energies

Article
BIM to BEM Transition for Optimizing Envelope Design
Selection to Enhance Building Energy Efficiency and
Cost-Effectiveness
Ngoc-Son Truong 1,2,3 , Duc Long Luong 1,2, * and Quang Trung Nguyen 1,2,3

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet
Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
2 Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District,
Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
3 Faculty of Project Management, The University of Danang, University of Science and Technology (DUT),
54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, District Lien Chieu, Da Nang City 550000, Vietnam
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract: This article focuses on developing an energy simulation model through Building Informa-
tion Modeling (BIM) and Building Energy Modeling (BEM)to optimize energy in building design in
Vietnam. Reducing the energy consumption in buildings will help reduce operating costs, impact the
environment, and increase the efficiency of buildings. However, there is limited research on buildings
with complex structures and configurations, detailed surface design, and envelope construction,
especially in simulating details through BIM. The author proposes converting from BIM to BEM to
simulate energy in buildings and optimize the factors related to building construction in the envelope
design of the building. These factors include wall cladding materials, mirror materials, the window
ratio on the walls, and other details. This study has effectively created an energy model for a public
building, allowing for the calculation of the Energy Intensity Index (EUI) and annual energy costs
for various scenarios. By altering factors associated with the design and construction process, the
system has the potential to decrease both energy intensity and usage costs for the building. The
study results will help designers and building managers improve and enhance energy efficiency in
Citation: Truong, N.-S.; Luong, D.L.; building projects.
Nguyen, Q.T. BIM to BEM Transition
for Optimizing Envelope Design Keywords: building information model; energy model; building envelope design; energy consumption
Selection to Enhance Building Energy
Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness.
Energies 2023, 16, 3976. https://
doi.org/10.3390/en16103976 1. Introduction
Academic Editor: Heap-Yih Development of building energy simulation through BIM
Chong Buildings consume about 40% of energy globally and generate 30% of global CO2
Received: 5 April 2023
emissions. These figures increase as a result of rapid urbanization [1,2], increasing green-
Revised: 3 May 2023
house effects, and global warming [3]. Therefore, efficient energy use in buildings is crucial
Accepted: 6 May 2023 to reducing energy costs and environmental impacts, and enhancing the competitiveness
Published: 10 May 2023 of building construction [4–6].
Energy consumption in buildings, directly and indirectly, impacts the lifespan of
buildings [7]. Improving energy efficiency in building construction has become a priority
in the design criteria of building construction [8]. Factors affecting the energy consumption
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. model in a building include the type of construction, the building location and climate
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. characteristics, construction materials, and surface factors [9]. Establishing energy-efficient
This article is an open access article buildings requires interdisciplinary research in many stages of the project life cycle, specif-
distributed under the terms and ically in the design, construction, and operation stages [10]. Experts have used Building
conditions of the Creative Commons Information Modeling to simulate and calculate energy models in buildings [11].
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
The BIM model in the construction industry (AEC) is based on digital 3D models that
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
are used throughout the lifecycle of a construction project, including design, construction,
4.0/).

Energies 2023, 16, 3976. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16103976 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2023, 16, 3976 2 of 24

and operation, and has been the focus of many studies, resulting in the high efficiency
in construction projects [12]. BIM aids in the establishment, exchange, and sharing of
information about the project by digitizing it. In particular, 6D BIM is a development step
that integrates energy parameters within and outside the building. Architects often use
6D BIM to calculate energy indicators, achieving an optimal energy design for the project.
However, research on 6D BIM and building energy models worldwide and in Vietnam
still needs to be completed. The energy simulation process from the BIM environment
often encounters data loss errors during data conversion. The energy simulation tools are
also complex, requiring users to have advanced programming languages and specialized
knowledge in order to utilize them effectively. There needs to be greater analysis of 6D BIM
during the initial design process, especially for projects in Vietnam [11].
The use of BIM in construction management is an inevitable trend in the construction
industry today. Many potential areas of research with regard to BIM have been proposed by
scientists worldwide, particularly the transition direction in BIM with the integration of the
Building Energy Model (BEM) to solve energy simulation problems for practical buildings.
Building Energy Model (BEM)
Currently, most construction projects tend to simulate and evaluate energy consump-
tion before construction to achieve energy-efficient buildings, especially high-rise buildings.
The initial energy simulation helps investors save costs during operation and reduce energy
consumption in the building, while ensuring that the necessary amenities are provided
inside the building [13]. Using specialized software, energy simulation allows for the
prediction of how much energy a building will consume.
Building Energy Modeling is simulated under the input factors of Building Information
Modeling, along with weather conditions, the construction location, the thermophysical
properties of the materials, and HVAC systems in order to provide energy evaluation
values [14]. A BEM combines BIM input factors with local weather information and uses
physical equations to calculate heat loads, the energy system’s response to those loads,
and energy use indices, along with related indices such as occupant comfort level and
energy cost.
Many different BEM tools can import data files from BIM to perform energy simula-
tions, aiming for the goal of energy-efficient building use [15]. However, these tools have
various limitations and must be appropriately selected for the highest efficiency in each
construction stage by different design professionals. There have been numerous studies
applying BEM with various tools to address various specialized issues [16–18].
Despite some prior research on the BIM-BEM model for energy simulation, there needs
to be more emphasis on the design of building surfaces, including window arrangements
and shading walls that incorporate new materials appropriate for local conditions. This
deficiency is particularly pronounced in Ha Noi City, Vietnam, which is representative
of tropical cities that receive copious amounts of solar radiation and experience high
temperatures throughout the year [7,19]. This gap in the literature motivates the present
study, which aims to propose a simulation model that integrates energy optimization
strategies and intelligent design proposals for building surfaces and shading walls.
Specifically, this study aims to develop a simulation model that integrates energy
optimization proposals for building surfaces using new materials and design options
suitable for local conditions, particularly in hot and sunny climates such as Ha Noi City
in Vietnam. The model can improve energy efficiency and reduce costs by selecting the
optimal surface options. The study will analyze the effectiveness of these options and
propose design guidelines for future construction projects. The results of this research will
be helpful for architects, engineers, and building owners interested in optimizing energy
use and reducing costs in hot and sunny climates.

2. Literature Review
The integration of BIM and BEM provides numerous advantages, such as simplify-
ing data management and enabling automation in energy modeling, enhancing output
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 3 of 24

representation, and facilitating the storage and organization of new building data. Advance-
ments in the interoperability of BIM and BEM would significantly enhance the usability of
building performance simulation (BPS) by facilitating the seamless data transfer between
the two systems, which would save time and effort, reduce human error, and open BPS
to non-specialized professionals [20]. The literature review in this paper focuses on the
integration of BIM and BEM, the building envelope design for efficient energy usage, and
the use of energy analysis tools in building design. These methodologies are employed to
develop the integrated BIM-BEM simulation system that is presented in this paper.

