1.

Horizontal line departs from a level surface because of _____________

a) Refraction
b) Radius of earth
c) Curvature of earth
d) Parallelism

Explanation: From the definition of level surface and a horizontal line it is evident that a horizontal line
departs from a level surface because of the curvature of the earth.

2. In the long sights, the horizontal line of sight doesn’t remain straight but it slightly bends downwards
having concavity towards earth due to ____________
a) Refraction
b) Radius of earth
c) Curvature of earth
d) Parallelism
View Answer

Explanation: Due to refraction, in the long sights, the horizontal line of sight doesn’t remain straight but
it slightly bends downwards having concavity towards earth.

3. Find the correction for curvature for a distance 1200 m?

a) 0.113 m
b) 0.131 m
c) 0.133 m
d) 0. 313 m

Explanation: Correction for curvature is 0.07849 d2. Therefore, here 0.07849*(1.2)2 = 0.113 m.

4. Find correction for refraction for a distance of 1200 m?

a) 0.0106 m
b) 0.0160 m
c) 0.0016 m
d) 0.0116 m

Explanation: Correction for refraction is correction for curvature/7. Therefore, here (0.07849 * (1.2)2)/7 =
0.016 m.

5. Find the correction for curvature for a distance 2.48 km?

a) 0.483 m
b) 0.434 m
c) 0.443 m
d) 0. 403 m

Explanation: Correction for curvature is 0.07849 d 2. Therefore, here 0.07849*(2.48)2 = 0.483 m

6. Find correction for refraction for a distance of 2.48 km?

a) 0.0066 m
b) 0.0160 m
c) 0.069 m
d) 0.096 m
Explanation: Correction for refraction is correction for curvature/7. Therefore, here (0.07849 * (2.48) 2)/7
= 0.069 m.

7. Find combined correction for curvature and refraction for 3400 m?

a) 0.078 m
b) 0.778 m
c) 0.709 m
d) 0.786 m

Explanation: Combined correction for curvature and refraction is given by 0.06728 d 2. Therefore, here
0.06728 (3.4)2 = 0.778 m.

8. Find combined correction for curvature and refraction for 1.29 km?
a) 0.112 m
b) 0.128 m
c) 0.212m
d) 0.221 m

Explanation: Combined correction for curvature and refraction is given by 0.06728 d 2. Therefore, here,
0.06728(1.29)2 = 0.112 m.

9. In order to find the difference in elevation between two points P and Q, a level was set upon the line
PQ, 30 m from P and 1280 m from Q. The reading obtained on staff kept at P and Q were respectively
0.545 m and 3.920 m. Find the true difference in elevation between P and Q?
a) 3.226 m
b) 3.343 m
c) 3.265 m
d) 3.345 m

Explanation: Since the distance of P from an instrument is small, the correction for curvature etc is
negligible. Combined correction for Q is 0.06728 (1.28) 2 = 0.110 m. Correct staff reading at Q = 3.920 –
0.110 = 3.810 m. Difference in elevation between P and Q = 3.810 – 0.545 = 3.265 m.

10. A light house is visible just above the horizon at a certain station at the sea level. The distance
between the station and light house is 10 km. Find the height of the light house?
a) 0 6728 m
b) 0.06728 m
c) 67.280 m
d) 6.728 m

Explanation: Combined correction for curvature and refraction is given by 0.06728 d 2. Therefore, here
0.06728 (10)2 = 6.728 m.
PROBLEM SET NO. 3

1. TWO PEG TEST. In the two-peg test of a dumpy level the following observations
were taken: with level set up near A, observed readings are a=1.855m and
b=1.434m; with level set up near B, c= 1.790m and d=2.211m. Determine the
correct reading on the rod held at A with the instrument still in the same position
at B for a horizontal line of sight.

Given: Conventional Method

ROD READING INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENT

NEAR A NEAR B
On point A a = 1.855 m d=2.211 m
On point B b = 1.434 m c = 1.790 m

Required: d’

Illustration: d c
d’

Solution: d’ = c + TDE
TDE = DEa + DEb
2
DEa = a-b DEb = d-c
DEa = 1.855 – 1.434 DEb = 2.211 – 1.790
DEa = 0.421 DEb = 0.421
TDE = 0.421
d’ = 1.790 + 0.421
d’ = 2.211 m

2. TWO PEG TEST. The two-peg test is used to determine if the line of sight of the
telescope is parallel to the axis of the bubble tube. A tilting level is set up halfway
between points A and B and rod readings on both points are 1.969m and 2.161
m, respectively. The level is then set up 1.50m away from A along the extension
of the line AB and 53.50 from B. Then rod readings on A and B were recorded as
1.554m and 1.728m, respectively. Determine if the line of sight is inclined
downward or upward and the amount by which the horizontal cross hair should
be moved to adjust the line of sight.
Given:

ROD READING INSTRUMENT at INSTRUMENT at P

M
On point A a = 1.969m c = 1.554m
On point B b = 2.161 m d = 1.728m

Required: inclination of the line of sight

Illustration:

d c
d
d’ c’

a b

A M

Solution:

𝑇𝐷𝐸 = |𝑎 − 𝑏|

= 1.969 − 2.161

= 0.192

Assuming LOS upward

𝑐′ = 𝑐 − 𝑒𝑛 , 𝑑′ = 𝑑 − 𝑒𝑓

𝑦 = 𝑇𝐷𝐸 + (𝑐 − 𝑒𝑛 )(𝑑 − 𝑒𝑓)

0.192 + 1.554 − 𝑒𝑛 = 1.728 − 𝑒𝑓

Equation 1, 𝑒𝑛 − 𝑒𝑓 = .018

𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑓
=
3.5 57
Equation 2, 57𝑒𝑛 = 3.5𝑒𝑓
 𝑒𝑛 = −1.18 × 10−3

𝑒𝑓 = −0.019

𝑐′ = 𝑐 − 𝑒𝑛 , 𝑑′ = 𝑑 − 𝑒𝑓

𝑐′ = 1.554 − (−1.178 × 10−3)

= 1.555𝑚

𝑑′ = 1.728 − (−0.019)

= 1.747𝑚

LOS IS INCLINED DOWNWARD

3. DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION. A dumpy level is set up and leveled

approximately halfway between two points, C and D. The elevation of point C is
135.00m above the main sea level and the reading on a rod held at this point is
1.52m. If the reading on the rod held at point D is 2.74 m, determine the
difference in elevation between the two points. Also, determine the elevation at
point D.

Given:
el. of C = 135.00m
rod reading at C = 1.52m
rod reading at D = 2.74 m

Required: TDE and el. D

Illustration:

1.52

C
2.74
Elev. at C=135 m

D
 Solution:

𝑇𝐷𝐸 = |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑇𝐷𝐸 = 2.74 − 1.52 = 1. 22𝑚

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = 135 − 1.22 = 133. 78𝑚

4. DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION. The backsight reading on a point is 2.25 m and

the foresight reading on a second point is 0.86 m. If the elevation of the first point
is 460.96 m, determine the elevation of the second point.

Given: BS1 = 2.25 and FS1 = 0.86

el. 1 = 460.96 m

Required: el. 2

Illustration:

TDE
0.86

2.25

TDE
460.96

Solution 𝑒𝑙. 2 = 𝑇𝐷𝐸 + 𝑒𝑙. 1

𝑇𝐷𝐸 = |𝐵𝑆𝑝1 − 𝐹𝑆𝑝2|

𝑇𝐷𝐸 + 2.25 − .86 = 1.39𝑚

𝑒𝑙. 2 = 1.39 + 460.96 = 462. 35𝑚

5. DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION. Reading on a rod held at two point A and B, 75

m apart, are 2.965 m and 1.215m, respectively. Determine the rod reading at
points on line AB which are 25 m and 45 m from A. Assume that there is a
uniform gradient along line AB.
 Given: AB=75 m

RR at A= 2.965 m

RR at B= 1.215 m

A to B= 75 m

A to C= 25 m

A to D= 45 m

Required: RR at C, RR at D

Illustration:

A B

TDE
D C

Solution:

𝑅𝑜𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑟𝑟 @ 𝐴 + 0.583𝑚

= 2.965 + 0.583 = 3. 548m

𝑅𝑜𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = 𝑟𝑟 @ 𝐴 + 1.05

= 2.965 + 1.05 = 4. 015𝑚

6. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. Determine the combined effect of curvature

and refraction on level sights of 30, 50, 100, 250, 300, 500, 1000 and 2000 m.

Given: level sights 30, 50, 100, 250, 300, 500, 1000, and 2000 m
Required: h
Solution:
30
ℎ30 = 0.0675 𝑘2 = 0.0675 ( )2 = 0. 00006075 𝑚
1000
 50
ℎ50 = 0.0675 𝑘 2 = 0.0675 ( )2 = 0. 00016875 𝑚
1000
100 2
ℎ = 0.0675 𝑘 2 = 0.0675 ( ) = 0. 0000675 𝑚
100 1000
250 2
ℎ250 = 0.0675 𝑘2 = 0.0675 ( ) = 0. 00421875 𝑚
1000
300 2
ℎ300 = 0.0675 𝑘2 = 0.0675 ( ) = 0. 006075 𝑚
1000
500 2
ℎ500 = 0.0675 𝑘2 = 0.0675 ( ) = 0. 016875 𝑚
1000
1000 2
ℎ = 0.0675 𝑘2 = 0.0675 ( ) = 0. 0675 𝑚
1000 1000

2000 2
ℎ2000 = 0.0675 𝑘2 = 0.0675 ( ) = 0. 27 𝑚
1000

7. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. A backsight of 3.055m is taken on a point

75m from a level station and foresight of 1.258m from the same station.
Determine the difference in elevation between the two points, taking into account
the combined effect of curvature and refraction.

