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اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ وأﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ روح اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻻﺗﻴﺔ دراﺳﺔ إﺳﺘﻄﻼﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﻼب ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم
اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ وﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺘﺴﻴﻴﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﻴﻀﺮ ﺑﺴﻜﺮة
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ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ:
ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﲔ ﺑﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺆﺳﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻓﺸﻼ
ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ،ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻬﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺣﺴﺐ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﻓﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲤﺲ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ
ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ .ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﺔ 2004ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ Bureau international du
) Travail (BITﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ) Organisation arabe du travail (OATﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ
ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ) (ANSEJﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﲏ ) (CREE−GERME)(Créez et Gérez mieux votre entrepriseﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ،ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ
ﺇﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ .ﻓﻬﻞ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ،ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﳓﻮ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺚ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ؟ ،ﺃﻡ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻘﻒ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ؟ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﲡﺴﺪﺕ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ
ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ )ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ؟( ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﻄﻼﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺧﻴﻀﺮ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺓ ،ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﺎﻩ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻲ ﳏﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ ﺃﳕﻮﺫﺟﹰﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﹰﺎ ﱠﰎ ﺑﻨﺎﺅﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ،ﺍﻧﺒﺜﻘﺖ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﻓﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻮﳍﺎ
ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ SPSS 16ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀﻫﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ
ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﺘﺢ ﲣﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﻴﺔ ﲤﺲ
ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ.
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ 3 ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺧﻴﻀﺮ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺓ
- 1ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ،ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﴰﺎﻝ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ،2007ﺹ.08
- 2ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺎﻳﺔ 2009ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻺﺣﺼﺎﺀ ) ٪10.2ﲟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻨﺘﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ(
- 3ﰎ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﺔ 2005ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ،2009ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ
ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ،ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ .ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ www.pmeart-dz.org
- 4ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ،ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ،ﺭﻗﻢ،06ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ،2006ﺹ.05
- 5ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ
ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ )ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻱ( ،2004ﺹ.10
ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ،ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺬﻩ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻛﺄﺣﺪ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ،ﻣﻦ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ
ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ،ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﳚﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻮﻧﻴﺴﻜﻮ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ
ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﺔ 2004ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ) (BITﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ
ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﲏ ) (CREE−GERME)(Créez et Gérez mieux votre entrepriseﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ
ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ،ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ.
ﺇﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ،ﲦﺔ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺆﺩﺍﻫﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻫﻞ ﻋﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺧﺮﻳﺞ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ؟ ﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲡﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ
ﻣﻌﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ؟ ﺃﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﲢﺪﻳﺜﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ؟ ﺃﱂ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ
ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲣﺮﺟﻪ ﻭﺗﺄﻫﻴﻠﻪ ﻹﻟﺘﺤﺎﻗﻪ ﺑﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻭﺇﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ؟ ﻫﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲣﺼﺼﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ؟
ِﳌﹶﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﻴﺔ ﲤﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ؟
ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ،ﳓﻦ ﻻ ﻧﺒﺘﻐﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ
ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﺗﺴﲑﻩ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻘﻮﺩﻧﺎ ﺇﻝ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ
ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺧﻴﻀﺮ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺓ؟
ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰎ ﲡﺰﺋﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻧﺪﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ:
−ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻃﻼﺏ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺧﻴﻀﺮ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺓ؟.
ﻭﻫﻞ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺈﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ،ﺍﳉﻨﺲ؟.
−ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ
ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ؟.
−ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺰﻭﺩ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ
ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺻﻐﲑ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ؟
−ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺰﻭﺩ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺘﺴﻴﲑ
ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ؟
−ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ
ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ؟
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ :ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ :ﻻﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ
ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺓ
ﺗﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ:
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ
ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ :ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻳﺆﺳﺲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﺻﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ :ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﺻﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ
ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ :ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ :ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
ﻟﺪﻳﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ :ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﳕﻮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ :ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
ﻟﺪﻳﻪ.
ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ
ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ H06 H05
ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ
H07
H08
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎﻥ
ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ،ﻓﻴﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ %50ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﲔ ،ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ
ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻭﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ،ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ .1
ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ
-1ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ:
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺃﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ،ﺇﺫ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﳍﻢ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ،2ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ،ﻓﺎﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ
ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﻪ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ
ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ .ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺭﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ،ﻓﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ -ﻷﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﲑ ،-ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ
ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ،ﻭﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻭﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ .3ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﺭﺟﻪ (Peter F.
) Druckerﺑﺎﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻃﻪ ﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﻛﺪﻭﻧﺎﻟﺪﺯ ،ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ
ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺑﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ،
ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ،
ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ،ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺯﺑﺎﺋﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ.
ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺻﻒ Schumpeterﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻋﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺇﻋﺘﱪﻫﻢ ﻭﻛﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﲑ ،ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ،ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ،ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳛﺼﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ
ﻭﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ،ﻭﳛﺘﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ،ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ .ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ
ﰲ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻺﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ،ﻭﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ،
ﻓﺘﺢ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﲤﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺻﻒ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،4ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ
ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﻻﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ،ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺑﻄﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ
ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ .5ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ entrepreneurﻓﺮﺩ
ﻳﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺻﻐﲑﺍ ﻭﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻭﻧﺎﺟﺤﺎ6.ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ
ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﺎﺯﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ،ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ،ﻫﻮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻠﻪ ﻛﻔﺮﺻﺔ. 7
-1ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻴﱯ ،ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ) (Technopreneur Technopreneurshipﻣﻌﻬﺪ
ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻟﻸﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ www.arabschool.org.
2 - CATHERINE LÉGER-JARNIOU. Développer la culture entrepreneuriale chez les jeunes -Théorie(s) et
pratique(s).- Revue française de gestion – N°185. Lavoisier, Paris.2008.P163.
3 -ibid.
4 - Schumpeter J, capitalisme, socialisme et démocratie, petite bibliothèque Payot , Paris 1967 , p186.
-5ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻴﱯ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ.
-6ﺳﻌﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﺋﻒ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻃﻲ ،ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ،ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺍﺋﻞ ،ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ.2008، 2ﺹ .26
7 - Peter F. Drucker. Innovation And Entrepreneurship Practice And Principles.p
ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺧﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﲡﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ،ﲟﻌﲎ
ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻐﺎﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ،ﺑﻜﻞ ﳐﺎﻃﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ،1ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ،
ﻓﺤﱴ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻗﻠﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻫﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ .ﰲ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺃﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ .ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ
ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﺑﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ
ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﺬﻭﻱ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ.2
ﻭﺃﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ:3
9ﺃﻋﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﲝﺘﺔ :ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻉ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ،ﻭﻳﺒﲏ ﻋﻤ ﹰ
ﻼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ
ﺑﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ،
ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ،ﺗﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ .ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻻ
ﲢﺼﻰ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻞ ﻏﻴﺘﺲ ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﺳﻮﻓﺖ.
9ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ :ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺪﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ
ﺃﻋﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ .ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ
ﲣﺼﺼﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻓﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺷﻬﺪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﰲ ﺍﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ.
9ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﻳﺔ :ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﳝﺘﻠﻚ
ﻼ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻳﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ .ﻓﺎﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻺﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﻟﻜﻦﻋﻤ ﹰ
ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻘﺘﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻗﺪ ﻻ
ﺗﺸﺠﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ.
-2ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ :ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ
ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ،ﱂ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻣﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﺸﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ:
4
−ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺻﻬﺎ
−ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ :1ﺣﺒﺚ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻺﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ
ﻭﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﻓﺘﺢ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ
ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﲤﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺻﻒ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ.2
−ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ
3
−ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺋﺒﺔ
−ﺍﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ
4
−ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺃﺓ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻖ
−ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
−ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ
5
−ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ
−ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﳏﺴﻮﺑﺔ
−ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﻻ ﳜﺸﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ
−ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ
6
−ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﲟﺮﻭﻧﺔ.
7
−ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻱ.
ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﺗﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ﺣﱴ ﺗﻜﺎﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﺼﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﻤﺔ
ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﺼﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻭﰲ ﺇﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻧﺎ ﲟﻜﻦ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰﻫﺎ ،ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺓ ﺷﱴ ﻗﺪ
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﺏ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺄﻳﻨﺎ ﲡﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ:
-ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﺮﺍﺭ
-ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ
-ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺃﺓ
-ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ
-ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ
-ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ
1 - Nadim Ahmad and Richard G. Seymour, Defining entrepreneurial activity, p08 , site
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/62/39651330.pdf, (20/02/2010) à 21:44.
2 - Schumpeter J , capitalisme , socialisme et démocratie , petite bibliothèque Payot , Paris 1967 , p186.
-3ﻟﻔﻘﲑ ﲪﺰﺓ ) ،(2009ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ،ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺪﺓ ،ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ،2009ﺹ.18
4 - Vérin Hélène, Entrepreneurs, entreprises; quelques remarques historiques pour leur définition, colloque
entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique (XIXème et XXème siècle), t1, éditions l’harmattan, Paris (1983), p33.
5 - ROBERT D HISRICH et MICHEL P. PETERS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP; lancer, élaborer et gérer une
entreprise, édition de nouveaux horizons, France1989, p07.
6 - Rémy Gauthier. Cultiver l’esprit entrepreneurial en milieu scolaire. 23 octobre 2008
www.entrepreneurship.qc.ca/fr/projets.
7 - CATHERINE LÉGER-JARNIOU.op.cit.p 168.
ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ،ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﺸﻒ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ،ﻭﻻ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻣﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺎﻣﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ
)ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ، 1ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻭﻥ
ﺪﻳﺪﺍ" .ﺗﻌﲏ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ")(Jean Louis SCHAAN
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ :ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﳐﻄﻂ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ،ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻳﺘﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،2ﻭﺗﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲣﺼﺼﺎﹰ ،ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﲟﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ
ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺘﺮﲨﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ،ﻭﻳﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ
ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ) (BITﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﻢ
ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ،ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ .3ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ
ﺑﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﺑﺪﺃ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻚ ).(CREE−GERM∗) Start and improve your business (SIYB
-1ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﺑﺪﺃ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻚ )(SIYB
ﺻﻤﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﻢ .ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ
ﺧﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ .4ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ
) .(SIDAﻣﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻊ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﻃﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ .ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ 137ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 400ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ .5ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ
ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﲔ.ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﺐ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ.
ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ،ﱂ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ SIYBﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ،ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻷﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ
ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻟﻠﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ .ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﻮﱐ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﲔ )ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﲔ ﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ(.ﰒ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ
ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﲔ .6ﻭﻓﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﲏ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ:7
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ
ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ .4ﻭﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ:5
-ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ
-ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻛﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ .
ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ":6 (CREEZ VOTRE ENTREPRISE) CREEﻫﻮ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ •
7
ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﻭﺣﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ
ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻬﻢ ﻭﺑﻘﻲ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺴﻴﺪ ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ.ﻳﻌﺘﺪ ﻛﺘﺒﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ
ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﺪﺓ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ،ﺗﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ.8
ﻭﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﱃ:9
-ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ) ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺚ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ.
-ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺚ ﺟﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ.
-ﲤﻜﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺜﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ.
-ﺇﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ.
-ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ.
-ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ :(GEREZ MIEUX VOTRE ENTREPRISE) GERME“ 1ﻳﺴﻬﻢ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﻢ.ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﻢ ،ﻭﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ
ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ .ﻭﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ
ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ،ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ ،ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻥ ،ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ .2ﻭﻗﺪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ
ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻻﻗﻰ ﳒﺎﺣﺎ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ،ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ
90ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﳛﻘﻖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ .ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﰎ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ
) .3(BITﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﺴﻦ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ.
-ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ :Développé VOTRE ENTREPRISEﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﳕﻮ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ
ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ.ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳕﻮﻫﺎ.ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺲ
ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ) ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ،ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ،ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ،ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ:4
-ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ.
-ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ:
-ﳏﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﳕﻮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺎ.
-ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﲟﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ،ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﺔ...
-ﺇﻳﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﲟﺮﺍﻓﻘﲔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ.
-ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﲤﻮﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻪ.
-ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻚ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ.
ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ :ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ،ﺁﻓﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﻬﺗﺎ
ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺳﻨﺔ ) 335.504 ،(2009ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ،ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ 114099ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ
ﺧﻼﻝ ) ،5(2009 -2008ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ ﻟﻠﺮﺍﻏﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ
ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﻐﺮﺓ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﻠﺸﺎﺏ ،ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﳉﺎﻥ ﻭﻻﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ،ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ
ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻪ ،ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻦ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ
ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﺧﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ،ﰒ
ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ
ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ) (2008-2005ﺑﻐﻼﻑ ﻣﺎﱄ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ 5.5ﻣﻼﻳﲑ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ )(2009
ﺇﱃ 7ﻣﻼﻳﲑ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ.
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﺰﺕ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ.1
ﻭﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ) ،ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﺑﻪ ،ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ
ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺮﺅﺓ
)ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﺪ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ،ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﺔ ،ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ" ﻭﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﲟﻨﺘﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ) (http://www.forum-ansej.comﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻴﲑﻩ".
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ ،ﻭﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻧﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ "ﻳﻮﻡ
"2010 -03-02ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺧﻴﻀﺮ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺓ ،ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﲑﻳﻦ
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﱪ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ
ﻳﻮﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻲ ،ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺍﱃ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻢ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﻢ ﳓﻮ ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻗﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑ
ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ ،ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺻﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ .Algerian Start Up Initiativeﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ
ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﻈﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ 08/07/06أﻓﺮﻳﻞ ،2010ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺯﺍﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ
ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮ ﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ.
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ،ﻓﻘﺪ ﰎ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ،ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺎ ،ﻭﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﳍﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ "ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ
ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ" ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻌﺎﺀ 26/25ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ،2007ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﺮﺣﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺖ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﲟﺴﺎﳘﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ
ﻗﺪﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ
ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺎﻝ .ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ
ﺍﳊﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﺻﻲ ﺑﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻋﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻋﲔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ
ﺍﳋﺮﳚﲔ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ( ﻭﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﻢ ﻭﺇﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎﻢ .2ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ
ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﻘﺪ ﲢﺖ ﺷﻌﺎﺭ“ﳓﻮ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ
ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ،2010ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ 14و15 ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ” ،ﻳﻮﻣﻲ
ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ
ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﲡﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ.3
-1ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ .ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ” ﻟﻺﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ .ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ.2010-02-16 ،ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ
?http://www.radioalgerie.dz/
-2ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ،ﺻﺘﻌﺎﺀ 26/25،ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ .2007ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ
.www.aidmo.org/beta//index.php?option=comﺍﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ .2010-03-19
-3ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ،ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﲢﺘﻀﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ14ﻭ 15ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ،ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ
،http://www.radioalgerie.dz/?p=34110ﺍﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻮﻡ .2010-03-19
ﺭﻏﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺼﺮﳛﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ
ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ "ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻫﺶ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ" ﺇﺫ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ
ﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ .1ﻛﻤﺎ ﺩﻟﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ
ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ،15.55%ﻓﻤﻦ ﺑﲔ 115.318ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ،ﰎ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻭﺷﻄﺐ 17.927
ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ .2ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ 2009ﻛﺎﻥ 17.163ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺔ
ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﻣﻨﺬ ،(2005ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺑـ 4.698ﻭﻫﻮ
ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ.3ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻗﺼﻮﺭﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﺎ ﳊﺪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ
ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﻬﺑﺎ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﲤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ،ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻡ 120ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻮﻙ
ﻛﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ 300ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻏﲑ ﻧﺎﺟﻊ ،4ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺇﺧﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻟﻠﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ.ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﺩﻳﺔ.5
ﺇﲨﺎﻻ ،ﻻ ﲣﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ،ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﰎ ﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ:
-ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ.
-ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺴﻒ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ.
-ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ.
-ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ.
-ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ.
-ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ.
ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ،ﻭﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻭﻃﲏ ﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﰲ ﲡﺴﻴﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ .ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﻂ ﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﰲ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ .ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺃﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ 5000ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ 2008ﰲ ﺣﲔ
ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﳓﻮ 500ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ.6ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻛﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ
ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ 7ﻭﻫﻲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ )ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻱ( ،ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ 36ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ،ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ
-1ﻣﺤﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﱄ ،ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷﻫﺶ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂhttp://www.magharebia.com.23-01-2008 ،
- 2ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﻳﻖ.
-3ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ.
-4ﺟﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ :ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ2008/04/21 ،
-5ﻣﺤﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﱄ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ.
-6ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ.
- 7ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ،ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ،ﺭﻗﻢ،06ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ،2006ﺹ.05
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ،ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ،ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ،ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ 20ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﲔ.1ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ
ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ CREE-GERMEﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻣﻨﺬ 2004ﺃﻳﻦ ﰎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻮﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﲔ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺂﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ) CNAM ,ENSEJ,ENGEMﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ( 2ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻦ
ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ 8.7ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻭ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ .ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ
ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ 20ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﲤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﲏ ∗GTZﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﲦﺎﻥ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ .ﻭﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ
ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ . 3ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺁﻟﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ،ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ
ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ،GTZﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ
ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ 21ﺟﺎﻧﻔﻲ .42010
ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ :ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ
ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ )ﻟﻔﻘﲑ ﲪﺰﺓ(" :ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ CREE-GERMEﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ – ﺳﻄﻴﻒ:(2009-2008)" -
ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﻓﻴﲔ ،ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳒﺎﺣﻬﻢ ،ﻣﻨﺬ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﻴﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ CREE-GERMEﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ
ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ.ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ 48ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻻ 9ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ CREEﻭ 39ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ،GERMEﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ CREE-GERMEﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ
ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻬﻢ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﻢ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﻭﺣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ.
ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﱂ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﲔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ.ﻓﻬﺪﻓﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﲔ ﻭﻣﺆﻫﻼﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﺭﻛﺰﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪﺍ
ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻻﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﲏ CREE-
.GERME
-1ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ،ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ
ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ )ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻱ( ،2004ﺹ.10
-2ﻟﻔﻘﲑ ﲪﺰﺓ ،ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ،ﺹ.99
∗ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ " Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeitﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ
ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺮ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ 1974ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ،
ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ GTZﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻘﺮﺍ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ .ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ
ﻭﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ .
-3ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔhttp://www.aidmo.org،
-4ﻟﻴﻠﻰ.ﺃ .ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻉ،2010/03/18،
/http://www.elhiwaronline.com/ara/content/view/24090/96
ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ :05ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺍﳉﻨﺲ(
ﺍﻤﻮﻉ ﺇﻧﺎﺙ ﺫﻛﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ
99 59 40 ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﱄ
ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ
21 14 07
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ
16 10 06
12 11 01 ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ
109 71 38 ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺑﻨﻮﻙ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ
16 14 2 ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﱄ
11 06 05 ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ
11 08 03 ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ
18 12 06 ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮ ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﳏﺎﺳﱯ
389 241 148 ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ
)(68.59% )(61.95% )(38.05% ﺍﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
179 122 57 ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ
)(31.51% )(68.16% )(31.84%
218 144 74 ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﲣﺼﺺ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ
∗ -ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﲣﺼﺼﺎﺕ :ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ )ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ،ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ( ،ﺃﻡ ﲣﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻛﻞ
ﻣﻦ)ﳏﺎﺳﺒﺔ ،ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺑﻨﻮﻙ ،ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﱄ ،ﳏﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﺟﺒﺎﻳﺔ ،ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﳏﺎﺳﱯ( ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﲣﺼﺺ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻀﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ)ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ(.
ﺍﻹﳓﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ
ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ 95%ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﳓﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﺮﻕ
F t
ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ
9ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﻜﺮﺕ )ﺃﻛﱪ
ﻣﻦ 3.40ﺇﱃ (4.20ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ
ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ،ﳑﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ:
−ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ) ،(3.55ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ
ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻋﺎﱂ
ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ".ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﲡﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺆﻫﻼﺗﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ.ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ
%45,8ﻣﻦ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ
ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ.
−ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ) ،(3.52ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻝ
ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ" :ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻳﺆﺳﺲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﺻﻐﲑﹰﺍ
ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ" .ﳑﺎ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺪﺀ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺻﻐﲑ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﺴﻨﻬﺎ
ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩﻳﺔ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ %44,5ﻣﻦ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ
ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﳍﻢ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ.
−ﺑﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ) ،(3,78ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ
ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ " :ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺴﻴﲑ
ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ" .ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﲟﺎ ﺃﻛﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ
ﺑﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ .ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ %34,5ﻣﻦ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ
ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ.
9ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ،
ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 3,19ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﻜﺮﺕ )ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ 2.60ﺇﱃ (3.40ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ" :ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﳕﻮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ".ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﻣﺘﺄﻛﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﲟﺎ ﺗﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺍﲣﺎﺫ
ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ.
ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ : 12ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ
ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ
ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ
8,2 8,2 27 1,8 1,8 6 3,9 3,9 13 2,1 2,1 07 ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ
27,9 19,7 65 12,7 10,9 36 16,1 12,1 40 13,0 10,9 36 ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ
57,0 29,1 96 34,5 21,8 72 44,5 28,5 94 45,8 32,7 108 ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ
87,6 30,6 101 73,0 38,5 127 83,0 38,5 127 84,5 38,8 128 ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ
100,0 12,4 41 100,0 27,0 89 100,0 17,0 56 100,0 15,5 51 ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ
.3ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ :ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲦﺔ
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ،ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲑﺳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ :13ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ
ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ **,589 **,569 **,467 **,711 **,318
Pearson 1
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ
ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ
ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ - **,568 **,549 **,766 **,233
Pearson 1
ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ
ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ - ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ
ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ - - **,608 **,796 **,284
Pearson 1
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ
ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ - - ,000 ,000 ,000
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ
ﻧﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ - - - **,764 **,175
Pearson 1
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ
ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ - - - ,000 ,001
ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ
- - - - **,300
ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ Pearson 1
ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ - - - - ,000
)**. La corrélation est significative au niveau 0.01 (bilatéral
ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ )ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ
ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ (0.01ﺑﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ :
−ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ
ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ:
"ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ".ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ) (0.318ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﹰﺍ
) ،(0.01ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﺩﻯ
ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ.
−ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ" :ﺗﻮﺟﺪ
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺳﺲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﺻﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ".
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ) (0.233ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﹰﺍ) ،(0.01ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ
ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺳﺲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺻﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ.
−ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ
ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ
ﻋﻠﻰ" :ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ".ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ) (0.284ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﹰﺍ) ،(0.01ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ
ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ،ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
ﻟﺪﻳﻪ.
−ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ
ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ:
"ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ".
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ) (0.175ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﹰﺍ) ،(0.01ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ
ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻯ
ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﱃ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ.