2.1. The Integration of BIM and BEM

The integration of BIM and BEM can provide numerous advantages throughout
various stages of the construction project. During the concept design stage, a simplified
thermal zone is sufficient for the rough energy model to evaluate design concepts, such as
building orientation, site location, renewable energy sources, and building massing [21].
Even though assumptions must be made regarding the energy model at this stage, the
energy model helps the design team to compare the performance of different design
alternatives [22].
As the design stage progresses, the level of building information becomes more
detailed, and BPS assists the design team in optimizing decisions involving HVAC systems,
various layouts, construction types, and basic architectural features [23]. During the design
and engineering development finalisation, BPS advances to the parametric analysis of the
selected design based on a more comprehensive energy model. Building components have
been evaluated through energy simulations available in BIM, transformed into BEM models,
and compared against green criteria to make design decisions aimed at reducing energy
consumption in buildings [16]. The main obstacles to this performance-based process, such
as lack of time, money, and information, which have historically caused BPS activities and
results to lag behind the decision-making timeline, can be eliminated through the successful
interoperability between BIM and BEM [20].
The integration of BIM and BEM can be executed at various levels through a typical
workflow consisting of three fundamental stages. First, the BIM model is optimized
by eliminating irrelevant data and refining the building geometry, internal loads, and
equipment systems within the BIM authoring software [24]. Secondly, the simplified BIM
model is exported into interoperable-friendly formats, such as Industry Foundation Classes
(IFC) and Green Building XML (gbXML) [25]. Lastly, BIM files are imported into the
modeler graphical user interfaces (GUIs) of most Building Performance Simulation (BPS)
tools, such as DesignBuilder, EnergyPlus, DOE-2, and ApacheSim, which convert building
data into usable information by the respective simulation engines [14].
However, despite the potential benefits of BIM-BEM integration, studies have found
that achieving satisfactory synchronization of the two tools remains a significant challenge,
and the data flow between the programs is often one-way, meaning that any modifications
made in BEM are not reflected in the BIM model [26]. BIM tools may not provide many
options for customization, such as operation schedule or HVAC, but they can still be a
useful tool for early design analysis to support decisions regarding building form, mass,
orientation, and fenestration, where BIM’s geometry and construction data can accelerate
deployment [20].
As a result, the trend of using BEM energy models in building construction is becoming
increasingly popular. Using BEM to analyze buildings’ energy efficiency helps to reduce
analysis time, provide reliable energy metrics, and provide a basis for decisions made
by architects, engineers, and building managers. The authors propose a novel method
for integrating BIM and BEM in this study by using the Autodesk Insight 360 tool. This
new, efficient, and user-friendly tool effectively addresses data conversion errors from BIM
to BEM.
 sis of the surfaces and shapes in the BEM.
The initial shape of a building in a city is often not flexible, so this mainly depends
on planning and architectural criteria. The use of multiple different shapes to choose the
best shape for reduced energy use is usually only applied to buildings outside of a city.
Therefore, the focus will be on designing the external shell, vertical facade, and wall ma-
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 terials and glass cladding materials [27]. In addition, the vertical facade design is a4top of 24
factor related to the quality of the indoor environment of the building. However, the ver-
tical facade also directly relates to the capacity of the ventilation and air conditioning sys-
tem and the investment
2.2. Designing cost
the Building for thisfor
Envelope system
Energy[25]. The quality
Efficient Use of the vertical facade design
and surface cladding of the vertical facade is decisive with regard to the energy costs of
The process of designing a building’s envelope holds significant importance in archi-
the building [28]. However, the decision-making process to change the design and retrofit
tectural design, showcasing the aesthetic and artistic elements of the structure. This has led
buildings for energy-efficient use is still lacking in studies using optimization and energy
to an increased focus on visual calculation methods for selecting building materials that
models [29]. Some studies focus on changing the structure and orientation of buildings to
optimize solar energy impact, which has become a growing trend in the professional com-
increase sustainability and energy savings. However, integrated optimization models
munity [14]. Analyzing the building envelope in the BEM involves reviewing the geometry,
have not been widely used, especially in evaluating and optimising surface factors (En-
features, relationships, and zoning. Figure 1 shows a representation of the analysis of the
velop) [30].
surfaces and shapes in the BEM.

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Analysis
Analysis of
of the
the surfaces
surfaces and
and spaces
spaces shapes
shapes in
in the
theBEM.
BEM.

The
Mostinitial shapetoday
designers of a building in aand
lack concern cityadequate
is often not flexible,
resources toso this mainly
evaluate depends
the impact of
on planning and architectural criteria. The use of multiple different shapes
different materials on the energy consumption and overall flexibility of the facade design to choose
the best shape
of buildings, for the
from reduced energy
exterior use is
cladding usually
system only
to the applied
energy useto buildings
efficiency. outside
Most of a
current
city. Therefore,
simulation toolsthe focusawill
require be onmanual
complex designing the external
process with manyshell, vertical facade,
calculations and op-
to achieve wall
materials andresults.
timal design glass cladding materials
The limitations and[27]. In addition,
integrated the of
solutions vertical facadeindesign
simulations is a
the con-
top factor design
struction relatedprocess
to the quality of the
have been indoor in
discussed environment of the building.
numerous studies However,
[31]. Reducing the
energy
vertical facadeinalso
consumption directly relates
construction to the capacity
by changing of the
the surface ventilation
design and airand
of buildings conditioning
cladding
system and the investment cost for this system [25]. The quality of the vertical facade
design and surface cladding of the vertical facade is decisive with regard to the energy
costs of the building [28]. However, the decision-making process to change the design
and retrofit buildings for energy-efficient use is still lacking in studies using optimization
and energy models [29]. Some studies focus on changing the structure and orientation of
buildings to increase sustainability and energy savings. However, integrated optimization
models have not been widely used, especially in evaluating and optimising surface factors
(Envelop) [30].
Most designers today lack concern and adequate resources to evaluate the impact of
different materials on the energy consumption and overall flexibility of the facade design
of buildings, from the exterior cladding system to the energy use efficiency. Most current
simulation tools require a complex manual process with many calculations to achieve
optimal design results. The limitations and integrated solutions of simulations in the
construction design process have been discussed in numerous studies [31]. Reducing
energy consumption in construction by changing the surface design of buildings and
cladding materials has become a research area of great interest to many scientists. In
particular, building energy modeling (BEM) is recognized as an effective design tool for
making design and investment decisions for construction projects.
Although there have been some studies on BIM-BEM models for simulating energy
usage, there are few studies on building surfaces and wall cladding construction using
 new materials that are suitable for different climate regions that are used to optimize en
ergy efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, this research aims to develop an energ
simulation model combined with intelligent design change proposals to select an optima
surface option for efficient energy usage and reasonable cost. From there, it helps design
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 5 of 24
ers and building managers to improve the energy savings of the building through adjus
ments to certain components of the building facade design.
new materials that are suitable for different climate regions that are used to optimize
2.3. Energy
energyAnalysis
efficiencyTools for Efficient Energy
and cost-effectiveness. Use in
Therefore, thisBuilding Design
research aims to develop an energy
simulation model combined with intelligent design change proposals to select an optimal
The building design process requires collaboration among experts from various di
surface option for efficient energy usage and reasonable cost. From there, it helps designers
ciplines
and from the managers
building early stages of thethe
to improve project.
energy All experts
savings of the can propose
building throughinnovative
adjustmentssolution
in theirto respective fields and
certain components of thefor others
building as well.
facade design.All proposed solutions are carefully re
orded and evaluated for their impacts on cost, energy, and sustainability. Therefore, opt
2.3. Energy Analysis Tools for Efficient Energy Use in Building Design
mizing the initial design for efficient energy use in a building is a complex process tha
The building design process requires collaboration among experts from various disci-
requires rigorous analysis and involves many stakeholders.
plines from the early stages of the project. All experts can propose innovative solutions in
One
theirof the most
respective important
fields toolsasfor
and for others supporting
well. All proposed integrated design
solutions are is Building
carefully recorded Energ
Modeling [32]. Essentially,
and evaluated BEM isonthe
for their impacts process
cost, energy, of andsimulating theTherefore,
sustainability. entire building
optimizing operation
the initial design for efficient energy use in a building is a complex
including the thermal data of building materials, interior spaces, human activities, ligh process that requires
rigorous analysis and involves many stakeholders.
ing systems, equipment systems, and the entire HVAC system.
One of the most important tools for supporting integrated design is Building Energy
Several
Modeling studies have focused
[32]. Essentially, on process
BEM is the developing information
of simulating the entireenergy
buildingmodels
operation,based o
building design
including theelements.
thermal data Energy modeling
of building materials, based onspaces,
interior building
human design data
activities, such as geo
lighting
systems, equipment systems, and the entire HVAC system.
graphical location, site geology, the openness of doors and windows, construction mate
Several studies have focused on developing information energy models based on
rials, building orientation, building shape, and the heat transfer properties of glass ha
building design elements. Energy modeling based on building design data such as geo-
been extensively researched
graphical location, [17].the openness of doors and windows, construction materials,
site geology,
The simulation
building of energy
orientation, buildingconsumption
shape, and theto optimize
heat design inofconstruction
transfer properties glass has beenhas bee
considered in many
extensively studies
researched [17].[33]. Several energy simulation systems have been develope
The simulation
by software manufacturers to assess of energy consumption to optimizeofdesign
the effectiveness in construction
a building, both inhas beenof overa
terms
considered in many studies [33]. Several energy simulation systems have been developed by
and detailed performance (Figure 2). Previous authors have used different simulation lan
software manufacturers to assess the effectiveness of a building, both in terms of overall and
guagesdetailed
and tools to simulate
performance (Figure energy consumption,
2). Previous authors havesuchused as EnergyPlus
different simulation[34], Modelica [35
languages
and OpenStudio
and tools to simulate energy consumption, such as EnergyPlus [34], Modelica [35], and for non
[36]. However, using these languages and tools poses challenges
OpenStudio
experts, architects,[36].andHowever,
engineers, using
as these languages
they require and tools posesand
programming challenges for non-skills.
data analysis
experts, architects, and engineers, as they require programming and data analysis skills.

