Chem 2202 Holy Heart High School φτφτ

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Stoichiometry
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Chemistry 2202
UNIT 1 – PART 2
Stoichiometry

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CHEMICAL REACTIONS [Textbook: Pgs.114-117]

Chemical Equations
- show the rearrangement of atoms and/or ions that takes place as a result of a chemical change of
reactants into products.
- they are a shorthand method of representing what happens in a chemical reaction.

Balancing Chemical Equations

Experimental evidence indicates that:
- Atoms are conserved
- Mass is conserved
- Energy is conserved

A chemical equation must:

- Represent the correct chemical formula and state for each reactant and product
- Show that atoms or ions are conserved:
Total # of each kind of atom in reactants = total # of each kind of atom in products

Review of Science 1206:

Hints for Balancing:

1. Balance polyatomic ions first.

2. If you don’t know where to start, start with the element with the largest number of atoms.
3. Double check every time you put a number in the blank.
4. For hydrocarbon combustion, balance carbon first, then hydrogen, then oxygen, that is C–H–O.

Examples:

1. ___ Mg + ___ O2 → ___ MgO

2. ___Cu + ___ AgNO3 → ___ Ag + ___ Cu(NO3)2

3. ___ Pb(NO3)2 + ___KI → ___ PbI2 + ___ KNO3

4. ___ NH3 → ___ N2 + ___ H2

5. ___CH4 + ___O2 → ___ CO2 + ___ H2O

Exercises: Balance the following equations:

1. ___ Fe + ___ O2 → ___ Fe2O3

2. ___ Na + ___ Cl2 → ___ NaCl

3. ___ AsCl3 + ___ H2S(aq) → ___ As2S3 + ___ HCl(aq)

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WORKSHEET #14: BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

[Textbook p. 117; #5]

Balance the following chemical equations.

1. ___C10H20 + ___O2  ___CO2 + ___H2O

2. ___Al(OH)3 + ___HCl  ___AlCl3 + ___H2O

3. ___C4H8 + ___O2  ___CO2 + ___H2O

4. ___C + ___O2  ___CO

5. ___C5H12 + ___O2  ___CO2 + ___H2O

6. ___Li + ___AlBr3  ___LiBr + ___Al

7. ___C2H6 + ___O2  ___CO2 + ___H2O

8. ___NH4OH + ___H3PO4  ___(NH4)3PO4 + ___HOH

9. ___Li + ___P4  ___Li3P

10. ___CH4 + ___O2  ___CO2 + ___H2O

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REACTION TYPES [Textbook: Pgs.118-136]

1. Simple Decomposition: occurs when a compound is broken down into all of its elements

a. General form: ____________  ____________ + ____________ + …

b. Examples:
i. 2 HgO (s)  2 Hg (l) + O2 (g)

ii. 2 H3BO3 (s)  3 H3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) + 2 B (s)

2. Formation/Simple Composition: occurs when a compound if formed by the reaction between its
elements (or if a single compound is formed from two or more compounds)

a. General form: ____________ + ____________ + …  ____________

b. Examples:
i. 2 Mg (s) + O2 (g)  2 MgO (s)

ii. CaO (s) + H2O (l)  2 Ca(OH)2 (s)

3. Single Replacement: occurs when a compound and an element react to form a different element and
compound. These reactions involve ions (hint: elements swap places)

a. General form: ____________ + ____________  ____________ + ____________

b. Examples:
i. 2 NaCl (aq) + Br2 (l)  2 NaBr (aq) + Cl2 (g)

ii. 2 Na (s) + H2O (l)  2 NaOH (aq)+ H2 (g)

4. Double Replacement: occurs when two compounds react and form two new compounds. This type
of reaction also involves ions (hint: all ions swap places)

a. General form: ____________ + ____________  ____________ + ____________

b. Examples:
i. 2 AgBr (aq) + ZnCl2 (l)  ZnBr2 (aq) + 2 AgCl (g)

ii. Pb(NO3)2 (s) + 2 KI (aq)  PbI2 (aq) + 2 KNO3 (aq)

