Graphs

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 11

r

I I

A 9 -<Ofh u lh Q. pntl oi ..xtf'l ('\/, E), w h~\'c.


v Ch 0.. A.-J..
..;.A.. l
en \le,'(~L(.(:/:, o.nd e Cl:) a. t:)c:.t o-f-
• It
I t

~~:c~~ ~~~~ ~ '-I-I ~,~~ dr~c.c~c.d.. 9Ya.ph (clc3ta.p h)


-the:. dcmc.nh , o-f E a.ve o~ci.c.ycc{ po.111) ar··vc -iF12 - ..
Tn thcb COJ)e <.:.4-, u) o.n ~ c . ct) ~a.ld to ~ {Yom ,,
u.. ft> "" b..-n d.. ~... jotn- u_ ~ l9 ,
1

b


1 ' •
' f
,,_'I

-. ~~~~:,:!':_H. _'2..,a.f>'i_
r
! T.,f (i- c~ a. non dc1e.c ~ed. gvCtph
. .
I'

. . : t h e / e{cn"c:.ntb of t
............ _....,

a.Y~
,
If

' J . . - n o Y

I
c l . c v ~ c < .
p a . c v ~
of \/(."< h~ · -
·:rn then ~ a:n ~gc {.~< u} c..t, f:>a.t"c( lo jotn u. a."'cl u
ov to ~ 0~ ~ u:>c:.cn u. o.:ntL l.9 •
~ ' I \
I
-· -·- . -,··--·- --·- ..

- -
I'

d
!!!Jclf loop
.--. ....... '-"" ..... __
: An cdsc:. ~a.t Ct-, ~ fu.:>ecn o.
'
~~t:>c./1 Cl:> co.lied a. ::kH'loop,
1
~ •• b ~..._ 6,;.lf loo~
C ,
-:t~tl.: ~1 loop f-rce.
............. ....._--.. ,.,._
A 9-<p.. ph. L0 i.lh Y.o loop)) , £ r, t)o, c( io
be :StmpJ~ o y l.c,op f., ec .

/Q- ,- b
C
-·--· .. ___ - - -

a. . d
I
I
I
I •

.
0'1d.c .'f
,.........._._....._, -:r:{ fr ct-.> a. 91°'-ph. o:ncl 6: en -{cnllc., th~ no. 0 f
\J C""< lr(CO) co.\ led. fh~ ov clc.v o-f &: • J:t ti) d~n0 L ,
b" ~ C"=> , '-ca.
by 1-v(& )\ whe__vc "CG ) ct;, s·c.t ·of \le."( ~lCCh of & •
b
\I l <l.) =[ a, b, c, d}
• I

cl.
' I l\L( ~)l::
-4.
--- If & ,~ a..
9"~ ~ .·, o.nd. 6:
•.J Cb {tnt'~c:. ~ \'\-)e, no:of
6= ct:) CQ.l lcd 6 ~ of 6: •• 7"'f: Cb de'Y"\o ~c( by .,/
b.') h c.Y c:. E CGt) .' c'b ' 5c. t af c:..d.g<:J.) a{ & •
b
• : ,- '::,/;( 6:) ~ [ (a,~~, ~(: 2.._{g.,ti.),U\,<..);{C,C~{c,aj
I

.. ~(_3(:.. = l ecCi-) J = 6

. .
Mu.l h:.9va.ph ~ Cb a. y c.ph
ln u. I h:. 9
..-.... ......_, .................. -- -tl!' .cM ~~ l:h A s~°'ph ~~ ~
tT one a.ll0<>:>b Yl"\O'<Cr \ha:n Ot\c=_ C!dec it) Jq l n_...,.f). po..i '<' of> •
'I
b I if -•
'

d.. I ,''
'
n
I

'.SyT nYne h' f c. l)t1-e c ted. &'fo..ph 7he Non


,.,,. _..... ....... ,,.._ ...... -- -""" ~ ""' ..... ~ "' ~ - ':-'-, dl-<c c~cd 3"~
. •mo.y be=. 'iiceu c:d. OJ:> .symY nl~"fl c. l)l-<c c~cc{ G.Yo.ph. in
I