Figure 2. The percentage distribution of language and energy modeling tool usage for construction
projects from 2018–2020.
 forming complex energy calculations and designs [37]. These software programs are be-
lieved to be user-friendly and intuitive, and interact directly with BIM models to provide
the necessary energy values. Figure 3 illustrates the development process of energy anal-
ysis supporting tools on the Autodesk Revit platform.
One of the strengths of energy simulation software on the Autodesk platform is the
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 6 of 24
highly efficient storage and processing of simulation data quickly, especially when using
construction data from BIM to simulate energy. This study proposes using support tools
in the Autodesk ecosystem to simulate and analyze the energy of a real project in Vietnam.
Based
Through on athe
this, information
reasonable provided,
simulation it can be
method canobserved that there
be proposed and are not many
promoted forstudies
use in
on energy simulation
real-world projects. Insoftware developed
particular, studiesby Autodesk.
utilizing The 360
Insight energy simulation
to simulate software
and analyze is
designed energy
building to run on Autodesk Revit
consumption stilland utilizes
have cloud
several storage toPrevious
limitations. support users in performing
research has often
complex
relied onenergy
complex calculations and designs [37].
and time-consuming These software
simulation programs
tools that requireare programming
believed to be
knowledge. This study proposes a simplified method for energy simulationthe
user-friendly and intuitive, and interact directly with BIM models to provide by necessary
allowing
energy values. Figure 3 illustrates the development
for quick and easy modifications to building designs. process of energy analysis supporting
tools on the Autodesk Revit platform.

Figure 3.
Figure The development
3. The development process
processofofenergy
energyanalysis
analysissupporting tools
supporting on on
tools thethe
Autodesk Revit
Autodesk platform.
Revit plat-
form.
One of the strengths of energy simulation software on the Autodesk platform is
the highly efficient storage and processing of simulation data quickly, especially when
3. Research Methodology
using construction data from BIM to simulate energy. This study proposes using support
3.1.
toolsSimulation Tools in the
in the Autodesk Study to simulate and analyze the energy of a real project in
ecosystem
In this
Vietnam. study, various
Through simulationsimulation
this, a reasonable tools were method
utilized,can
including Autodesk
be proposed Revit and
and promoted
two other
for use in energy simulation
real-world tools:
projects. Autodeskstudies
In particular, Insight utilizing
and Green Building
Insight 360 Studio-GBS. An
to simulate and
energy
analyzemodel
buildingwasenergy
created in BIM by the
consumption authors
still based on
have several the initialPrevious
limitations. information, suchhas
research as
the
oftenbuilding
relied onoperation
complexschedule, wall, roof and
and time-consuming window material
simulation tools thattypes, andprogramming
require the window
knowledge.
opening ratioThis study proposes
on different buildinga facades.
simplified methodthe
Through forsimulation
energy simulation
process on bythe
allowing
Auto-
for quick
desk and easy
360 cloud modifications
system, these toolstowere
building
used designs.
to identify the most energy-efficient materi-
als and design options.
3. Research
a. AutodeskMethodology
Revit software
3.1. Simulation
Autodesk Tools in the Study
is a pioneering software company and a leader in developing BIM support
In this study,
applications. Among various
them,simulation tools is
Autodesk Revit were utilized,
powerful including
software that Autodesk Revit and
provides invaluable
two other
support forenergy simulation
architects tools: Autodesk
and engineers that is builtInsight and to
according Green Building
the BIM Studio-GBS.
approach to con-
An energy
struct modelmodel
a building was created in BIM by
with integrated the authors
information. based on
It enables the initial
designers to information,
realize their
such as
ideas the building
through operation
a consistent schedule,model
collaborative wall, roof
withanddatawindow material
on materials andtypes, and the
construction
window opening ratio on different building facades. Through the simulation process on
the Autodesk 360 cloud system, these tools were used to identify the most energy-efficient
materials and design options.
a. Autodesk Revit software
Autodesk is a pioneering software company and a leader in developing BIM support
applications. Among them, Autodesk Revit is powerful software that provides invaluable
support for architects and engineers that is built according to the BIM approach to con-
struct a building model with integrated information. It enables designers to realize their
ideas through a consistent collaborative model with data on materials and construction
components [38]. Figure 4 represents the steps required to develop BIM models on Revit
for energy simulation purposes
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 25

Energies 2023, 16, 3976 7 ofRevit

components [38]. Figure 4 represents the steps required to develop BIM models on 24

for energy simulation purposes

Figure4.4.Steps
Figure Stepstotodevelop
developBIM
BIMmodels
modelsonon Revit
Revit forfor energy
energy simulation
simulation purposes.
purposes.

In
In this
this study,
study, the
the author
author used Revit to
used Revit to model
model thethebuilding
buildingininarchitectural
architecturalmodel
modelfor-
format, includingthe
mat, including thebuilding’s
building’s massing
massing andand surrounding
surroundingelements
elements(such
(suchasas
wall types,
wall types,
doors, windows, roofs, floors, and ceilings). The selected building is a large-scale
doors, windows, roofs, floors, and ceilings). The selected building is a large-scale public public
building
buildingwithwithsubstantial
substantial requirements
requirements withwith
regard to managing
regard energyenergy
to managing consumption, and
consumption,
the model includes information about the building’s location, weather conditions,
and the model includes information about the building’s location, weather conditions, building
type, and intended use.
building type, and intended use.
b. The energy simulation model and cloud computing of Green Building Studio
b. The energy simulation model and cloud computing of Green Building Studio
and Autodesk Insight
and Autodesk Insight
Autodesk Green Building Studio is a cloud-hosted energy analysis tool that can help
Autodesk Green Building Studio is a cloud-hosted energy analysis tool that can help
designers, architects, engineers, and energy analysts perform faster energy analyses on
designers,
multiple architects,
building engineers,
designs, optimizing and energy
energyperformance
analysts perform
throughfaster energyduring
proposals analyses
the on
multiple building
design process [39]. designs, optimizing energy performance through proposals during the
design process [39].
Autodesk Insight 360 is a recently developed energy analysis software by Autodesk
(2018)Autodesk Insightusers
that can support 360 isinasimultaneous
recently developed
energy energy
analysisanalysis software in
and optimization byaAutodesk
visual
(2018)
and that can support
automated way (Figureusers5).inOptimizing
simultaneous energyenergy
building analysis and optimization
performance in a visual
with Insight is
and reliable,
fast, automated andway (Figure
scalable 5). Optimizing
for improving energy building energy
performance byperformance
automaticallywith Insight is
generating
fast, reliable,
energy modelsand scalable fordesigns
or alternative improvingbased energy
on theperformance
original Revit bymodel
automatically generating
through analysis
energyThe
steps. models or of
results alternative
optimizing designs
energy based on the original
performance Revit model
are visualized and through
provide analysis
early
decision-making
steps. The resultsfor ofenergy-saving
optimizing energy solutions for the building
performance [40].
are visualized and provide early de-
cision-making for energy-saving solutions for the building [40].
3.2. Technical Calculation Indicators for the Simulation Process
a. Energy Use Intensity (EUI) index
Energy use intensity as shown in Equation (1), and is a metric used to measure
a building’s energy efficiency. It is typically calculated as the energy consumed by a
building per square foot or square meter of floor area per year. EUI is expressed in
energy per unit of floor area per year, such as kWh/sq.m./year. The lower the EUI value,
the more efficient the building is in terms of energy usage. EUI is commonly used in
building energy benchmarking and rating systems to compare the energy performance of
different buildings.
The operation of buildings accounts for a substantial portion of energy consumption,
leading to substantial carbon emissions that contribute to global warming. As a result,
reducing both EUI and energy costs through the application of BIM technology for energy
analysis has become an essential approach [41]. EUI (kWh/m2 /year) studies have been
conducted on most constructed buildings, and all homebuyers or residents must have an
energy consumption rating certificate [42].
   