5. Complete Combustion: occurs when compound is reacted with oxygen gas. We will only consider
hydrocarbon combustion in which a hydrocarbon (compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen)
reacts with oxygen gas. The same two products are always formed: carbon dioxide and water.

a. General form: ____________ + ____________  ____________ + ____________

b. Examples:
i. CH4 (aq) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)

ii. 2 C4H10 (aq) + 13 O2 (g)  8 CO2 (g) + 10 H2O (l)

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WRITING BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS- REVIEW OF SCIENCE 1206

Examples:

1. Hydrogen and chlorine react to produce hydrogen chloride gas.

2. Potassium and magnesium chloride react to produce magnesium and potassium chloride.

3. Aluminum combines with oxygen from the air to produce aluminum oxide.

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4. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes (breaks down) into water and oxygen.

5. Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce zinc chloride and hydrogen.

6. The combustion (burning) of ethyne C2H2(g) in the presence of oxygen produces carbon dioxide and
water.

7. Sodium phosphate and zinc sulfate react to produce sodium sulfate and zinc phosphate.

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WORKSHEET #15: WRITING BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Write balanced chemical equations for each of the following:

1. Aluminum metal reacts with copper(II) chloride to produce aluminum chloride and copper metal.

2. Lead(II) nitrate reacts with sodium bromide to produce lead(II) bromide and sodium nitrate.

3. Zinc metal reacts with oxygen gas to produce zinc oxide.

4. Aluminum sulfate reacts with barium iodide to produce aluminum iodide and barium sulfate.

5. Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) decomposes to produce sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and
water.

6. Propane burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour.

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PREDICTING THE PRODUCTS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION [Textbook: Pgs.118-136]

Oftentimes, a chemical reaction is given and you must figure out the products of the reaction. Using the 5
reaction types you can identify the correct products of a reaction and then balance the equation. When given
a chemical reaction that is not finished you must:
a Write the chemical formulas for the elements/compounds involved
b Identify the reaction type
c Write the chemical formulas for the appropriate product(s) (consider the ions “switching partners”)
d Follow the steps outlined for balancing equations

Examples:
Formation (Synthesis, Composition, Combination)

a. magnesium reacts with oxygen from the air

b. hydrogen and oxygen react to produce water

Decomposition

a. mercury(II)oxide decomposes

b. water is broken down into its elements

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WORKSHEET #16: SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

[Textbook p. 122: #1, 2, 4]

1. Balance each of the following chemical equations and indicate the type of reaction as either formation
(F) or decomposition (D) in the space on the right.

a. __S8 + __O2  __SO2 _________

b. __HgO  __Hg + __O2 _________

c. __N2O5 + __ H2O  __HNO3 _________

d. __Al + __ O2  __ Al2O3 _________

e. __Na2O + __H2O  __NaOH _________

2. For each of the following, write balanced chemical equations, classify the reaction type and predict
and name each product.

a. Lithium reacts with nitrogen from the air. _________

b. Ammonia is broken down into its elements. _________

c. Ammonium nitrate decomposes into dinitrogen monoxide and water. _________

d. Silver reacts with sulfur. _________

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Single Replacement (Single Displacement)

• Metal elements replace the cation
• Nonmetal elements replace the anion

a. Barium and zinc chloride react

b. zinc reacts with sulfuric acid

c. calcium reacts with water

d. chlorine reacts with sodium bromide solution

e. mercury and silver nitrate react

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WORKSHEET #17: SINGLE REPLACEMENT REACTIONS

[Textbook p. 131: #2, 3, 4]

1. Write balanced chemical equations for each of the following. Include the names of any products
formed. You do not need to include states except for acids (aq). Assume complex ions remain intact
and are exchanged and balanced as complete units. In ionic compounds always write the cation (metal
or ammonium ion) first in the chemical formula followed by the anion

a. __Al + __ H2SO4(aq) 

b. __Cl2 + __KI 

c. __Fe + __CuSO4 

d. __Li + __HOH 

e. __Zn + __Pb(NO3)2 

f. hydrogen sulfide and silver

g. copper and silver sulfate

h. fluorine and magnesium bromide

i. aluminum and iron(III)oxide

j. barium and water

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Double Replacement (Double Displacement)

- Ions essentially “switch partners” [positive of one reacts with negative of other]
- In ionic compounds always write the cation (metal or ammonium ion) first in the chemical formula
followed by the anion.
- Assume complex ions remain intact and are exchanged and balanced as complete units.
- Include physical states of matter (use solubility chart) for solutions

NOTE: have solubility chart accessible (back of periodic table). I will show you how to use this as we work
through the following examples on the next page.