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ :ﺭﻏﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺇﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺘﻐﲑ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ،
ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺠﻞ ﻭﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ،ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ
ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ )ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﲑﺳﻮﻥ (Pearsonﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) ،(0.300ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻭﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﱃ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ.
ﺟﺪﻭﻝ : 14ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
Récapitulatif du modèle b
Erreur standard de
Modèle R R-deux R-deux ajusté Durbin-Watson
l'estimation
1 ,344a ,118 ,108 ,52382 1,777
a. Valeurs prédites : (constantes),
ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ,ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ,ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ،ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ
ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ b. Variable dépendante :
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ،ﺃﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ )ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ( ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞ )ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ( ) %10.8ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ %10.8ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ( ،ﻭﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ:
ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺗﻌﻴﻖ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ:
ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺟﺪﺍ
ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ 8 9 45 107 161 ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ
03 ,951
ﺟﺪﺍ 2,4 2,7 13,6 32,4 48,8 % ﺗﻌﺠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ
6 10 52 98 164 ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﻌﺴﻒ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﻋﻢ
ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ
02 ,945 4,22 ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ
ﺟﺪﺍ 1,8 3,0 15,8 29,7 49,7 %
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ
ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ 1 7 24 84 214 ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ
01 ,749 4,52
ﺟﺪﺍ ,3 2,1 7,3 25,5 64,8 % ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ
13 31 116 90 80 ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﹼﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ
05 ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ 1,075 3,59
3,9 9,4 35,2 27,3 24,2 % ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ
6 25 53 103 143 ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ
04 ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ 1,029 4,07
1,8 7,6 16,1 31,2 43,3 % ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ
3 5 38 134 150 ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ
ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ,797 4,13 ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
,9 1,5 11,5 40,6 45,5 %
ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ) 4.13ﻣﻦ (05ﻭﻫﻮ
ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﻤﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﻜﺮﺕ )ﺃﻛﱪ 4.20ﻣﻦ ﺇﱃ (5؛ ﻭﺑﺈﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ:
−ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﰐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﺚ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ
ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ،ﲟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﺴﺎﰊ ﻣﺮﺟﺢ ) (4,52ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﻜﺮﺕ ﺍﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ 289) %90.30ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ (330ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ.
−ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ،ﺍﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲤﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ،ﺧﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ
ﺍﳊﺴﺎﰊ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ) (4,22ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﻠﻢ ﻟﻴﻜﺮﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺡ
ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ .ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ %79.4ﺍﱃ %81.2ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ.
−ﻭﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﹼﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ
ﺗﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ،ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ
ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ) (3.59ﻭ ) (4,07ﻭﻫﻲ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ
ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ.ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ %51.5
ﻣﻦ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺇﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ %74.5ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ.
.23-01-2008 ،ﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷﻫﺶ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﺗ،ﺤﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﱄ ﻣ.7
http://www.magharebia.com
.2010-03-19 ﺍﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻮﻡ،http://www.radioalgerie.dz/?p=34110 ، ، ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ.8
ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ،2009 ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ2005 ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﺔ.9
www.pmeart-dz.org ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ. ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ،ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ
ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﺸﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻴﺔ. ﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﺃ.10
http://www.elhiwaronline.com/ara/content/view/24090/96،2010/03/18،ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻉ
LES OUVRAGES
1. CATHERINE LÉGER-JARNIOU. Développer la culture entrepreneuriale chez les jeunes -
Théorie(s) et pratique(s).- Revue française de gestion – N°185. Lavoisier, Paris.2008..
2. ROBERT D HISRICH et MICHEL P. PETERS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP; lancer, élaborer et
gérer une entreprise, édition de nouveaux horizons, France1989.
3. Schumpeter J , capitalisme , socialisme et démocratie , petite bibliothèque Payot , Paris 1967 .
4. Schumpeter J , capitalisme , socialisme et démocratie , petite bibliothèque Payot , Paris 1967 , .
5. Vérin Hélène, Entrepreneurs, entreprises; quelques remarques historiques pour leur définition,
colloque entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique (XIXème et XXème siècle), t1, éditions l’harmattan,
Paris (1983).