∑ Site Energy Use kWh a − ∑ Site Renewable Energy Generation kWh a
EU I = (1)
Modelled Floor area (m2 )

This research aims to present a simulation method that enables the assessment of
different design strategies to lower energy usage through alterations in design criteria,
resulting in the creation of an optimal energy-efficient building model with reduced EUI and
energy costs. In developed countries such as the United States and Canada, policymakers
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 8 of 24

publish a list of average EUI indicators related to different types of structures [43,44], as
shown
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEWin
Table 1. Based on this list, designers can evaluate whether their building’s
8 of 25 EUI is
good or bad compared to similar structures of the same type.

Figure 5. The interface and display metrics of the Autodesk Insight 360 Tool.
Figure 5. The interface and display metrics of the Autodesk Insight 360 Tool.
3.2. Technical Calculation Indicators for the Simulation Process
Table 1. Statistics of Use
a. Energy the Intensity
average EUI
(EUI)for buildings in the United States in 2021.
index
Energy use intensity as shown in Equation (1), and is a metric used to measure a
Project Type It is typically calculated as the energy
Average EUI (kWh/m 2 /Year)
building’s energy efficiency. consumed by a build-
ing per squareBank
foot Branch
or square meter of floor area per year. EUI is expressed in energy per
662.15
unit of floorFinancial
area per Office
year, such as kWh/sq.m./year. The lower the EUI 367.19value, the more
efficient the building
College is in terms of energy usage. EUI is commonly used569.72
or University in building en-
ergy benchmarking and rating systems to compare the energy performance
School of different
329.34
buildings.Pre-school/Daycare 414.83
The operation
Vocational School of
orbuildings accounts for a substantial portion of energy
Adult Education consumption,
348.27
leading to Convenience
substantial carbon
Store emissions that contribute to global warming. As a result,
1869.41
reducing both EUI and energy costs through the application of BIM technology
Bar/Nightclub 936.91for energy
analysis has
Fastbecome an essential approach [41]. EUI (kWh/m2/year) studies
Food Restaurant 2796.23have been
conducted on most constructed buildings, and all homebuyers or residents
Restaurant must have an
1809.79
energySupermarket/Grocery
consumption rating certificate
Store [42]. 1400.64
Wholesale Club/Supercenter 378.55
∑ ∑
Ambulatory𝐸𝑈𝐼 Surgical
= Center 436.28 (1)
Hospital (General Medical & Surgical) 1346.69
This research
Medicalaims to present a simulation method that enables the
Office assessment of
383.91
different design strategies
Office to lower energy usage through alterations in367.19
design criteria,
resulting in Veterinary
the creation of an optimal energy-efficient building model with
Office reduced EUI
459.94
and energy costs. In developed countries such as the United States and 353.31
Entertainment Canada, policy-
makers publish a listFacility
Worship of average EUI indicators related to different types of structures
184.23
Courthouse
[43,44], as shown 666.88their build-
in Table 1. Based on this list, designers can evaluate whether
ing’s EUI isFire/Police
good or bad Station
compared to similar structures of the same type.394.01
Library 453.00

b. U-Value and R-Value of building materials

The U-Value (W/(m2 K)) and R-Value (m2 K/W) of building materials, as shown in
Equations (2) and (3), are important parameters used for energy modeling. Any building
material used in a BIM environment must declare these two values to serve the energy
modeling process.
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 9 of 24

The U-Value (Thermal Transmittance) of a product refers to the heat loss through the
building components, calculated as the rate of heat loss per square meter of material. When
searching for better-performing products, the lower the U-Value, the better the product can
prevent heat loss. A lower U-Value means less heat is lost, preventing unwanted heat flow
and loss.
1
U= (2)
R
The R-Value (Thermal Resistance) represents the thermal resistance of building com-
ponents, and in contrast to the U-value, the higher the R-value, the better the product
performs, meaning that it reduces heat loss (the higher the R-value, the better the insula-
tion). All building factors have a defined R-value, including walls, glass types, roofs, floors,
and ceilings. Each layer will have a different R-value, especially in multi-layered walls,
which are calculated to determine the overall R-value for energy simulation [45].

Di
Ri = (3)
Ki
where Ri is the resistance value of the house wall layer or material i. Di is the thickness
of the house wall layer or material i. K, also known as Thermal Conductivity (W/mK),
is a physical quantity characteristic of the material’s ability to conduct heat. Each type of
material has a different K-value.
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 25
Efficient energy simulation necessitates carefully selecting and declaring the R-value
and U-value coefficients for key building components, including cladding walls, windows,
floors,
windows,and roofs.
floors, and Calculating detailed
roofs. Calculating values
detailed values for eachlayer
for each layerof of multi-layered materials, such
multi-layered
materials,
as walls such
and as walls is
roofs, and roofs, is necessary
necessary to determine
to determine the the mostaccurate
most accurate U-Value
U-Value index [46].
index [46].
3.3. The Proposed Framework
3.3. The Proposed Framework
The
The proposed
proposed framework
framework for
for energy energyinsimulation
simulation in building
building projects is based onprojects
the is based on the
BIM platform
BIM platform andand several
several integrated
integrated tools,arewhich
tools, which arethrough
executed executedfour through
primary four primary steps,
steps,
as as illustrated
illustrated ininFigure
Figure 6.
6.

Figure 6. The flowchart of the proposed framework.

Figure 6. The flowchart of the proposed framework.
• Step 1: a 3D model of the construction project is initiated through Autodesk Revit
software. The project is declared with critical parameters such as primary structure
material type, weather and construction location, HVAC system, glass type, building
type, and operational time of the project.
• Step 2: After the 3D model is built with the blocks and material surfaces declared, the
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 10 of 24

• Step 1: a 3D model of the construction project is initiated through Autodesk Revit

software. The project is declared with critical parameters such as primary structure
material type, weather and construction location, HVAC system, glass type, building
type, and operational time of the project.
• Step 2: After the 3D model is built with the blocks and material surfaces declared,
the spaces of the project are divided and adjusted, and the support tool is used to
transform the 3D model into an energy model with flat surfaces, which is a closed space
model. Any gaps and openings that appear need to be adjusted to avoid discrepancies
in the energy simulation process in the following steps.
• Step 3: the Autodesk Insight support tool is used to simulate and upload energy data
to the Autodesk 360 cloud for analysis. The simulation results will be displayed on the
Insight interface to allow users to change the design to alter the energy consumption
level. The energy model is a geometric chart built on flat surfaces with components
being transformed into surfaces along with U-value parameters to calculate the heat
loading and energy consumption process. This is a comprehensive 3D model of
buildings that can be analyzed and calculated using either online or offline tools. By
utilizing this energy model, users can optimize the utilization of building material
factors. From the simulated architectural 3D model, the author initiated an energy
model in BIM with support tools for energy analysis and energy model setup, with
initial settings such as the project’s activity schedule and the HVAC system set to
default to the intended use.
• Step 4: Based on the results obtained from Step 3, the model is calibrated and simulated
to suit various environmental situations on the Cloud platform of the Green Building
Studio-GBS and Autodesk Insight tools. Through simulated scenarios on the Cloud,
each case corresponds to changes in design elements to provide a suitable Energy Use
Intensity (EUI) index for the needs of building designers and managers.
During the simulation of surface design options, the Green Building Studio-GBS tool
automatically runs multiple scenarios to provide energy intensity (EUI-kWh/m2 /year)
and related energy usage costs for each design option. The energy model is then fed into
the Autodesk Insight tool to identify building material layers and forecast energy usage
for each design option. This simulation process generates charts depicting various design
options’ energy use intensity (EUI-kWh/m2 /year). The simulation process will identify
the best design option with the highest energy efficiency based on the EUI index.
The simulation methodology will be described in detail through case studies to il-
lustrate the steps and results of supporting surface design options to improve building
energy efficiency.

4. Optimizing Envelope Design Selection to Enhance Building Energy Efficiency and

Cost-Effectiveness with a Case Study
4.1. Introduction to the Selected Building Data for Analysis
This study selects an actual building on which to simulate the BIM environment, and
then proceeds to the BEM model to analyze the energy for the building in order to specify
the proposed energy simulation process. The selected building is located in Me Tri, Hanoi,
Vietnam. The simulated project is the SOS Children’s Village play and learning area, which
is sponsored by the United Nations Children’s Fund and is scheduled to begin construction
in 2024. The building has a scale that includes three large classrooms, two standard activity
rooms, four small classrooms, and 14 other utility rooms. Table 2 displays the principal
building parameters.
As a foreign-invested project, the protect owner has substantial requirements for
applying calculation models in the construction process and using energy-efficient materials
inside the building. Analyzing and simulating energy consumption in this project is
considered necessary to advise architects and owners with regard to the selection of design
options and construction materials.
 Energies 2023, 16, 3976 11 of 24

Table 2. Key parameters of the project.