Examples:

a. barium chloride and potassium carbonate react

b. iron(II)sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid (one product is a gas)

c. sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid react in a Neutralization Reaction

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Combustion
• Oxygen reacts with a hydrocarbon to produce energy; reactant is “burned”
• If combustion is complete, carbon dioxide and water vapor are products
• If combustion is incomplete, carbon monoxide and solid carbon are usually also produced

Examples:

a. Butane, C4H10 (g) is burned as fuel in a lighter

b. A candle, assume C25H52 (s), combusts in the presence of oxygen

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WORKSHEET #18: DOUBLE REPLACEMENT AND COMBUSTION REACTIONS

[Textbook p. 131: # 5, 6; p. 136: # 2, 3]

1. Write balanced chemical equations for each pair of reactants. Indicate the name of all products. Assume
complex ions remain intact and are exchanged and balanced as complete units. In ionic compounds always
write the cation (metal or ammonium ion) first in the chemical formula followed by the anion.

a. __AgCl + __Mg(OH)2 

b. __Ca(OH)2 + __Mg(HCO3)2 

c. __KOH + __H3PO4(aq)  

d. sulfuric acid and aluminum hydroxide 

e. strontium bromide and ammonium carbonate 

f. hydrogen sulfide gas and solid lead(II)chromate 

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2. Write a balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of the following:

a. C3H8

b. C8H18

c. C6H14

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REACTION TYPE GENERALIZATION

Formation (Synthesis) 2 or more reactants  single compound

(elements &/or compounds)

Decomposition single compound  2 or more products

(elements &/or compounds)

Single Replacement element + compound  new element + new compound

Double Replacement 2 compounds  2 new compounds

Complete Hydrocarbon
Combustion CxHy + O2  CO2 + H2O

NOTE:

1. You can write water as HOH in replacement reactions and as H2O in other types.

2. All metallic elements are monatomic. Eg. Na Pb

3. Some nonmetallic elements are diatomic ie. The "HONorable Halogens"

H2 O2 N2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
4. In Single Replacement Reactions:
- metal elements replace metal ions in ionic compounds or H in acids or water
- nonmetal elements replace nonmetal ions in ionic compounds

5. In ionic compounds always write the cation (metal or ammonium ion) first in the chemical formula
followed by the anion.

6. Polyatomic molecular elements: phosphorus = P4 sulfur = S8

7. Acid naming rules:

a) hydrogen ____ide becomes hydro____ic acid
b) hydrogen ____ite becomes ____ous acid
c) hydrogen ____ate becomes ____ic acid

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WORKSHEET #19: CHEMICAL REACTIONS REVIEW

[Textbook p.149: 1-32]

For each of the following, write balanced chemical equations, give names of products and/or reactants and
indicate the type of reaction.

1. Sulfuric acid reacts with calcium phosphate.

Reaction Type:__________________________

2. Octane, C8H18, is burned as a fuel.

Reaction Type:__________________________

3. Ammonia and nitric acid react to form ammonium nitrate.

Reaction Type:__________________________

4. Sodium metal reacts with water.

Reaction Type:__________________________

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5. Aluminum and oxygen react to form a protective coating.

Reaction Type:__________________________

6. Chlorine reacts with potassium iodide.

Reaction Type:__________________________

7. Sodium hydroxide and aluminum sulfate react.

Reaction Type:__________________________

8. Phosphorus and oxygen react to produce tetraphosphorus decaoxide.

Reaction Type:__________________________

9. Silver oxide is broken down into its elements.

Reaction Type:__________________________

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10. Benzene, C6H6, is burned in air.