6. Alain FAYOLLE, le métier de créateur d'entreprise, les éditions d’organisation, paris, 2003.
7. Marie-Josée BERNARD, Entrepreneuriat et Résilience : pour une expression de la diversité des
parcours D’entrepreneurs. 5e congrès International de l’académie de l’entrepreneuriat, S.D.
8. Sophie BOUTILLIER et Dimitri UZUNIDIS, L'entrepreneur : une analyse socio-économique,
édition Economica, Paris, 1995, p 08.
LES SITES :
1. Start and Improve Your Business (SIYB) .
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/afpro/harare/areas/employment/siyb.htm
2. GERME - Gérez mieux votre entreprise.Les atouts du créateur et du gestionnaire de micro, petite
et moyenne Entreprise. www.ilo.org
3. LES ACTIVITES DU RESEAU.
http://www.reseaugermeci.org/souslien2/activite.php?module=lesformations
4. Nadim Ahmad and Richard G. Seymour, Defining entrepreneurial activity , site
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/62/39651330.pdf, (20/02/2010) à 21:44.
5. Rémy Gauthier. Cultiver l’esprit entrepreneurial en milieu scolaire. 23 octobre 2008 .
www.entrepreneurship.qc.ca/fr/projets.
6. Pierre André JULIEN et Michel MARCHESNAY (1996). http://www.refer.mg/cours/analyse-
projet/mod1/index.htm.
ﺗﻘﺪﱘ:
ﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﲔ ﺑﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺆﺳﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺮﳚﻲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻓﺸﻼ
ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ،ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ،ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻬﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﲤﺲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ .ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﻌﻰ ﻣﻌﻜﻢ ﻭﺑﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ )ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﺞ( ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻜﻢ
ﰲ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ،ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ) (Xﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ
ﺭﺃﻳﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ .ﻧﻌﺪﻛﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻜﻢ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻻ ﻏﲑ.
ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﻟﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺔ
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ
ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻏﲑ ﻟﺴﺖ ﺃﻭﺍﻓﻖ
ﺃﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﺃﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻧﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ:
ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﺘﺄﻛﺪﹰﺍ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ
.21ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﻘﺘﻨﺼﻬﺎ.
.22ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﱘ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ،ﻓﺘﺢ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ،ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﲤﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ...،ﺍﱁ.
.23ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ
.24ﻳﻐﺎﻣﺮ ﺑﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﺑﻪ )ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺄﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ(
.25ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻮﺃ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ
.26ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺎﻗﹰﺎ ﳉﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﰲ ﺻﺎﳊﻪ
.27ﻳﺪﻗﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻔﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﲝﺜﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ
.28ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﳏﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ
.29ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻭﻻ ﳜﺸﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ
.30ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ
.31ﳛﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻊ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﻱ
.32ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﳒﺎﺣﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﻣﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ
.33ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻩ
.34ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﺣﱴ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﺓ
.35ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ
.36ﻳﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﳌﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻪ
.37ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻔﺸﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ
.38ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ ﻭﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ
.39ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﲝﺜﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ
.40ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺋﻞ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ،ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺗﻌﺜﺮ ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﺕ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﲦﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ
ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺃﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻖ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ:
.61ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ
.62ﺍﻟﺘﺘﻌﺴﻒ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ
.63ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻭﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ
.64ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﹼﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ
.65ﺃﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ
ﺃﻧﺜﻰ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ: ﺍﻟﺴﻦ..................:ﺳﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ..............................: ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ :ﻧﻈﺎﻡ LMD