Attribute Value
Project type School
Location Hanoi City, Vietnam
Floor area 1490 m2
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 25
Largest room area 237 m2
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW Total roof area 1442 m2 12 of 25

the ID code of 633598,

Collecting located
data on approximately
the weather 6.1 km northwest
at the construction of the construction
site is crucial, and is an input sitefactor
in
Hanoi.
forthe According
IDenergy
the to data located
code ofsimulation
633598, provided by the local6.1
approximately
model. The authors weather station,
kmselected
have northwest thethe
of
a nearby month of June
construction
weather expe-
site
station in
with
riences the
Hanoi. highest
According temperatures,
to data typically
provided by the ranging
local between
weather 33–36
station, the °C. Conversely,
month
the ID code of 633598, located approximately 6.1 km northwest of the construction site of June De-
expe-
cember seesthe
inriences
Hanoi. the lowesttemperatures,
highest
According temperatures,
to data providedwithbyreadings
typically ranging
the typically
local weatherfalling
between 33–36 between
°C.
station, 7.5–10
Conversely,
the month °C.
ofDe-June
The critical
cember weather
sees the parameters
lowest at the
temperatures,construction
with site
readings are shown
typically in
falling
experiences the highest temperatures, typically ranging between 33–36 C. Conversely,the charts
between
◦ in Figures
7.5–10 °C.
7–10. The critical
December weather
sees parameters
the lowest at the construction
temperatures, with readings site typically
are shownfalling
in the between
charts in Figures
7.5–10 ◦ C.
7–10.
The critical weather parameters at the construction site are shown in the charts in Figures 7–10.

Figure
Figure
Figure 7. 7.Site
7. Site Site
plan plan of the
of of
plan the construction
construction
the project.
project.
construction project.

Figure 8. Chart illustrating the average temperature by month at the construction site.
Figure
Figure 8. Chart
8. Chart illustrating
illustrating thethe average
average temperature
temperature byby month
month at at
thethe construction
construction site.
site.
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Energies 2023,
Energies 16,16,x 3976
2023, FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 24 13

Figure Statistical
Figure9.9.9.
Figure chart
Statistical
Statistical of humidity
chart
chart distribution
of humidity
humidity over timeover
distribution
distribution at the
over construction
time
time atatthe site.
theconstruction
construction site.
site.

Figure10.10.
Figure Chart
Chart illustrating
illustrating thedirection
the wind wind direction andthroughout
and intensity intensitythe
throughout the year atsite.
year at the construction the constru
Figure
site. 10. Chart illustrating the wind direction and intensity throughout the year at the cons
4.2. Initiating the 3D Model of the Construction Project
site.
4.2. Based on the
Initiating the2D3Ddrawings
Model ofandthedata collected onProject
Construction the architectural structure, construc-
tion site, weather conditions, and complex HVAC system, the research team used Autodesk
4.2. Initiating
Based on the
the 3D2DModel of theand
drawings Construction
data in Project
collected on the architectural structure, cons
Revit software to model the construction project the architectural model format: building
tionBased
volume site, on the 2D
andweather
surrounding drawings
conditions,
elements and and data
doors,collected
complex
(walls, HVAC on
windows, the
system,
roof, architectural
the
floor, research structure,
ceiling). team usedco A
tion To enable
desksite,
Revit the
software
weather energy simulation
to model and
conditions, process, the
the construction
complex HVAC3D architectural
project model
in thethe
system, initiation
architectural must
research teammodelused
for
meet the
building specific requirements of the request. The research team had to draw or model the
desk Revitvolume
software andtosurrounding elements (walls,
model the construction doors,
project in windows, roof, floor,
the architectural ceili
model
components and structural elements of the project with complex structures to ensure the
buildingTo enable
volume the energy simulation process, the 3D architectural model initiation
most effective energyand surrounding
simulation, especiallyelements (walls,
for the interior doors,
spaces andwindows, roof, floor, ce
the outer envelope
meet the
To of
surfaces specific
enable requirements
the energy
the construction of
simulation
project the request. The research team
process, the 3D architectural model
(Figures 11–13). had to draw or m
initiatio
the components
meet the specificand structural elements
requirements of the project
of the request. with complex
The research structures
team had to drawto or
en
the most effective energy simulation, especially for the interior spaces and
the components and structural elements of the project with complex structures tothe oute
velope
the mostsurfaces of energy
effective the construction project
simulation, (Figures
especially 11–13)
for the interior spaces and the ou
velope surfaces of the construction project (Figures 11–13)
Energies2023,
Energies 2023, 16,xxxFOR
FORPEER
PEERREVIEW
REVIEW 14 of
of25
25
Energies 2023, 16, FOR
16, 3976 PEER REVIEW 14
13 of
14 25
24

Figure 11.
Figure 11. The
The 3D
3D model
modelof
ofthe
theconstruction
constructionproject.
project.
Figure 11.
Figure 11. The
The 3D
3D model of the construction project.

Figure12.
Figure
Figure 12.Elevations
Elevationsalong
alongthe
the1-20
1-20and
and20-1
20-1axes
axesof
ofthe
theconstruction
constructionproject.
project.
Figure 12.
12. Elevations
Elevations along
along the
the 1-20
1-20 and
and 20-1
20-1 axes
axes of
of the
the construction
construction project.
project.

Figure 13.
Figure13. Elevations
13.Elevations along
Elevationsalong the
alongthe A-E
theA-E and
A-Eand E-A
andE-A axes
E-Aaxes of
axesof the
ofthe construction
theconstruction project.
constructionproject.
project.
Figure
Figure 13. Elevations along the A-E and E-A axes of the construction project.
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 14 of 24

The energy model is a geometrical representation employed by building simulation

software such as Revit to evaluate optimization. It is a common technique that involves
reconstructing buildings in three-dimensional (3D) space, based on declared project data,
to calculate and analyze energy indices. Some critical design parameters in the construction
and energy modeling process are summarized and presented in Table 3. In particular, the
next stage declares surface elements and main components with correct material types
corresponding to different U-values for effective energy simulation.

Table 3. Design parameters of the surface and main structures of the building.

U-Value Area
Attribute Material
W/(m2 K) (m2 )
Roofing System Sloping roof—domestic 3.3775 1442
Exterior Wall 8 in concrete wall hollow 3.3013 1079
Interior Wall 4 in common brick 2.1535 1274
Floor Passive floor, no insulation, tile 2.9582 1490
Reflective single glazing—1/4 in
Exterior Window thick—14% stainless steel on clear glass 5.9050 476
(SHGC = 0.25)
Door French door, metal frame with single glass 6.8703 126

4.3. Energy Simulation of Green Building Studio and Autodesk Insight

The energy model is a geometric representation constructed using planes that trans-
form building components into surface shapes with U-value parameters to determine the
heat load and energy consumption of a building. This modeling technique is widely used
to reconstruct buildings in 3D space for analysis and calculation using online and offline
tools. By utilizing the energy model, users can optimize the selection of building materials
to improve energy efficiency.
From the simulated 3D architectural model, the author initiated an energy model in
BIM, including the energy analysis support tools and model setup, with the following
initial settings: operating schedule of the construction, HVAC system set to default for
classroom use, and the declaration of operation time as well as the calculation of other
indexes as required (Table 4).

Table 4. Declaration parameters when performing energy simulations.

Attribute Value
Project type Classroom
Floor area 1490 m2
Space function Classroom
Operating time (8AM–8PM) 12h/6d/w
Num. of people per area 0.0565 ppl/m2
Window-Wall-Ratio 44%
HVAC system Central Variable Air Volume (VAV), Chiller 5.96

After entering the necessary energy parameters, the Simulation Energy feature in
Revit is used to create the BEM energy model. When the simulation is complete, the energy
model will be exported to a gbXML file and uploaded to the Autodesk Cloud. This output
data will be used as an input for the GBS and Autodesk Insight 360 tools to continue the
energy analysis process (Figure 14).
 Energies
ergies 2023,2023,
16, x16,
FORx FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 16 of 2516
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 15 of 24

Figure 14. Energy space model converted from a 3D model.