Reaction Type:__________________________

11. Water is separated into its elements.

Reaction Type:__________________________

12. BaCl2 + Na2SO4 

Reaction Type:__________________________

13. Br2 + NaI 

Reaction Type:__________________________

14. __HI 

Reaction Type:__________________________

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DISSOCIATION EQUATIONS - TOTAL AND NET IONIC EQUATIONS

Dissociation: occurs when ionic compounds separate into individual aqueous ions. It occurs when they
dissolve in water, therefore they conduct electricity. The form a dissociation equation as shown below:
(more on this later in the unit)
Eg: NaCl (s) → Na +(aq) + Cl- (aq)

Total Ionic and Net Ionic Equations

We will limit our discussion to double replacement reactions. For all ionic compounds (with high solubility) you
will break apart into its ions. This will be the total ionic. Any species that are the same, left and right side, can
“cancel”. The remaining is the net ionic equation.

Example: Predict the balanced chemical equation, total ionic and net ionic for the reaction below:

Balanced Chemical equation:

Sodium chloride + barium nitrate 

Total Ionic:

Net Ionic:

Example: Predict the balanced chemical equation, total ionic and net ionic for the reaction below:

Balanced Chemical equation:

Calcium phosphate + sodium hydroxide 

Total Ionic:

Net Ionic:

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WORKSHEET #20: NET IONIC EQUATIONS

1. For each of the following, determine the balanced chemical equation, total ionic and net ionic
equation.

a. Iron + Silver Nitrate 

Balanced Chemical equation:

Total Ionic:

Net Ionic:

b. Sodium carbonate + calcium nitrate 

Balanced Chemical equation:

Total Ionic:

Net Ionic:

c. Copper (II) sulfate + magnesium 

Balanced Chemical equation:

Total Ionic:

Net Ionic:

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STOICHIOMETRY - QUANTITIES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS [Textbook: Pgs.156-158]

Stoichiometry: calculations of the relative amounts of reactants and products in chemical reactions.
There are 3 types:
- gravimetric stoichiometry: involves masses
- gas stoichiometry: involves gas volumes
- solution stoichiometry: involves solution volumes

Interpreting Chemical Equations:

Example: How do you make a clubhouse sandwich?

It is a recipe. Fill in the missing information:

Same concept with chemical equations.

Example: Nitrogen and Hydrogen gases react to produce Ammonia in a Formation reaction.

1 N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g)

Particles: 1 molecule N2 + 3 molecules H2 → 2 molecules NH3

N: 1 x (6.02 x 1023 + 3 x (6.02 x 1023 → 2 x (6.02 x 1023

molecules N2) molecules H2) molecules NH3)

n: 1 mol N2 3 mol H2 2 mol NH3

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***Mole ratios do not, however, represent mass! Mass is a calculated value.

Note: The most important information a balanced equation provides for stoichiometry is the mole ratio:
the relative number of moles of reactants and products

Ie. in the example above, the coefficients of the balanced equation tell us that:

For every 1 mole of nitrogen there must be 3 moles of hydrogen to produce 2 moles of ammonia. The
mole ratio is always 1:3:2

In equation form:

nR = moles of required nG = mole of given R = coefficient of required G = coefficient of given

We can use this equation to calculate any quantity of moles, given a balanced chemical equation and an
initial amount of moles.

Example:

1 N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g)

Calculate the amount of ammonia that will be produced with 0.150 mols of hydrogen gas reacts.

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MOLE TO MOLE CALCULATIONS [Textbook: Pgs.158-160]

1. Balance the following equation and then complete the table:

___ N2(g) + ___Cl2(g) → ___NCl3(l)

# moles N2 # moles Cl2 # moles NCl3

2.0 mol

9.0 mol

2.20 mol

2. Solutions of ammonium hydroxide and iron(III)nitrate react. Find the number of moles of ammonium
hydroxide required to react to produce 0.13 mol of precipitate.

3. How many moles of oxygen are required for the complete combustion of 6.14 mol of gasoline, C8H18 (l)?

4. How many moles of silver nitrate are required to completely react with 3.20 mol of solid copper?

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STEPS FOR SOLVING STOICHIOMETRIC PROBLEMS (IMPORTANT!!!) [Textbook: Pgs.161-165]

1. Write a balanced chemical equation, identify the required and given substances, and record the
required and given data.