• luhic..h {01 C\Jc.: ty cd'9e • (.u;:~ ) be l-coccn ~~c •vh· cetr · -·-·-. ·-
~

:-,:tn one 4l "(cctc :on ~ lt-.(.Y< : ~.b ~lbo 0.'1 edge: (1.P, u l
b~t:- w~n the 50-"Yn e ,tc:.1tCC$.> tn H-lC o\hcY clil'~ tco-n .
a. ..
!
I

-
I
I

~ •\l~"' ~ ~
Tn d c~-<c.c ar -,,- 1
~ lnc. TH.£.mbc.Y f edg e!) Lnc t'dc n l lo
0
I
I

a \Jc.1 tc.x <I') ca. l (eel \'he' th' ~3'< cc of \lc.1 ~ - • - ~ - ·-


,
. :rt Cb den ote d by ~~ ;•c u) •
t I

c.k9 t- ( d ) ~ .t
~

d~g -t- ( ~) :! :i
c~

:
oul Dc:9~~ ?f \Lt1 kL : •. lhe nu.-rn bet' ctf ~d) enc i ckn t
...-..\_-,-
~ ou t c~s '(~ o-f \]~y tc:r '

,•. •
.
c:x. •. • 6: !

\'

,.,
--~~~#•f2~!!~r,:;;.:~•!~_!l!e!s=i~~ (c): : -
• :. ,. I
'i
l ..

.. '
:rn '(~ 0 -( Nt>n dc1 cc~ cl, 9ya ph, a:n u.no 1d~ 1~~ pa,y '
(u.,v} o~ o.n ~ Cnc .ld~ nt on u and
.(' .~ . \/·
1'hc.. ckj l'U of a. \Jc. 'i~~ ·. er., dctc
."fm incd by Cou .nt{ n9
~c h loob lnc tdc nt on 'it .. twcc.c:
r o.nc l eac h ol'hc l' edCll".
....,- once.
r~ Ct':l c{~ notc d. by d~& - ~ ✓~ ,

~ Ca) = .t
~
• I
J'
d~ & Cb>-; t·- • - - .·-. -~· - ••

C. ~G :(C ).:: 3
Id. I

dctj u: ld) ::: .t


A \lc-<·l c..-x of dcg(ce .3c:"o Ch calt ~d.
a 'n 1: l:)o lQtc d. \J ~ t tt!x .
I I
f I
....._,_._.,.........._,,......._,-....,..,. ~-- ~ ~_...._,,...._....._ l'hc:n (.A o:n d v o.."f c
f"<om u. to v o"< £:nc cdc nt
':>a.t~d to b: o.d j 0.c ent o~ ' \
nc, ghb o~ ~: {Q. b}
I
I
{a. .d}
{Q, CJ. -- .
I •

I
I

l
.. {b, d}
{c, d}
SYo.ph ~
• I

m< nlr r,u ..m CJf C1.l1 \he dc~ -c~ of lt\c! '1c!vkco:. of
lric.
CAnd. 'fhc . "Y1'"'1a.:rc: Ynu ..)n o-f
all f'hc: de~p"~ ~ ..·~,
Ct, den ote d. by O(G::)
by 6.( G.) .
~c-..o.f

_
the. "c=. "tile J-:> o+ SYQ.p
h 6: I I
Cl:> dc:no~
cd.

'r~ ~,': :
~a. ck \(cY l o-f • G. hCV>
f-<~ef. L,~ (&) x. ~ G~ ·: k ~ tt'-la.!
t/:,. <"1 I • t
{""'X.
1
' ~ ~

Yc guJ ay of
K the n &. (b h~r.'t;l. ,to be i
K ... y ~ s u
.la.y
OY
.::
" ~(~9-<c

de gt~ K, ....
•I ,f

b<=s Yo: o-f ~ : 0.

cl ,

• I

a'< c. ihc "C:' I' t(CC I)


l>~91 u .5c.tz u...e n~ ~ "'I;f .~' ' 1S>i' .... , 1.9n
.
n~ (d, , ~ J .. .. · , dn ) Luhcvc:
- - - ""' -
i --- -
~~
to -
~
:i
of (i -fu c"'

d.2 : cl~ (u C:) ct-> lt-,e. :ctc..31ec ~u .en ~ of &-
bCG-) =- d , ~ d.{ ~ • • . ~ d n: l\fG.)
lhe, o { .SC~ u...c. n.c.c. c 1-)
o'< de."<

dc9 '< ~ ~ {.).en le.:.