Figure As
14.mentioned,
Figure 14. Energy
Energy space the
space energy
model
model model
converted
converted analysis
from is model.
a 3Damodel.
from 3D created from the Room Bounding ele-
ments in the Revit model. The result is a simplified model consisting of surfaces similar
As mentioned, the energy model analysis is created from the Room Bounding elements
to ainAs
SketchUp modelthe
thementioned,
Revit model. (Figure
The energy
result14). aBy
ismodel selecting
analysis
simplified the is
model surfaces
created and
consisting of adjusting
from the 3D
the Room
surfaces similar toEnergy
Bounding
a
Model
ments view’s
SketchUp display
in themodel
Revit(Figure options,
model. 14).The designers
By selecting
result isthe can ensure
a surfaces
simplified that there
and adjusting are no anomalies
the 3D Energy
model consisting of Model beforesim
surfaces
starting the simulation [40]. To ensure the best energy simulation process, the surfaces
to a view’s displaymodel
SketchUp options,(Figure
designers canBy
14). ensure that there
selecting thearesurfaces
no anomalies
andbefore startingthe
adjusting the3D Ene
must be adjusted
simulation after
[40]. To transformation
ensure the best energytosimulation
ensure that therethe
process, are not too
surfaces many
must gaps on the
be adjusted
Model view’s displaytooptions,
after transformation
designers can ensure that on
there are no anomalies bef
energy-intensive surfaceensure
which that
could there areenergy
cause not too loss
many andgaps
leakagetheduring
energy-intensive
the simulation
starting the
surface
(Figure 15).
simulation
which could [40].
cause To
energy ensure
loss and the best
leakage energy
during the simulation
simulation process,
(Figure 15). the surfa
must be adjusted after transformation to ensure that there are not too many gaps on
energy-intensive surface which could cause energy loss and leakage during the simula
(Figure 15).

Figure 15.15.
Figure Adjusting
Adjustingenergy
energyzones to avoid
zones to avoidenergy
energyloss
loss during
during simulation.
simulation.

Studies
Studies have
have suggestedthat
suggested thatusers
usersshould
should only
only useuse the
the “Use
“Use Conceptual
Conceptual Masses
Masses and
and Building Elements” or “Use Building Elements” feature to
Building Elements” or “Use Building Elements” feature to run the simulation run the simulation most
most effi-
efficiently, particularly with regard to declaring and setting the parameters before running
ciently,
Figure particularly with regard toavoid
declaring and setting the parameters before running
the15. Adjusting
simulation. Theenergy zones to
“Use Conceptual energy
Masses” loss
feature during
is no longersimulation.
recommended for energy
thesimulation
simulation. processes. To simulate effectively, a combination longer
The “Use Conceptual Masses” feature is no methodrecommended
(Use Conceptual for en-
ergy simulation
Studies
Masses and have processes.
suggested
Building Tothat
Elements) simulate effectively,
usersbe
should should only
sufficient awhen
combination
userunning
the “Usemethod (Use
Conceptual
simulations Concep-
in caseMasses
Building Elements” or “Use Building Elements” feature to run the simulation case
tual Masses
some and
material Building
layers are Elements)
not fully should
declared be sufficient
(Figure 16). when running simulations in most e
some material layers are not fully declared (Figure 16).
ciently, particularly with regard to declaring and setting the parameters before runn
the simulation. The “Use Conceptual Masses” feature is no longer recommended for
ergy simulation processes. To simulate effectively, a combination method (Use Conc
Energies 2023,
Energies 16,16,
2023, x FOR
3976PEER REVIEW 1724
16 of of 25
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 25

Figure
Figure16.
16.The
Theinterface
interfacefor
forsetting
setting the parameters
the parameters andthe
parameters and
and theenergy
energysimulation
simulation model.
model.
Figure 16. The interface for setting the the energy simulation model.

4.4.
4.4.Simulating
4.4. SimulatingDesign
Simulating DesignOptions
Design Options for
Options for the ConstructionSurface
the Construction
Construction Surface
Surface
During
During this
Duringthis step,
thisstep, the
step,the GBS
theGBS tool will automatically
automaticallyexecute
GBS tool will automatically execute247
execute 247simulations
247 simulations
simulations to generate
to to generate
generate
the energyintensity
intensity(EUI-kWh/m
(EUI-kWh/m 2 /year)
the
theenergy
energy intensity (EUI-kWh/m 2 /year) andand
and thethe
the related
related
related energy
energy
energy usage
usage usage
costs costs
costs
forfor for
each
each each
mod-
mod-
modification
ification mademade
ificationmade totothetodesign
the the design
design option.
option.
option. The
The energy
The energy
energy model
model model in Figure
ininFigure
Figure 1414is14 is also
isalso
also imported
imported
imported into
into
into
the the Autodesk
theAutodesk
AutodeskInsight Insight
Insighttool tool
tool to to extract
to extract
extract materialmaterial
material layers layers
layersand and
andproposepropose
proposedesign design
design options
options
options with with
pre-
with pre-
predicted
dictedenergy
dicted energy
energy indexes
indexes
indexes (Figure
(Figure
(Figure 17).
17). TheThe simulationtool
simulation
simulation toolalso
tool alsooutputs
also outputs
outputs charts
charts
charts ofof
of energy
energy
energy use
useuse
intensity (EUI-kWh/m 2 /year) for simulated options with various alternative replacements.
intensity(EUI-kWh/m
intensity (EUI-kWh/m22/year) /year) for
for simulated
simulated options
optionswithwithvarious
variousalternative
alternative replacements.
replacements.
In
In particular,
particular, ititidentifies
identifies the
thebest
bestdesign
designoption
optioncorresponding
corresponding to the
to highest
the efficiency
highest EUI
efficiency
In particular, it identifies the best design option corresponding2 to the highest efficiency
index.
EUIindex.Around
index.Around the
Aroundthe world,
theworld,many
world, manycountries
many countries calculate EUI
calculate (kWh/m
EUI (kWh/m /year)
2/year) and requireas
and require it it it
EUI
an energy evaluation certificate for
countries
all home
calculate
buyers or
EUI (kWh/m
construction
2/year) and require
managers [44].
asasananenergy
energyevaluation
evaluationcertificate
certificate for
for all
all home
homebuyers
buyersororconstruction
constructionmanagersmanagers [44].
[44].

Figure 17. The 3D model decomposed for energy simulation in Autodesk Insight.
Figure 17. The 3D model decomposed for energy simulation in Autodesk Insight.
Figure 17. The 3D model decomposed for energy simulation in Autodesk Insight.
The author
The author will
will focus
focus on
on analyzing
analyzing the
the major
major factors
factors affecting
affecting the
the EUI
EUI index
index of
of the
the
construction on
construction on the
the Autodesk
Autodesk Insight
Insight tool
tool to
to select an
an ideal
ideal case
case with
with the most
most reasonable
The author will focus on analyzing theselect
major factors affectingthe
the EUIreasonable
index of the
energy indexes.
energy indexes. In this project,
In Autodesk
this project, the study
the study proposed changes and simulated energy with
with
construction on the Insight tool proposed changes
to select an and with
ideal case simulated energy
the most reasonable
regard to four main factors: Building Orientation (BO), East-facing Window to
regard to four main factors: Building Orientation (BO), East-facing Window to Wall RatioWall Ratio
energy indexes. In this project, the study proposed changes and simulated energy with
regard to four main factors: Building Orientation (BO), East-facing Window to Wall Ratio
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 17 of 24

(WWR-East), Window Glass Type (WG), and Wall Insulation Type (WC). The default
parameters proposed in Autodesk Insight are described in Table 5 and Figure 18.

Table 5. Design parameters utilized for simulation.

Factor Value Number of Simulated Values

BO BIM, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315 (o ) 9
WWR-East BIM, 15, 30, 40, 50, 65, 80, 95 (%) 8
WG BIM, SgI Clr, DbI LoE, DbI Clr, Trp LoE 5
BIM, Uninsulated, 12.25-inch SIP, R13 Metal, R13 Wood, R38 Wood,
WC 7
14-inch ICF
where the BIM value is the default value of the project declared in the BIM model.

