2d Videography PDF

2D VIDEOGRAPHY IN
BIOMECHANICS
2D videography has emerged as a valuable tool in both sports and clinical biomechanics,
providing a cost-effective and accessible method for analyzing human movement. This
approach is particularly beneficial for assessing performance, identifying injury risks, and
facilitating rehabilitation.
By- Jatin Punetha

B.Sc(H),B.P.Ed, M.Sc
Teaching Assistant SSSS
• Two-dimensional (2D) video analysis is emerging as a practical and affordable
alternative to 3D motion capture for biomechanical assessment in various
applications.
• Studies have shown moderate to strong correlations between 2D and 3D
measurements, particularly in the sagittal plane (Schurr et al., 2017).
• While 2D analysis has limitations in capturing rotations and precise
measurements, it can provide valuable insights into gross movement patterns
and potential injury risks (DeFroda et al., 2016; Souza, 2016).
• The reliability and validity of 2D video analysis vary depending on factors such as
camera specifications, setup, and analysis software (Michelini et al., 2020).
• Researchers have proposed standardized protocols for 2D video analysis in
specific contexts, such as running biomechanics (Souza, 2016) and pitching
mechanics (DeFroda et al., 2016).
• Despite its limitations, 2D video analysis offers a promising tool for clinicians and
researchers to assess movement patterns in various populations and tasks,
particularly when 3D motion capture is not feasible or accessible (Michelini et al.,
2020).
Application in Sports
Performance Analysis
• In sports, 2D videography is utilized to analyze athletes' movements
during various activities, such as running, jumping, and changing
directions. This analysis helps coaches and trainers to:Identify
Strengths and Weaknesses: By observing athletes in action, coaches
can pinpoint specific areas for improvement.
• Optimize Techniques: Slow-motion video allows for detailed
examination of technique, enabling adjustments that enhance
performance.
Injury Prevention
2D video analysis can also play a crucial role in injury prevention by:
Assessing
• Movement Patterns: Identifying abnormal biomechanics that may lead to
injuries, such as excessive knee valgus during cutting movements.
• Providing Immediate Feedback: Athletes can view their movements in
real-time or through slow-motion playback, allowing for instant correction.
•.
Application in Clinical Biomechanics
Clinical Assessment
• In clinical settings, 2D videography is increasingly used for assessing
movement patterns in patients. Its advantages include:
• Cost-Effectiveness: Unlike 3D motion capture systems, which are
expensive and require specialized training, 2D systems are portable
and affordable.
• Ease of Use: Clinicians can easily record and analyze movements using
standard digital cameras and software.
Rehabilitation Monitoring
• 2D video analysis aids in monitoring
rehabilitation progress by: Tracking
Improvements: Clinicians can record patients'
movements over time to visually assess
recovery.
• Enhancing Communication: Videos can be
shared with patients to explain their progress
and motivate them.
• Kinematic Analysis
• Research indicates that 2D video analysis can yield comparable results to

3D motion capture for certain kinematic measures. For instance:Studies
have shown moderate to strong correlations between 2D and 3D analyses
for joint angles and displacements during functional tasks like single-leg
squats2
•3
•.
• This makes 2D analysis a viable option for evaluating joint movement in
both sports and clinical contexts.
Conclusion
• 2D videography serves as a powerful tool in both sports performance

enhancement and clinical biomechanics. Its accessibility, cost-
effectiveness, and ability to provide detailed movement analysis make
it an essential resource for coaches, clinicians, and researchers alike.
As technology continues to advance, the integration of 2D video
analysis into practice is likely to expand further, improving outcomes
in both fields.
2D VIDEOGRAPHY CAMERA ERRORS AND
CALIBERATION
• ADEQUATE LIGHTING
• SPACE 3M
5M
• UNCLUTTERED
• MARK A LINE 3 M TO THE POINT OF
MEASURMENT.
• CAMERA TO BE PLACED 90 DEGREE IN
SAGITAL PLANE. 4M
CAMERA PLACEMENT
LINE OF ACTION
90
BACKGROUND CONSIDERATIONS
• CLEAR.
• NON REFLECTIVE.
• USE CURTAINS OR CLEAR WALLS.
• UNCLUTTERED AND NON REFLECTIVE FIELD OF VIEW.
• STURDY TRIPOD.
• CAMERA HEIGHT- MID POINT OF THE ACTIVITY FILMED
• EG- FOR WALKING- SET AT HIP HEIGHT.
• CAMERA IS SET AT CENTER POINT TILL ZOOM IN.
• ZOOM OUT FOR REQUIRED FIELD OF VIEW.
CAMERA SELECTION
• FRAME RATE
• ISO
• APERTURE
• SHUTTER SPEED
FRAME RATE
The number of frames captured per second (fps). Higher frame rates
allow for smoother motion capture and better analysis of fast
movements.
Requirements:
• Walking: 30 fps is typically
sufficient.
• Jumping/Running: 60 fps is
recommended to capture the
dynamics of these movements.
• Sprinting/Kicking/Striking: At least
120 fps is ideal to capture rapid
actions without motion blur.
• Video frame rate and camera settings are crucial factors in biomechanical
analysis. Higher frame rates generally provide more accurate measurements, with
100Hz cameras offering better temporal resolution than 30Hz cameras for
running gait analysis (Ferber et al., 2009).
• However, commercial video frame rates of 25/30Hz or 50/60Hz can produce
reliable results for spatiotemporal, angular, and linear displacement variables in
both normal and cerebral palsy gait analysis (Nikodelis et al., 2011).
• For optimal marker visibility, a shutter speed of 2300 μsec and frame rate of 60
FPS are recommended (Shambharkar & Jolhe, 2022). Image quality is affected by
factors such as focus, resolution, frame rate, motion blur, shutter options, and
lighting (Pueo, 2016).
• To minimize perspective errors and ensure high-quality recordings, proper
camera selection and setup are essential. Researchers should consider their
specific analysis requirements and budget when choosing between high-, mid-, or
low-range camera options (Pueo, 2016).
ISO
• A higher ISO number means the camera is more sensitive to light and needs
less light to take a picture. For example, ISO 6400 needs less light than ISO
200.
• Image quality
• The ideal ISO number allows the camera to take a good quality image by
letting the right amount of light hit the sensor. However, higher ISO settings
can make images grainy or "noisy".
• Shooting settings
• You can set and change the ISO sensitivity in the camera's shooting settings
menu.
• Low ISO
• Low ISO settings are good for outdoor settings with lots of sun, and can help
increase dynamic range and sharpness
SHUTTER SPEED
• The duration the camera's shutter is open to expose light onto the
sensor. Faster shutter speeds freeze motion, while slower speeds can
create motion blur.
• Requirements:
• For walking: A shutter speed of 1/30 to 1/60 seconds is adequate.
• For jumping/running: A shutter speed of at least 1/250 seconds is
recommended.
• For sprinting/kicking/striking: A shutter speed of 1/500 seconds or
faster is essential to avoid motion blur.
MOTION BLUR
https://doi.
org/10.14198/JHSE.2016.111.05
PERSPECTIVE ERRORS
• CAMERA DISTANCE
• MOVEMENT OUT OF PLANE OF MOTION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIlum97McaQ&ab_channel=BiomechanicsMMU
SETTING CAMERA FAR BACK

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2D VIDEOGRAPHY IN

By- Jatin Punetha

• Research indicates that 2D video analysis can yield comparable results to

• 2D videography serves as a powerful tool in both sports performance

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