2. If not given moles, convert the given quantity (mass, volume or number of particles) to number of moles.

n = m/M n = v/V n = N/NA

3. Use the mole ratio to calculate the moles of the required substance from the moles of the given
substance. (Every problem will involve this calculation).

4. If necessary, convert the moles of the required substance to the required quantity (mass, volume or
number of particles).
m = nM v = nV N = nNA

Summary:

Given Given Required Required

Quantity Moles Moles Quantity

Metric Conversions:
• To convert mg, mL, mmol to g, L, mol, respectively, divide by 1000.
• To convert kg, kL, kmol to g, L, mol, respectively, multiply by 1000.

GRAVAMETRIC STOICHIOMETRY Examples:

1. Carbon dioxide that is produced by astronauts can be removed by a reaction with lithium hydroxide. The
products are lithium carbonate and water. What mass of lithium hydroxide is needed to react with 1.00 x 103
g of carbon dioxide?

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2. Solid dinitrogen pentaoxide decomposes when heated into nitrogen dioxide and oxygen. What volume of
oxygen gas at STP will be produced when 2.34g of nitrogen dioxide are made?

3. Solid iron(III)oxide reacts with powdered aluminum in a highly exothermic reaction to produce solid
aluminum oxide and liquid iron.
a. What mass of aluminum oxide is produced when 1.42 x 1024 atoms of Al react with iron(III)oxide?

b. How many formula units of iron(III)oxide are needed to react with 0.134g of Al?

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WORKSHEET #21: GRAVIMETRIC STOICHIOMETRY

[Textbook p. 160: #3, 4, 6, 7; p. 165: # 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]]

1. A student reacted 12.56g of iron with aqueous copper(II)sulphate. What mass of solid copper should
the student expect from the reaction?

2. What mass of calcium hydroxide will be needed to completely react with 10.0g of phosphoric acid?

3. Aluminum objects are covered by a coating of aluminum oxide that forms when newly exposed
aluminum reacts with oxygen from the air. What mass of aluminum oxide will be formed when 3.60mol
of oxygen reacts?

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4. Ammonium dichromate decomposes into chromium(III)oxide, nitrogen gas and water vapor according to
the following equation:
(NH4)2Cr2O7 (s)  Cr2O3 (s) + N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

a) How many formula units of chromium(III)oxide are produced from the decomposition of
10.0g of ammonium dichromate?

b) How many water molecules are produced from a reaction where 16.9g of nitrogen are also
produced?

c) What mass of water is produced in part b)

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5. Heptane, C7H16 (l) is burned in the presence of oxygen and 44.4g of water vapor is produced.

a) What mass of heptane is needed for this reaction?

b) How many molecules of heptane are needed for this reaction?

c) If the reaction were carried out at STP, what volume of carbon dioxide would be produced?

6. Solid dinitrogen pentaoxide decomposes into nitrogen dioxide gas and oxygen gas.
What mass of dinitrogen pentaoxide would produce 23.4 L of nitrogen dioxide gas at STP?

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7. A 15.6g sample of sodium chloride was formed when solid sodium metal was heated in the presence of
chlorine gas.

a) What volume of chlorine gas was used if it were at STP?

b) What mass of chlorine gas was needed for this reaction?

8. When a sample of ethane, C2H6 (g), undergoes complete combustion 846 mL of water vapor is
produced.

a) What mass of ethane is required to produce this volume of water vapor?

b) What volume of oxygen gas would be required to produce this volume of water vapor?

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WORKSHEET #22: EXTRA STOICHIOMETRY PROBLEMS

A. MOLE TO MOLE STOICHIOMETRY

1. Nitrogen in the cylinder of a car reacts with oxygen to produce the nitrogen monoxide. How many
moles of nitrogen monoxide are produced from the combustion of 1.52 mol of nitrogen? [Answer:
3.04 mol]

2. Lithium metal reacts with nitrogen from the air to produce a black solid. How many moles of nitrogen
are required to react with 1.83 mol of lithium? [Answer: 0.31 mol]

B. MOLE TO MASS STOICHIOMETRY

3. What mass of zinc sulfide could react with 21.0 mol of oxygen to produce zinc oxide and sulfur
dioxide? [Answer: 1.36 x 103 g]