In addition to the primary wall types in the initial BIM design model, we use various
other types, such as Uninsulated, R13 Metal, R13 Wood, 14-inch ICF, 12.25-inch SIP, and R38
Wood, where (1) Uninsulated: An uninsulated wall is a basic construction wall without any
insulation layer added. Uninsulated walls do not effectively prevent heat transfer, leading
to heat loss and increased energy costs. (2) R13 Metal: This is a thermally insulated wall
with a metal frame using insulating materials with an R13 insulation value. The R-value
is a unit of measurement for the insulating effectiveness of a material. R13 is a typical
value in the construction industry, providing a relatively good level of thermal insulation.
(3) R13 Wood: This is a thermally insulated wall with a wooden frame, using insulating
materials with an R13 insulation value. Similar to R13 Metal, the wall frame is made of
wood. (4) 14-inch ICF (Insulated Concrete Forms): This is a reinforced concrete wall that
includes insulating materials, with a thickness of 14 inches. ICF is a popular construction
system that combines insulation and reinforced concrete to create a high-strength and
thermal performance wall. (5) 12.25-inch SIP (Structural Insulated Panels): This is a wall
constructed with structural insulating panels with a thickness of 12.25 inches. SIPs are
panels consisting of an insulating core material (usually foam) sandwiched between two
layers of rigid material, such as plywood or foam board. They provide good thermal
performance and minimize heat loss. (6) R38 Wood: This is a thermally insulated wall with
a wooden frame that uses insulating materials with an R38 insulation value. The R38 value
indicates a higher insulating performance compared to R13, helping to reduce heat loss
and save energy.
For window glass, in addition to the initial BIM design model types, we use many
different ones, such as SgI Clr, DbI LoE, DbI Clr, and Trp LoE, where (1) Trp LoE (Triple
Low-Emissivity): A triple-pane glass with low-emissivity properties. Low-E glass is coated
with a thin metallic layer that reduces heat transfer and energy loss. Triple-pane Low-E
glass has better thermal and sound insulation performance than regular glass. (2) DbI Clr
(Double Insulated Clear): A double-pane glass without a Low-E coating that is transparent.
This glass has better thermal and sound insulation performance than single-pane glass, but
is less effective than double-pane glass with a Low-E coating. (3) DbI LoE (Double Insulated
Low-Emissivity): A double-pane glass with low-emissivity properties. This glass has a
metallic coating that reduces heat transfer and energy loss. Double-pane Low-E glass has
better thermal and sound insulation performance than regular double-pane glass. (4) SgI
Clr (Single Insulated Clear): A transparent single-pane glass without a Low-E coating. This
is the simplest type of glass, with the lowest thermal and sound insulation performance
among the types of glass mentioned.
Energies 2023, 16, 3976
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 24 19 of 2

Figure 18. Figure 18. The

The design design parameters
parameters of the simulation.
of the simulation.

First, it can be observed

First, that adjusting
it can be observed certain design
that adjusting certainaspects,
designsuch as orientation
aspects, and
such as orientation and
wall typewall
in thistypecase, impacts
in this case,the overall
impacts theperformance, specifically
overall performance, in changing
specifically the EUI the EU
in changing
index during
index simulation (Figure 19).
during simulation Figure
(Figure 19Figure
19). shows19 that factors
shows such
that as orientation,
factors wall
such as orientation, wal
material type, glass type, and window-to-wall ratio affect the EUI during
material type, glass type, and window-to-wall ratio affect the EUI during simulation. simulation. For Fo
each distinct
eachdesign
distinct scenario, the variation
design scenario, of EUI values
the variation of EUIwas recorded
values and presented
was recorded in
and presented in
four charts,
fouras charts,
illustrated in Figure 19.
as illustrated These factors
in Figure include
19. These (a) Orientation:
factors The orientation
include (a) Orientation: The orienta
of a building
tionaffects how it receives
of a building sunlight
affects how and wind.
it receives Choosing
sunlight an appropriate
and wind. Choosingorientation
an appropriate ori
(e.g., a 90-degree
entation (e.g., a 90-degree rotation) helps to reduce energy consumptioncooling,
rotation) helps to reduce energy consumption for lighting and for lighting and
while maximizing
cooling, while the use of naturalthe
maximizing light
useand wind. light
of natural As a andresult, the As
wind. EUIa isresult,
improved.
the EUI is im
(b) Wall material
proved.type: Construction
(b) Wall material materials influence the
type: Construction insulation
materials and thermal
influence retentionand ther
the insulation
capabilities
mal of retention
a building.capabilities
Materials withof a good insulation
building. properties
Materials (e.g., insulation
with good 14-inch ICFproperties
walls) (e.g.
help reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling systems, thus
14-inch ICF walls) help reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling systems, lowering the EUI. thus
(c) Glass type: Glass is an essential factor in controlling the temperature and natural
lowering the EUI. (c) Glass type: Glass is an essential factor in controlling the temperature light
of a building. Usinglight
and natural an appropriate
of a building. glass
Using typean with good insulation,
appropriate glass type absorption, and
with good insulation, ab
reflection of sunlight (e.g., Trp LoE) helps reduce energy consumption for lighting and air
sorption, and reflection of sunlight (e.g., Trp LoE) helps reduce energy consumption fo
conditioning, resulting in a lower EUI. (d) Window-to-wall ratio: The window-to-wall ratio
lighting and air conditioning, resulting in a lower EUI. (d) Window-to-wall ratio: The win
affects the amount of natural light and interior temperature of a building. A reasonable
dow-to-wall ratio affects the amount of natural light and interior temperature of a build
window-to-wall ratio (e.g., 15%) helps to utilize natural light, reduce energy consumption
ing. A reasonable window-to-wall ratio (e.g., 15%) helps to utilize natural light, reduce
for lighting, and control indoor temperature, thus reducing the energy demand for cooling
energy consumption for lighting, and control indoor temperature, thus reducing the en
and heating systems and lowering the EUI. Combining these factors appropriately will
ergy demand for cooling and heating systems and lowering the EUI. Combining these
help improve the EUI of a building, save energy, protect the environment, and reduce the
factors appropriately will help improve the EUI of a building, save energy, protect the
energy costs for the building.
environment, and reduce the energy costs for the building.
Energies
Energies2023,
2023,16,
16,x3976
FOR PEER REVIEW 1920ofof2425

Figure
Figure19.
19.Simulation
Simulation results
results displayed on the
displayed on the Autodesk
Autodesk Insight
Insightinterface.
interface.

4.5.Results
4.5. ResultsAnalysis
Analysis and
and Optimal
Optimal Selection
Selection of
of Building
Building Envelope
EnvelopeOptions
Options
The author conducted a systematic variation of each variable to
The author conducted a systematic variation of each variable todetermine
determinethe
theEUI
EUI
and cost of the model depicted in Figure 19. From the simulation results (as showninin
and cost of the model depicted in Figure 19. From the simulation results (as shown
Tables 6–9)
Tables 6–9) corresponding
corresponding toto each
each design
design variation,
variation, the
the author
authoridentified
identifiedthe
theaverage
averageEUI
EUI
indices, from which the scheme with the cost of energy usage and the lowest EUI was
indices, from which the scheme with the cost of energy usage and the lowest EUI was
selected. Furthermore, this finding was combined with the other options of the remaining
selected. Furthermore, this finding was combined with the other options of the remaining
variables to suggest the most feasible building envelope design with the cost of energy
variables to suggest the most feasible building envelope design with the cost of energy
usage and the lowest EUI to the designers.
usage and the lowest EUI to the designers.
Table 6. Simulation results for the building orientation.
Table 6. Simulation results for the building orientation.
BuildingOrientation
Building Orientation (BO)
(BO) BIM
BIM 45
45 90 90 135135 180180 225
225 270
270 315
315
(kWh/m22/year)
EUI (kWh/m
EUI /year) 342
342 323
323 311311 339339 346346 327
327 312
312 337
337
2 26.7
Cost energy
Cost energy (USD/m
(USD/m/year)
2/year) 28
28 26.7 25.925.9 27.727.7 28 28 26.8
26.8 25.9
25.9 27.8
27.8

Table 7. Simulation results for the East-facing window to wall ratio.

Window to Wall Ratio- East (WWR-East) BIM 15% 30% 40% 50% 65% 80% 95%
EUI (kWh/m2/year) 342 299 309 315 321 330 339 345
Cost energy (USD/m2/year) 28 24.9 25.7 26.2 26.7 27.4 28 28.5
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 20 of 24

Table 7. Simulation results for the East-facing window to wall ratio.

Window to Wall Ratio- East (WWR-East) BIM 15% 30% 40% 50% 65% 80% 95%
EUI (kWh/m2 /year) 342 299 309 315 321 330 339 345
Cost energy (USD/m2 /year) 28 24.9 25.7 26.2 26.7 27.4 28 28.5

Table 8. Simulation results for windows by glass type.

