NLU Final

Government College Of Engineering,Tirunelveli.
Department of Electronics and communication Engineering.
Completed the Project named as

Natural Language Understanding in Chatbots
Submitted by:
Kaviya K - 950822106055
PROJECT TITLE: NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING IN

CHATBOTS
Introduction:
Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is a critical
component of chatbot systems, enabling them to
comprehend and respond to user queries effectively. This
project aims to develop an advanced NLU system for
chatbots, leveraging machine learning techniques to enhance
conversational interactions.
Project Objectives:
- Develop an NLU model capable of accurately interpreting

user queries across various domains with minimal errors.
- Enhance chatbot usability and user experience by improving
the understanding of complex queries, including multi-turn
conversations and ambiguous inputs.
- Integrate the NLU system seamlessly with existing chatbot
frameworks to facilitate real-time interactions and
personalized responses.
System Requirements:
Data:
- Training Data: An annotated dataset of user queries and
corresponding intents or actions.
- Additional contextual information (e.g., user profiles,
session history) for personalized interactions.
**Hardware:**
- Sufficient computational resources for training and
inference:
- Consider CPUs or GPUs depending on the scale of the
dataset and complexity of the models.
Software:
- Machine Learning Libraries include:
- Natural Language Processing (NLP) frameworks like spaCy
or NLTK for text preprocessing and feature extraction.
- Deep learning frameworks such as TensorFlow or PyTorch
for building and training neural network models.
- Development Environment: Jupyter Notebook or
equivalent for code development and experimentation.
Methodology:
Data Preprocessing:
1. Data Acquisition and Annotation:
- Gather a diverse dataset of user queries across different
domains and annotate them with corresponding intents or
actions.
2. Text Preprocessing:
- Tokenization, lemmatization, and removal of stop words
to prepare the text data for further analysis.
3. Feature Extraction:
- Extract relevant features from the preprocessed text data,
including word embeddings or TF-IDF vectors.
4. Data Augmentation (Optional):
- Augment the dataset through techniques like
paraphrasing or adding noise to improve model robustness.
Model Selection and Training:

1. Model Architecture:
- Explore various NLU architectures such as Recurrent
Neural Networks (RNNs), Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNNs), or Transformer-based models like BERT.
2. Training Process:
- Train the NLU model on the annotated dataset using
appropriate loss functions and optimization algorithms.
3. Hyperparameter Tuning:
- Fine-tune model hyperparameters through cross-
validation or grid search to optimize performance.
Model Evaluation:
- Evaluate the trained NLU model's performance using
metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score on a
held-out validation set.
Existing Work:
Previous research in NLU for chatbots has explored various

approaches, including rule-based systems, traditional
machine learning methods, and deep learning techniques.
While rule-based systems offer simplicity and interpretability,
deep learning models have shown superior performance in
handling complex language understanding tasks.
Proposed Work:
This project focuses on leveraging state-of-the-art deep

learning models for NLU in chatbots. We will explore
transformer-based architectures like BERT and fine-tune
them for our specific domain and application. Additionally,
we will investigate techniques for handling out-of-domain
queries and improving the model's generalization ability.
Implementation:
Import pandas as pd
Data = {‘route_id’: [‘route1’, ‘route2’, ‘route3’],‘price’: [10,
15,
20],‘distance’: [50, 60, 70]}
Df = pd.DataFrame(data)
Print(“First few rows:”)
Print(df.head())
Print(“\nLast few rows:”)
Print(df.tail())
Print(“\nDataFrame information:”)
Print(df.info())
Print(“\nDescriptive statistics:”)
Print(df.describe())
Output:
Import pandas as pd
Data = {‘route_id’: [‘route1’, ‘route2’, None, ‘route4’],‘price’:
[10, 15, None, 25], ‘distance’: [50, None, 70, 80]}
Null_values = df.isnull().sum()
If null_values.any():
Print(“Null values found:”)
Print(null_values)
Df.dropna(inplace=True)
Print(“\nAfter handling null values:”)
Print(df)
Else:
Print(“No null values found.”)
Output:
Import pandas as pd
Data = { ‘route_id’: [‘route1’, ‘route2’, ‘route3’], ‘price’: [10, -
15,
20], ‘distance’: [50, 60, 70]}
Def validate_price(price):
If price < 0:
Return False
Return True
Invalid_prices = df[~df[‘price’].apply(validate_price)] If
len(invalid_prices) > 0:
Print(“Invalid prices found:”)
Print(invalid_prices)
Else:
Print(“No invalid prices found.”)
Output:
Future Enhancements:
- Multimodal NLU: Integrate visual and auditory inputs for a
more comprehensive understanding of user queries.
- Contextual Understanding: Incorporate contextual
information from previous interactions to improve dialogue
coherence and relevance.
- Transfer Learning: Explore transfer learning techniques to
adapt pre-trained language models to specific chatbot
domains with limited data.
Import pandas as pd
Data = {‘route_id’: [‘route1’, ‘route2’,
‘route3’],‘morning_price’: [10, 15, 20],‘afternoon_price’: [12,
18, 22],‘evening_price’: [11,16, 21]}
Reshaped_df = pd.melt(df, id_vars=[‘route_id’],
var_name=’time_of_day’, value_name=’price’)
Print(reshaped_df)
Output:
Import pandas as pd
Routes_data = { ‘route_id’: [‘route1’, ‘route2’,
‘route3’],‘origin’:[‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’],‘destination’: [‘X’, ‘Y’, ‘Z’]}
Prices_data = {‘route_id’: [‘route1’, ‘route2’, ‘route3’],‘price’:
[10,15, 20]}
Routes_df = pd.DataFrame(routes_data)
Prices_df = pd.DataFrame(prices_data)
Merged_df = pd.merge(routes_df, prices_df, on=’route_id’)
Print(merged_df)
Output:
import pandas as pd import numpy as
num_records = 1000 np.random.seed(0) data =