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4. What mass of sodium metal must react with water to produce 0.540 mol of hydrogen gas?
[Answer: 24.83g]

C. MASS TO MOLE STOICHIOMETRY

5. Determine the number of moles of sulfuric acid required to react with 62.0 g of calcium phosphate.
[Answer: 0.600 mol]

6. Determine the number of moles of hydrogen gas required to react with excess nitrogen to prepare
6.02 kg of ammonia? [Answer: 530 mol]

D. MASS TO MASS/VOLUME STOICHIOMETRY

7. Calculate the mass of hydrogen needed to completely convert 4.00 g of oxygen into water.
[Answer: 0.505 g]

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8. What volume of oxygen is needed in a combustion to react with 4.00 g of methane?

[Answer:11.2 L]

9. The reaction between ammonia and oxygen is one step in the industrial preparation of nitric acid:
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)
If we use 8.96 L of ammonia in a laboratory scale experiment to demonstrate this reaction, what mass
of oxygen will be required to consume all the ammonia? [Answer: 16.0 g]

10 Ammonium dichromate exists as orange crystals. On strong heating, the crystals decompose to
produce green chromium (III) oxide, nitrogen gas and water vapor. If 1.00 g of ammonium dichromate
is heated, calculate the mass produced of each of the following:
a) chromium (III) oxide [Answer: 0.603 g]
b) nitrogen gas [Answer: 0.111 g]
c) water [Answer: 0.286 g]

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LIMITING AND EXCESS REAGENT PROBLEMS [Textbook: Pgs.166-167; 171-174]

Here’s what we find in our kitchen:

How many sandwiches can we make?

What limits the number of sandwiches we can

make?

What do we have excess of?

Limiting and Excess Reagent Problems – one reactant is completely used up. There may be more of the
other reactant present, called the excess
• These problems can be recognized by the fact that amounts of both reactants will be given.

Limiting reagent:
• It determines (limits) the amount of product(s) formed in a reaction as well as the amount of other
reactant(s) that is used in the reaction
• It is completely used up in a reaction

Excess reagent:
• It is added in excess of what can possibly react with the limiting reagent
• Some is always remaining (“in excess”) at the end of the reaction
• Used to ensure that all of the limiting reagent is used up in the reaction

Follow the general steps:

1. Write a balanced chemical equation

2. Calculate n for EACH reactant
3. Use the mole ratio for each reactant to determine the amount of a product. The LR is the reactant that
produces the less moles of a product
4. Calculate the amount of product using the LR

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Examples:

1. Determine the limiting reagent and excess reagent if 14.8 g of C3H8 (g) reacts with 2.14 g of O2 (g).

2. Identify the excess and limiting reactants when 2.00 g of NaI (aq) reacts with 2.00 g of
Pb(NO3)2 (aq).

3. If 6.50 mol of CaBr2 solution reacts with 3.75 mol of NaNO3 solution, how many moles of Ca(NO3)2 will
be produced?

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4. What mass of NaCl (s) is produced when 6.70 mol of Na (s) reacts with 3.20 mol of Cl2 (g)?

5. What mass of CaCO3 (s) will be produced when 20.0 g of Ca3(PO4)2 (aq) reacts with 15.0 g of Na2CO3
(aq)?

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WORKSHEET #23: LIMITING AND EXCESS PROBLEMS

[Textbook p. 170: # 2, 3; p. 175: # 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9]

1. If 0.50 g of aluminum reacts with 0.75 g copper(II) chloride, determine the limiting and excess
reagent.

2. If 20.0 g of calcium fluoride reacts with 31.0 g sulfuric acid, determine the limiting and excess
reagent.

3. If 35.0 g of barium nitrate reacts with 131.0 g sodium sulfate, determine the limiting and excess
reagent.

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4. In a lab scale experiment, 5.00 g of sodium metal is reacted with 8.00 g of chlorine gas to
produce salt. Theoretically, what mass of salt can be produced from this reaction? [Answer:
12.7 g]

5. In a lab scale experiment 0.250 g of nitrogen is reacted with 0.250 g of hydrogen to produce
ammonia. What is the theoretical mass of ammonia produced? [Answer: 0.304 g]

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6 . A mass of 3.00 g of lead (II) nitrate was reacted with 2.50 potassium iodide. Determine the theoretical
mass of precipitate that forms. [Answer: 3.5 g]

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PERCENT YIELD [Textbook: Pgs. 176-178]

• A measure of the efficiency of a reaction in changing reactants to products.