- (:t, x, 3, s)

- -- - . .. - .. - -··.
I '

dt=e 1cc. ec'lu..c'f"l(c

= (!.,X.,-3,!>)
w hi ch v~ {: 19 ,,~ -~
}
~ °' dc .9 1a ph ln
6i .m pl c
4 -t ex -~ ~~ E)
~ bG oY dc:."<c:c{ f-1oy-n ~,
to 1% .
no d. ch o...Yc OJ '>h U. Yn ~
a. nc ( a.Y e ~l vc .n by
e( em en th a, j
-rn a. tv i:x . A lu ho ~c .
n' X n
AT'\
_ { 1 i.f I Lu c '\Pj ) c~
at j
0 O~ CY t.u t/:> <Z .
I '

o f ~~v ci p1 -t- G :-
-····- •
Yn a. l:Y , ~
1

CI) c.o..ll u:L the a d j a.c.c.:n cr,_'


..,a .hi :x. ~ c, th cv
o o- r , .
(! .le m cn t of ~ ~ ac .~ nc y ..., , •• ~ •
A ny o o"< I Ch coJJc:cl..
edhc:"1'
eu ho r:x :. dt :Y nc :n tt, O..Yt!.
Yn al" 'fi: :ic .

_ a.
A' f'\ y

b d: rn a l vi ~ o-< a. • ec ol ~Y) Yn ft Yi :x. •


• "t9
• lJl :., lS>+
E.x -... - "· .
(
I

-----v, l9, i 1P' 0 l 0 0

1',L 0 0

·/\ ; C)
UJ l
O O O
l
. )
t,t

·--., -- --
l.9..3 .,
I
. . ,/

kt 6: -:. ( "', '.c) ~ a. st ~ple _~ ,·~s l_':/?.h __ .


. o: nd ~~ no d. o, o f 6:- aY ~ OJ ) b'-Am
~c{_
u:,h, ch hl l =n
ln
An
'
nx n , rn at vi ~ P u:> ho be c l er n enb'.)
~ l:x. OV ~y cc J. ..

jl V ~n by path fv or n 1'\ fn,,, ~-


a: te i:f ~Y e. c.:x.. cr}c ~ 0..

,, [J =
{~ o·tt"'>e '< Or.) f' l'X-

'i.x.
I

CYC .~ a. bi ..l <~ y rn o. +· n: x)


J
I

th e Pa .th l'1 o.h


er, c.o.. l l~
(i . ~+
01 ~c 9vofh u, 19,t 1.9.3

1' ,t l
-u, u, 1 I

~ \ l l
l P= 1.93 \ l
I
I

l.!}'I-
I

-· ..

- -- . ~

")
Pa ln Yna~\:x. Co.:n ~ <:..alculat~cl {vovn -th~ ma.l:v·,l:. ~ ...
c.hoot:>tns Pi.j =' cf it'C.. elem c.nt tn fuc ; th vow one(

eo\u'""'n o-f e," c~ not,; ~~.:<o on.cl Plj -=-O o\h~VU><tx •

.A+ AL+ I\~+ - - . + A"" ~he.-<~· n: no o{ v~.,.¼-c~.·

1- o.:ncl

/\::
. 0
c) 0
0 0

I
I

I A
,._
; •
i...
0
I
•t
0
·,.,

I 0 I l
\

l
I

0 0
.
0 .. •. I
I l
(.)

