpəməʊst/.

Examples of possible syllabic velar nasals would be ‘thicken’ 0ikŋ and ‘broken key’ /ˈbrəʊkən kiː/, where the
nasal consonant occurs between velar consonants (n or an could be substituted for ŋ).

Syllabic r In many accents of the type called “rhotic” (introduced in Chapter 7), such as most American
accents, syllabic r is very common. The word ‘particular’, for example, would probably be pronounced prt ik j
air in careful speech by most Americans, while BBC speakers would pronounce this word patikjala. Syllabic r
is less common in BBC pronunciation: it is found in weak syllables such as the second syllable of ‘preference’
prefrans. In most cases where it occurs there are acceptable alternative pronunciations without the syllabic
consonant. There are a few pairs of words (minimal pairs) in which a difference in meaning appears to
depend on whether a particular r is syllabic or not, for example: ‘hungry’ hAqgri ‘Hungary’ hAqgri But we find
no case of syllabic r where it would not be possible to substitute either nonsyllabic r or ar; in the example
above, ‘Hungary’ could equally well be pronounced hArjgari.
 Chapter 12: Weak forms (Peter Roach)

Adjectival words:

a /Ə/
an / Ən/
the /δƏ/ θ It`s preposition. It’s always in weak form unless it’s used for emphasis. In this case, it`s pronoun
pronounced with /Ə/ because it’s followed by a consonant sound.
/δi/ It`s preposition. It’s always in weak form unless it’s used for emphasis. In this case, it`s pronoun
pronounced with /i/ because it’s followed by a vowel sound.
Some /sm/
his /IZ/ʃʒ It`s a possessive adjective. It’s always in weak form because it`s followed by a consonant sound
Her /з:/ It’s a possessive adjective. When used with a possessive sense, preceding a noun; as an object
this can also occur at the end of a sentence.
Saint

Pronouns

he /i/ It’s a subject pronoun. It’s always in weak form unless it’s used for emphasis. In this case, it’s prono
without /h/ because it’s in the middle of the sentence.
/hi/ It’s a subject pronoun. It’s always in weak form unless it’s used for emphasis. In this case, it is pron
with glottal sound because it’s at the beginning of the sentence.
Him
her
us
them
there It’s a pronoun. It’s always in weak form unless it’s used as a demonstrative function. It occurs befo
vowel/consonant sound.

Conjuctions

and /Ən/ It`s a conjunction. It’s always in weak form unless it’s used for emphasis
/n/
as
but It’s a conjunction. It’s always used in weak form unless it is used for emphasis.

Than
that /δᴂt/ When it’s used as a demonstrative it is always in strong form.
/δƏt/ When it’s used as a relative pronoun or conjunction, it’s always used in weak form.

Prepositions.

At /Ət/ It`s a preposition. It’s always in weak form unless it’s in final position or at the end of the sentence.
From /frƏm/ It’s a preposition. It’s always used in weak form unless it’s in final position in a sentence.
For /fƏ/
of /Əv/ It’s a preposition. It’s always used in weak form unless it’s in the middle of the sentence or in final p
To /tƏ/ It’s a preposition. It’s always used in weak form unless it’s in final position or It’s before a pause.

Am
 is
are
was It’s the past of the verb “to be”. It’s always used in weak form unless it’s used for emphasis.
Were It’s the past of the verb “to be. It’s always used in weak form unless it’s used for emphasis.
It’s pronounced as /wƏ/ before a consonant sound and as /wƏr/ before a vowel sound.
Have It’s a auxialiary verb. It’s always used in weak form unless It’s used as a main verb.
Has
had
do It’s an auxiliary verb. It’s always used in weak form unless it’s used as a main verb.
Does
shall It’s a modal verb. It’s always used in weak form
will
can
must
would

Chapter 8: Feactures an connected speech (Daina Finch)

Linking /r/ consists in pronouncing word-final spelling r when the next word begins with a vowel. however,
that when a pause separates word final spelling r from a word initial vowel the link is not made; cf. What's
more I like it~ What's more (pause) I like it.

It is also possible for /r/ to be pronounced when nor appears in the spelling. This so-called intrusive /r/ is the
Onset: es el result of a process of analogy - a sort of extension of the linking /r/ rule to situations where it is not present
sonido antes del in the spelling. For instance, word final // is generally the result of spelling Vr, as in father, doctor, but when
sonido vocal. it is the result of spelling a, as in sofa, many English speakers tend to insert /r/ in cases such as sofa and
Centre: centro de chairs /'saufər ǝn 'tjeǝz/.
la silaba siempre Syllabicity (n,l ,r):
es el sonido
vocálico. Ellison: a process in which we elide a sound of a word. Ex: /h/: /aiv si:n im/ (him).

Coda: es el  -Alveolar plosive Ellison: /t/ and /d/: 1-always in coda position, never in onset position.2-It’s should always be
sonido que esta preceded by the same voicing /t/ preceded by a voiceless s. /d/ preceded by a voiced s.3-
despues del  So, the /t/ and /d/ should be in the middle of a consonant cluster (three consonants together).
sonido vocálico.  -

Assimilation can be defined as the process by which sounds are influenced by neighboring sounds and come
to share some or all of their phonetic characteristics. Two sounds became more similar, one sound takes the
characteristics of its neighboring sound. Can be regressive or progressive.

 Assimilation of place: cambia su place of articulation a bilabial. /d/ /t/ /n/ : follow by bilabial sounds,
they change their place of articulation so
 /t/ /p/

/d/ /b/

/n/ /m/