Glass Type for Window (WG) BIM Trp LoE DbI Clr DbI LoE SgI Clr
EUI (kWh/m2 /year) 342 300 328 330 336
Cost energy (USD/m2 /year) 28 25 27.2 27.4 27.7

Table 9. Simulation results for wall type.

Wall Type (WC) BIM Uninsulated R13 Metal R13 Wood 12.25-inch SIP R38 Wood 14-inch ICF
EUI (kWh/m2 /year) 342 309 307 306 305 304 301
Cost energy
28 23.9 23.6 23.6 23.7 23.6 23.4
(USD/m2 /year)

The parameters of the baseline and optimized cases are presented in bold formatting.
The collected data shows that changing the type of the enveloping wall plays a crucial role
in the design when aiming for energy efficiency for the selected building. This change also
results in the lowest simulated energy cost.
Furthermore, based on the simulated data from the four design factors, the author
proposed a combination of the four factors with the best simulated values. To evaluate
the effectiveness of the proposed model, the authors calculated and compared it with the
energy value of the initial design option (Table 10). The presented energy indicators show
that the building achieves energy savings when implementing the proposed design option
according to the energy model.
Figure 20 presents the results of the EUI reduction and energy cost for various design
scenarios, including Building Orientation, Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR)-East, Glass type
for window, and Wall Type. A comparison between the EUI and energy cost of the baseline
and integrated solution is also included. Regarding the change in building orientation, the
EUI value decreased by 9.06% compared to the baseline design by rotating the building
90 degrees. Regarding the WWR-East, selecting WWR-East = 15% resulted in a 12.57%
reduction in EUI compared to the baseline design. Changing the type of glass for the
building to Trp LoE also reduced the EUI value by 12.29%. For the wall type, choosing
14-inch insulated concrete form (ICF) walls was most effective in reducing EUI, with a
reduction of 11.98% compared to the baseline design. Moreover, combining these optimal
design factors to create an integrated solution resulted in a significant reduction in EUI
compared to the baseline design, with a reduced rate of 39.47%. This is a critical outcome
in proposing building design changes to achieve energy-efficient construction.
Two primary parameters are required to compute the energy values: the electricity
unit price of USD 0.072 per kWh (based on the current rate in Vietnam) and the total floor
area of the construction, which measures 1490 m2 . Therefore, compared to the base case,
the proposed solution can save USD 16,136 per year, equivalent to 201,150 kWh/year
(Figure 20). Based on the calculation and simulation results, the proposed solution from
the BIM-BEM model analysis will be the basis for managers and architects to reference and
make decisions for building designs that aim to save energy and reduce operating costs.
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 21 of 24

Table 10. Comparison of results between the original envelope model and the proposed modified
envelope model.

Factor Original Envelope Model (BIM) Proposed Modified Envelope Model

Building Orientation (BO) 0◦ 90◦
Window to Wall ratio-East (WWR-East) 85 15
Trpl Low-E (e2 = e5 = 0.1) Clr
Glass type for window (WG) Single reflective glass
3 mm/6 mm Air
Wall type (WC) 200 mm clay brick wall 14-inch ICF
Energies 2023,EUI
16, x(kWh/m 2 /year)
FOR PEER REVIEW 342 207 22 of 25
Energy cost (USD/m2 /year) 28 16.6

Figure 20.
Figure 20. Comparison
Comparisonofof
EUI andand
EUI Cost Energy
Cost of the
Energy of base design
the base optionoption
design and the optimized
and design
the optimized
option.
design option.

Two primary parameters are required to compute the energy values: the electricity
5. Conclusions
unit price of USD
This study has0.072 per kWh
addressed (based
the issue on the current building
of converting rate in Vietnam) and the
information total from
models floor
area of the construction, which measures 1490 m 2. Therefore, compared to the base case,
BIM to energy model BEM to analyze and select the construction surface options that focus
the using
on proposed solution
energy can save
efficiently. ByUSD 16,136 per
employing the year,
BIM equivalent
environment,to 201,150 kWh/year
the study was able (Fig-
to
ure 20). Based
develop on the
an energy calculation
model and simulation
of an actual results,
public building andthe proposed
determine thesolution
EUI and from the
annual
BIM-BEM
energy modelfor
expenses analysis
variouswill be the basis
scenarios. for managers
The system and architects
alters design to reference
and construction factorsand
to
make decisions for building designs that aim to save energy and reduce operating
minimize EUI and energy consumption. To achieve energy-efficient construction, the study costs.
employs simulations to calculate energy indices for different building design options, such
5. Conclusions
as wall cladding materials, glazing materials, and window-to-wall ratios. Building and
simulating BIM and
This study BEM for new
has addressed thewall types
issue will contribute
of converting to the
building promotion models
information of the design
from
process to evaluate
BIM to energy modelenergy
BEM to asanalyze
a basis and
for architects and managers
select the construction to choose
surface smart
options thatand
fo-
efficient materials to use. By using appropriate materials suitable for the
cus on using energy efficiently. By employing the BIM environment, the study was able climatic conditions
of
to Ha Noi City
develop in Vietnam,
an energy modeltheof proposed systembuilding
an actual public can change andthe design and
determine the construction
EUI and an-
process to reduce
nual energy energy
expenses forintensity
various and usage costs
scenarios. in the building.
The system alters design and construction
The
factors toproposed
minimize model
EUI and will benefit
energy engineers inTo
consumption. general
achieve and architects in particular
energy-efficient construc-
with
tion, regard
the study to the design,
employs consulting,toand
simulations evaluation
calculate energy of indices
the energy consumption
for different levelde-
building of
construction and the environmental impact level. Furthermore, applying
sign options, such as wall cladding materials, glazing materials, and window-to-wall ra- the proposed
model to simulate
tios. Building an actual construction
and simulating BIM and BEM is for
very
newimportant
wall types in will
evaluating
contributeenergy
to theuse in
pro-
an existing building, thereby proposing the renovation of a structure to
motion of the design process to evaluate energy as a basis for architects and managers to a brighter, more
energy-saving
choose smart and one.efficient materials to use. By using appropriate materials suitable for the
Thisconditions
climatic study focusedof HaonNoithe energy
City simulation
in Vietnam, of a building
the proposed system during the initial
can change the design
design
phase
and construction process to reduce energy intensity and usage costs in the building. only
of a project. Evaluating the effectiveness of the model compared to reality can
be carried out oncemodel
The proposed the building has entered
will benefit engineersthe in
operational
general and phase. In future
architects research,
in particular
verifying the accuracy of optimal design solutions for energy-efficient
with regard to the design, consulting, and evaluation of the energy consumption level building perfor-
of
construction and the environmental impact level. Furthermore, applying the proposed
model to simulate an actual construction is very important in evaluating energy use in an
existing building, thereby proposing the renovation of a structure to a brighter, more en-
ergy-saving one.
Energies 2023, 16, 3976 22 of 24

mance compared to real-world conditions requires an examination of design details and an

inspection after the building is constructed. Consequently, the actual energy consumption
can be monitored and compared to the simulation’s expected energy performance. This
step helps validate the optimization process and identify discrepancies between the design
and actual performance. However, this requires additional physical equipment, time, and
implementation costs. In subsequent research, the author will use actual building energy
measurement devices to assess the error between the Building Energy Modeling (BEM) and
real-world building usage conditions. This will allow for the selection of effective energy
solutions during the building’s operational phase.
In addition, the authors plan to propose an integrated model of BIM, BEM, and AI
algorithms to optimize various types of building envelopes by considering energy perfor-
mance, cost, and different sustainability goals, particularly those related to environmental
and social expert assessments. This research will contribute to the promotion of sustain-
able and energy-efficient construction practices, which are critical in addressing global
environmental challenges.

Author Contributions: D.L.L.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Validation, Re-

sources, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Writing—review. N.-S.T.: Writing—original draft,
Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization. Q.T.N.: Writing—review
& editing, Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, Visualization. All authors have read and agreed
to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research is funded by Vietnam National University HoChiMinh City (VNU-HCM)
under grant number DS2022-20-02.
Acknowledgments: This research is funded by Vietnam National University HoChiMinh City (VNU-
HCM) under grant number DS2022-20-02. The authors would like to thank Vietnam National
University HoChiMinh City (VNU-HCM).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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