~~ I I ' 0 -'
---· .... 0. ~

---
0 '• lo
·'
,_I
I, I I

'l ' •
I I
,A:,= I f, .L J
%,
A+; ,._ J
I J -3
0 0 t' I• -~ I 0 I

u I, •

I
t I
l
I

~ -{o l Jo~~ 'f"'.g 8 f::c:.pt:,

'.t.•
I

p ~A I •
. .. - . -
- --· -·-.
K. +- \ ,.
5.
..
L~\
I

4- . ~lj ~ ~lj" (P~~·I\ Pttj) .TO'< a.l I j -{vom \ ton.


ti·
.
L ~ L-t-1 t-f C L 'T) 90 to _stc.p 4 -
6- t<. ~ K+I cf )( ~Y) 8l> \:n .5t~p'!"; olhc.YoJ',,x haJt.
I I

.
'°t·
~

.0 Q 0

0 0
/t ;. 0

0 0 0

- --· . . .
U).J
.,,t
r -- ~ - .-

~
.{-

_l I·

p --
0
0 0
0
l
0
1'
if
I \' 0
0 0 0
,
• I

k. .. •
(.
J
. I
(Pcj) p )
' I

-
'
''·. . I..
t.. .~ J 't ro
0
,,
I, 0

I
0)

~. ' t ~ :~ t .. '
0 I
'.
'.
. I •
3

1
.,
.) .A.. 13
"-
I
3
't
't
. -
1

I
'
I
I 0

0 Oj
I

~
I ' ...,,
I, .
, Jl
I
l
~

~) 3.
.3, 't 0
' -
_J_ - ,. - • -
r
.-

• ~ t 0

,~
·O I
. l I
I
.. . ..
I.
I
3,
,-
3 I 't I I I I
I

't .l .-~ ..3 t . .. l I


., . ..
• I
I

I I
, I

I J • 1...' t- ,. I ( I ,.
I• ;

-
. - 3 - - X, I
,._ 3 ~ I ,
I
l
I
I J
.

3 l ~ b
. ~ l
l 'I l
l
I I

""
.,
J
·,. ·•·'t\.;- • 3 't
-- ·...,; ·-~ '.eJ • 11 "-
,._. I
I
l
.,
~
l"l/1 t..f l 4- ft ')- t

l
~.:; p

...
' ·-

. - \ l
• ,< . , ..
..,
.t .-t_ .
' "
4
I,

0
l
+- \ \ l I ~
( .:L' \
...''
I
t \ ),
-
4-
-
°'l ,_ I

•J
.,

'f
.
.J , \
/

J
.J
}-,,
I
j { ' 1
l , I '
., ,,.• -
·~

-~ - - -
l NI rt A A lgo< i thm_:
- - - -- •
'
~
• y
6:hlC.n I-tt-.e o.djo.£.tnc y Jo.hi:,:. in <t)hi{h_°"'ln:- .,?t.io· i;,~cm~l.l)
a."'<i:. -< 1 Cf
by, (in< 01 by ix,~ 'Je,_~ y la;<gc
c 1 c , d J l n t l ~
n um b d

lt:l \htf) ma.1:<ix'1 .~ d:en~lc:d by e,. lh,- mo.'l-f1:x. .d.


p1oclu.ci:.d by \he., -{oUoci:,tn-9 .s!:.i:.p'> the.. 'thlrii.mum 5\1,01.l)I)

tcr,3 It,; of j:>o. th,, 'od:<>X.c.,n tt>c. no deb C\/e •d·,: cm) •
"I
,. ' I

~-
3· {£)
4.
\ ,.
. 5·
I

I

~ 1
H f
I ~:~ }'!_"-__V~:~ I

~ 1e Q"<~ tu)() -'- c{


s ba.nLW.Y Wayh. I. J3y~f h Fi'<nt' ..xavc h.
~. :D<:pth f,-tnl .5cavc h.

,. Tn i ti.a.le~ ctl l nodet) fl) \"he:. vco.dy s talc,


..f, Put th! ~to."< knj noclc A ,n ~w=uc .. a.nd cha.n ~
i l~ 8 tQJL.lh \n tt\c u:>.a • kn.9 .S tote. •

.3. Kep~ ot .s l:cp 4 a.nd S u:nttl Oh.J.~~ cf) ~:rnpf. 1


i-~. :-Rem o~ ~ {vont.. node N o1 lUucu= • PYoc.rob N

a:ncL chan.gc:. th~ .5~oll.lJ') d ~!" io lhe P'<OCC hl)i:d .sl::o.h: •

.s. Add. tn the YC.O."t of 6l~UG a.If f:hc. nt: c.9hboY1:> of N

t-ha.t a.Ye \n lt-ic. ,1,,"e..a dy .stak CA'Oa. c.h ansc. f-hc.l(


ol:a.k .
I, e,tQt\,. (b ~ the. wail-i ns

6· E:x.ll ··- I\ djo.cc:.. ncy I' I:)~I) I

ex:
,.. - " A: F, C' ~

() : u., C
J"~
C. ·, F
I): C
,,
e : 1), C. t .r
]) f: "D
C:r~ c,E
1),K
1~
:r f<
e,&
I r k •.
I