• These problems will have 2 given amounts, one will be the given amount of the limiting reagent and the
other will be the actual yield of the required substance.

• Follow the general steps as outlined above to find the theoretical yield of the required substance.

• To calculate: % yield = Actual yield of product (given) x 100

Theoretical yield of product (calculated)

• Where Theoretical Yield is the maximum amount that can form, while Actual Yield is the amount that does
form.

Examples:
1. A) Calculate the theoretical yield of copper if 1.87 g of Al reacts with excess aqueous copper (II) sulfate.

B) If the reaction produces 3.74 g of copper, what is the percent yield of copper?

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2. Barium sulfate forms a precipitate in this reaction:

When 35.0 g of Ba(NO3)2 reacts with excess Na2SO4, 29.8 g of BaSO4 are recovered by the chemist.
A) Calculate the theoretical yield of BaSO4.

B) Calculate the percentage yield of BaSO4.

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3. Yeasts can act on a sugar, such as glucose, C6H12O6, to produce ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, and carbon
dioxide.

If 223 g of ethyl alcohol are recovered after 1.63 kg of glucose react, what is the percentage yield of the
reaction.

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WORKSHEET #24: PERCENT YIELD

[Textbook p. 179: # 4, 6, 7, 8, 9]

1. 2.57 g of sodium chloride reacts with excess lead (II) nitrate to produce a yellow precipitate. What is
the percent yield for the reaction if 5.97 g of the precipitate was collected when the experiment carried
out? [Answer: 97.5%]

2. 2.67 g of potassium hydroxide reacts with excess aqueous copper (II) nitrate in the lab. If the
percent reaction was 86.5%, what was the mass of the precipitate collected in the lab (ie: actual
yield)? [Answer: 2.01 g]

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3a. Iron may be produced by the reaction of iron (II) oxide, from iron ore, with carbon monoxide to produce
iron metal and carbon dioxide. What theoretical yield of iron metal produced from the reaction of 900 g
of iron (II) oxide. [Answer: 700 g]

b. If at the end of the process at the refinery, the workers collected 600 g iron, what is the percent
reaction for the process? [Answer: 85.7%]

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CONCENTRATION OF IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION [Textbook: Pgs.183-184]

• Ionic compounds and strong acids form individual aqueous ions when dissolved in water.
• Dissociation equations (or ionization equations) allow the molar concentration of either the compound or
the ions to be determined.
• Mole ratios and concentration ratios are used.

Ex 1: HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Mole ratio:1 mol HCl produces 1 mol H+ and 1 mol Cl-

Conc. ratio: 1 mol/L HCl produces 1 mol/L H+ and 1 mol/L Cl-

Ex 2. Ba(OH)2 (aq) → Ba2+(aq) + 2 OH- (aq)

Mole ratio:

Conc. ratio:

General Steps:

1. Write the dissociation (or ionization) equation for the compound when
dissolved in water.
2. Calculate the concentration of the ion or the compound using mole ratio and
the formula:


 
 


Example: Find the concentration of each type of ion in a 0.200 mol/L magnesium nitrate solution.

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Note:
• If given mass of the compound but not concentration convert the given mass to moles (n = m/M) and
then concentration (C = n/v) then follow general steps above

Example: Calculate the cation and anion concentrations when 2.69 g of calcium phosphate is dissolved in
water to form a 1.00 L solution.

Note:
• If given the concentration of an ion and asked to find the mass of the compound needed to prepare the
solution, follow the general steps above. Convert the concentration of the compound to moles and
then to mass: n = Cv, m = nM

Example: What mass of CaCl2 is required to prepare 2.00L of a solution containing 0.120 mol/L chloride
ions?