{'route_id': np.random.choice(['route1', 'route2',
'route3'], num_records),'distance':
np.random.randint(10, 100, num_records),'time_of_day':
np.random.choice(['morning', 'afternoon', 'evening'],
num_records),'price': np.random.uniform(10, 50,
num_records)} df = pd.DataFrame(data)
agg_data = df.groupby(['route_id',
'time_of_day']).agg({'distance': 'mean','price':
'mean'}).reset_index()
print(agg_data)
Output:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv('chatbot_data.csv')
plt.hist(data['values'], bins=20)
plt.xlabel('Value')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.title('Histogram of Numerical Column')
plt.show()
Sample code for bar chart:

import pandas as pd
plt.bar(data['category'].value_counts().index,
data['category'].value_counts().values)
plt.xlabel('category')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.title('Bar Chart of Category Column')
plt.show()
Sample code for scatter plot:

import pandas as pd
plt.scatter(data['user_id'], data['category'])
plt.xlabel('user_id')
plt.ylabel('category')
plt.title('Scatter Plot of Feature 1 vs Feature 2')
plt.show()
Sample code for box plot:

import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd
sns.boxplot(x='category', y='value', data=data)
plt.xlabel('Category')
plt.ylabel('Value')
plt.title('Box Plot of Numerical Column by Category')
plt.show()
Sample code for pair plot:

import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
sns.pairplot(data)
plt.title('Pair Plot of Numerical Variables')
plt.show()
Sample code for interactive scatter plot using Plotly:
import plotly.express as px
fig = px.scatter(data, x='category', y='value',
hover_data=['message'])
fig.show()
Sample code for interactive dashboard using Dash:
import dash
import dash_core_components as dcc
import dash_html_components as html
app = dash.Dash(__name__)
app.layout = html.Div([
dcc.Graph(
id='interactive-plot',
figure={
'data': [
{'x': data['feature1'], 'y': data['feature2'],
'mode': 'markers', 'type': 'scatter'}
],
'layout': {
'title': 'Interactive Scatter Plot',
'xaxis': {'title': 'Feature 1'},
'yaxis': {'title': 'Feature 2'}
}
}
)
])
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run_server(debug=True)
import json
# Load intents from JSON file

with open('intents.json', 'r') as file:
intents = json.load(file)
# Function to classify user input into intents

def classify_intent(user_input):
for intent, patterns in intents.items():
for pattern in patterns:
if pattern in user_input:
return intent
return "unknown"
# Sample user inputs

user_inputs = [
"hello",
"how are you doing?",
"thank you so much",
"I'm leaving now, bye!",
"What's up?"
]
# Classify intents for sample inputs

for user_input in user_inputs:
intent = classify_intent(user_input)
print(f"Input: {user_input} | Intent: {intent}")
Conclusion:
This project has laid the foundation for developing an
advanced NLU system for chatbots, enabling them to
understand user queries accurately across diverse domains.
By leveraging state-of-the-art machine learning techniques
and exploring avenues for further improvement, we aim to
create chatbots that offer more engaging and personalized
conversational experiences for users.

NLU Final

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Government College Of Engineering,Tirunelveli.

Department of Electronics and communication Engineering.

Completed the Project named as

PROJECT TITLE: NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING IN

- Develop an NLU model capable of accurately interpreting

Model Selection and Training:

Previous research in NLU for chatbots has explored various

This project focuses on leveraging state-of-the-art deep

import pandas as pd import numpy as

num_records = 1000 np.random.seed(0) data =

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Sample code for bar chart:

Sample code for scatter plot:

Sample code for box plot:

Sample code for pair plot:

Sample code for interactive scatter plot using Plotly:

# Load intents from JSON file

# Function to classify user input into intents

# Sample user inputs

# Classify intents for sample inputs

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