_.,,, 0.) :rn·, \:-l'c:dly , o..dcl. A to 61LACU G £And. o.dd.. Nutl -b Po.th
{ronl -=-, a,_~ =. A
- ..,_ . ;'ft!Q.Y.= I
I
po~ :.
. "' •

b) '~1'00" \IC
'
t1)c. {Yo-nt etc,c~an~ .A tYOYn au.el.cc. by Sc l+<n.9 'I

fvuot :: ,fvonl +-I o.n c{ to lUu.eu.e th~ nc.c9h bo1h o{ A


f<or.t = t &ucu.c . :: A, f, c, ~
Yea'l =4 Po.It) = /;:,A' A. I ~
c) ~move tt'G {vont c\clY'\c:.nt f- f'f'orn a>~uc.
I •

0.d.d. -to ~ u.cuc. t\"\c nc:. (Sh bo" ~ of f


- I I

:f-<o-nt ': 3 , (lLJLUL ~ A, f. c., 6, D


YC:..a.'i = 5 Pa. tn I cp I A, A, I\ I F
'
a:nd

. ', lh~. n~<3hboi" F o1 C Ch not r4-4c{~ -to '


01w=.~
lI
6lnQ:

~
0

' • •rf'1 ~.l;>,.., :'~ -\,n 1<co..dy .S ~~le bc=.c.a.u..r::.c. , f'.. ~Q})
1

~ a,l·H:.o.Gfy 'bc.c,n a.d.clcd -to 0..Uc.J £C..,, ,.


c), '"Re r;o:;-ic •~ /vont C lcynb1t • ~ O"m o.u:=,ue o..na' 1" !
ofJ~ · .

• -
Q.c(d rlz> 6l_uc.ue
. g,r,.cG- t?
ii«~' ·,~£~i
l'-
-~~ -it>.
,..i tt.:> not
~+ ,
l:tlc. ""'e l~:1-1:;,e:r(">.

~ I "~Y ~tc •
tn r
I
~1-n~' ~
1

o~___
i_ _s;~,~~

t.gp'30
, {vonl -:. S- aiu.c.u..l- : A, ~, :l c, e, 'D ,;Ci:
' l~

"'<ca.°" ~ 6 . Pa \'h •!1" <f,, - A , ~ ,A ., f, B

1) ~-mo..,,; Inc. f, 0 -nl e\c.-rnc.nt ']) f'<O"rn -<ai UJ!~ a.ncl. ad.c(

io du~JG t'hc nt!t~hbovl'> of J> •'


•• )I. ll ~1 1 L j ,IJ I
. f V'oni. =::. 6 OH.J.~-U.C.: A. f, C' 0, "l>: (x ' , • I)

l • 1
--<e!O.."I :-_6 'path: 4>,A,AA, f,B •
l 1
1./ L I '\ J / •
f '<1!,n1:
,.

S) ~c~ov~ the. c. \emc:.n-l G: fYoY'n' mt,.~•~, •,o..n'ct" ad&.


l ( I ·J I '
~·•
io <-}~/:CAC- ~ -ric.l·g\-)box~ of 6 .·11
{Yonl :. ; al~: /\ • f , ·-=-.',',, .D, lx., E'
"( c..a."( ~ ':. T) I• j - ll..
fY..
th : 4 I I\, /\ I
I r
,.. ' f' 5 > a
h) ~rno'1c ~ {Yon't ~lctnc-ot E r{-<of:1 a.u.c~ at'\dt °'cid.
'lic.fohbcifl) , af E
1
"to c»u<:~ ~
• 1 t,• ► II u \
• ' ' fv on t -:. 8 .1 , cg u.eJ.~ : • A , f , ,c, ~, D, Ci, E' , :I
y t:.o..v, "Ft ,a , Fa th : tt>~ A, A, ,.. , f, 0•1d- • c 1 I t
u.x. .sl:o,:, ar, .50on ar:, J" ti'> on.ct~ d~\..U: stncx, J Ch t
o u 'C f\ n o.l ~ttn 01 ton ~ u::>c:.' now baek tvo.c~ ,{vorn J~ lJJ) i n9
th" nt1"fn v Pa Hl ~ 4 •'"'~ the DnH1 p. -:;-t" c~ ~ ~ ':' _. .. "
,
'