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WORKSHEET #25 : CONCENTRATION OF IONS

[Textbook p. 185: # 8, 9]

1. Calculate the concentration of each type of ion in each of the following solutions:
a. 0.090 mol/L sodium phosphate

b. 0.024 mol/L barium hydroxide

2. Calculate the concentration of the compound used to prepare the following solutions.
a. (NH4)2CO3 (s) used to produce 0.500 mol/L NH4+(aq)

b. Na2SO4 (s) used to produce 1.20 mol/L Na+(aq)

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3. A sodium nitrate solution contains 0.64g of NaNO3 per 100mL of solution. What is the concentration of
the sodium ions in solution?

4. What mass of sodium sulfate is required to produce 1.5 L of solution in which the sodium ion
concentration is 0.40 mol/L?

5. A solution is prepared by dissolving 12.5g of copper (II) nitrate in water to give a total solution volume
of 100mL. What is the concentration of the nitrate ions in the solution?

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6. A student prepares 250mL of aluminum sulfate solution in which the aluminum ion concentration is
1.50 mol/L.
a. Find the concentration of sulfate ions in the solution.
b. Find the mass of aluminum sulfate used to prepare the solution.

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SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY [Textbook: Pgs.180-182]

General Steps:

1. Write a balanced chemical equation, identify the required and given substances, and record the
required and given data.

2. If not given moles, convert the given quantity (mass, or solution volume and concentration) to number
of moles using one of the formulas below:

n=m n = Cv
M
3. Use the mole ratio to calculate the moles of the required substance from the moles of the given
substance. (Every problem will involve this calculation).

4. If necessary, convert the moles of the required substance to the required quantity (mass, gas volume,
solution volume or concentration) using one of the formulas below:
m = nM v = nV v=n C=n
C v

Examples:
1. If 10.0 mL of 0.020 mol/L HCl (aq) react exactly with 12.0 mL of Ba(OH)2 (aq), find the molar
concentration of the base solution.

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2. If 200.0 mL of 0.100 mol/L of silver nitrate solution completely reacts with copper, what mass of silver
will be produced?

3. What volume of a 0.25 mol/L lead(II)nitrate solution would have to be used to react with sufficient KI
solution to produce 4.61g of precipitate?

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4. A piece of aluminum is placed in a beaker containing 500.0 mL of sulfuric acid solution. Using the
information below, calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid: Initial mass of Al = 15.14g; Final
mass of Al = 9.74g.

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WORKSHEET #26: SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY

[Textbook p. 185: # 2, 3, 4, 5]

1. In order to neutralize 3.78g of solid oxalic acid, H2C2O4, it was necessary to use 125 mL of lithium
hydroxide solution. What was the concentration of the basic solution used?
2 LiOH (aq) + H2C2O4 (aq) → Li2C2O4 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

2. What volume of 3.00 mol/L HNO3 (aq) is required to neutralize 450.0 mL of a 0.100 mol/L strontium
hydroxide solution?

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3. What mass of copper is required to completely react with 250.0 mL of 0.100 mol/L silver nitrate
solution?

4. Chlorine gas was bubbled through 120.0 mL of 0.30 mol/L sodium bromide until all the bromide ions
were replaced.
a) How many grams of chlorine gas reacted?
b) What was the volume of chlorine gas reacted at STP?

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5. What mass of magnesium would react completely with 2.40 L of 6.00 mol/L hydrochloric acid?

6. A 0.500 L solution of 0.100 M magnesium chloride is mixed with 0.250 L solution of 0.450 M
ammonium hydroxide. What is the mass of the precipitate produced?

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7. If 550.0 mL of 0.258 mol/L sodium carbonate solution is mixed with 650.0 mL of 0.125 mol/L calcium
chloride solution, what is the mass of the precipitate produced?

8. In a laboratory study of this process, 50.0 mL of sulfuric acid reacts with 24.4 mL of a 2.20 mol/L
ammonia solution to produce the ammonium sulfate solution. From this evidence, calculate the
concentration of the sulfuric acid.

9. Determine the volume of 0.10 mol/L stomach acid (HCl) that can be neutralized by 912 mg of
aluminum hydroxide in an antacid tablet.

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