• -i-n i+co .l~ a.U noc kh 10 ~ Yc.cuJy .sta .k.


Pu.b h ~ ~l:-a:-dtn.9 T'loc:k A on 'lz:, .sl:-ack 0cnc (
chan.9.:.
)( •
ilh ~tn. tW:) iz> ~ wo. ,h~ sta. b
-3 • ~~t .stcpr:, 4- a.nd S un~ d .sl:-a.ck <r:; c:yn pty.

+- • pop t\")(:. top nod e. N of soo.cl< . pv-oe t:bh N a.nd cha.n_gc_


I '

i lt> stQt U}:) ~ ~ ~-YO CChl '>cn soo:lr.

~ 1
1

n~i 9h~ i"b of N ft'lot a.v-c:.


PUb h .. on.l-o .sto ck. cdl
. I -

°'nc l chd..n3c. ~ell ' 5tntt .L.l) 'Q)
.: scd l l"tk. Y~ y '5ttl te
in
th~ OOO.lti.n_s .sta t~.
..
6- E:x...-t-.
Adj ~nc y lu:,\-h

A
.• F, c., B
~ • &.,c

·c ; ,, ·r bh~
.... f
]) : C
\ • l
--£ : 1>, C, J
. F ~ J)
cc ~ :1 c .. E
T :, -:D., tc

- K : f",&
• I

a)
A
-::rn; tt~ol Jy" PfuJ:>h ~
:r onto tt"le sl-ock.
Sta. ck : J ,
then pubh O'n1Z>
Pop a:n c( p l o t_
Y \he: -h=>P. ck rn e O t- :J o.n c(
tt'C slo. ck oJf \'h~ nc.c9 hb0Y f:) of .T
P"'<\nt J s to.c k: "]), --K

- "'"c.<.. p.-ii~ t the.. L l
,op c l' rnc n
t K and. .
U-..nr ,
, ' •~ rhW) h onm
c)
pop an • th~ nel.9 hboY ~ of K 1
,,

t-he s t'o.c I< o. ll ..t,.ro,C k. :, 1), J:;, fr I


h J __
P,, int ·K.. ~ ~c. 1r>p
u-... h
el~r nen t ~ o,-ncl ,, K:.n ,.,l.JJ:) o-n\O

d) b\p CA n c<.. ~ i' n •


r"' t-nc nc.c9hbo-<t:> o1 Ci
the 3 ta.c k all L 17" C I •
I. • )

b L Ge .sl-ac ~ : D., '-- J


Ir I I I
r-Yln L I
I ..
'
: i4 : =.. er-.,,
~ .b
c:) ~ a:od l>"\nl: \he. +op c.bnc .nt c. 01nd. lti~n p~h f,
on \-he:.. stock o.(f ~ nc Lghbo~b of c
p'{ )nt C -5to.CK 1
\. ]) 'e. F
.
f) P0 f> CA-ncl p"'<in\: the. -lz>p ~t~m cnt • f
-ti> ~ ..stock all ttlC ~~,:ghboYh of f
p-c,nt f stock.~ :o. f
. - -.-.--

S) pop o..nc<.. p·dol: \tie "tt:lp de-m mt c and. then pw:>h on -

tn th:. .stock /:ill In<=- nc.<ghboYI) o-f- E


p11 nl 1 .<:
·.stack: .J) .
?'P o.nd.. f"int \t)c. top c:lc,-nc:nl J> o.:nd,. \t")W pL<.1:>h on1!>
h)
1:-ac.k •ct II Inc ne ~h l:xr< D of D
6 .
\
. p--< \ n<\: ]) .st"aCK ~ ... r

a.Ye.

You might also like