Given: hcr1 = 9.45 m and hcr2 = 1.32m

Required: K
Illustration:

Solution:

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐾1 = 𝐾2, ℎ𝑐𝑟 = 0

𝐷𝐸 = 𝐵𝑆 − 𝐹𝑆 = 3.055 − 1.258 = 1. 797𝑚

8. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. Determine the backsight or foresight

distance for an instrument set up which will cause an error due to the earth’s
curvature and atmospheric refraction equal to 0.0015m, 0.0575 m, 0.0986m,
0.2935 m, and 0.8750m.
 Given:
ℎ𝑐𝑟1 = 0.0015𝑚

ℎ𝑐𝑟2 = 0.0575𝑚

ℎ𝑐𝑟3 = 0.0986𝑚

ℎ𝑐𝑟4 = 0.2935𝑚

ℎ𝑐𝑟5 = 0.8750𝑚

Required: 𝐾1, 𝐾2, 𝐾3, 𝐾4, 𝐾5

Illustration:

Solution:

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑐𝑟 = 0.0675𝐾2

0.0015
𝐾 =√ = 0.149 𝑘𝑚
1 0.0675

0.0575
𝐾2 = √ = 0.923 𝑘𝑚
0.0675

0.0986
𝐾3 = √ = 1.209 𝑘𝑚
0.0675

0.2935
𝐾4 = √ = 2.085 𝑘𝑚
0.0675

0.8750
𝐾5 = √ = 3.600 km
0.0675

9. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. An observer standing on shore can just see

the top of a lighthouse 16.5 km away. If the eye height of the observer above sea
 level is 1.735m, determine the height of the lighthouse above sea level. Neglect
the effect of the waves.

Given: distance = 16.5 km

Eye height = 1.735m
Required: height of lighhouse
Illustration:

1.735 m

16.5 km
Solution:

1.735 = 0.0675 𝑘12 𝐻 = 0.0675(11.4301)2

𝐾1 = 5.0699 𝑘𝑚 𝐻 = 8. 819 𝑚

𝐾2 = 11.4301 𝑘𝑚

10. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. Determine how far ( in km ) out from shore
an inter-island vessel will be when a red light on its deck, 9.45 m above the
water, disappears from the line of sight of a child standing on shore and whose
eye level is 1.32 m above the water.

Given: hcr1 = 9.45 m and hcr2 = 1.32 m

Required: K
Illustration:

1.32
9.45

Solution:
 ℎ𝑐𝑟2 = 0.0675𝐾2

1.32 𝑚
𝐾2 = √
0.0675

𝐾2 = 4.422166387 𝑘𝑚

ℎ𝑐𝑟1 = 0.0675𝐾2

9.45 𝑚
𝐾1 = √
0.0675

𝐾1 = 11.83215857 𝑘𝑚

𝐾 = 𝐾1 + 𝐾2

𝐾 = (4.422166387 + 11.83215857 )𝑘𝑚 = 16. 25𝑘𝑚

11. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. By taking a sight across a lake 24 km wide

through a pair of binoculars, determine the height of the shortest tree on the
opposite shore whose tip the observer can see. Assume that the eyes of the
observer are 1.675 m above the shore line on which he stands.

Given: hm= 1.675m and K= 24 km

Required: height of shortest tree

Illustration:

1.675 ?

24 km

Solution:

ℎ𝑚 = 𝑜. 0675𝑘2
1.675 0.0675𝑘 2
√ =√
0.0675 0.0675
𝑘1 = 4.98144706 𝑘𝑚
𝑘2 = 𝐾 − 𝑘1
= 24 − 4.98144706
 𝑘2 = 19.01855294 𝑘𝑚

ℎ𝑡 = 0.0675𝑘2
= (0.0675)(19.01855294)2
ℎ𝑡 = 24. 415 𝑚

12. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. Two towers, A and B, are located on level
ground and their bases have equal elevations above sea level. Determine the
distance between the two towers if a person standing on top of tower A can just
see the top of tower B. His eyes are 15.50 m above the ground.

Given: hcr = 15.50m

Required: K

Illustration:

15.5m

B A

Solution:

ℎ𝑐𝑟
𝐾 = 2√
0.0675

15.5
𝐾 = 2√
0.0675

𝐾 = 30. 307 𝑘𝑚

13. CURVATURE AND REFRACTION. A lifeguard is standing on a watchtower at

the edge of the water such that his eye level is 3.50 m above sea level. If a life
raft stars floating out to sea, determine how far out it could go before it
disappears from the sight of the lifeguard. Assume that the sea is calm and a pair
of binoculars is available to tract the movement of the raft.
Given: hcr=3.50m

Required: K

Illustration:

3.50m

Solution:

ℎ𝑐𝑟
𝐾=√
0.0675

3.5
𝐾=√
0.0675

𝐾 = 7. 200 𝑘𝑚
Unit Exam No. 3

A 1. Leveling is ths process of directly or indirectly measuring vertical distances to

determine the elevation of points or their
a) differences in elevation
b) clearances above mean sea level
c) horizontal distances from each other
d) relationship to natural and man-made features
e) respective positions with respect to the true meridian

C 2. Mean sea level is an imaginary surface of the sea which

a) is below the level of natural lakes and reservoirs
b) comes very close to high tide
c) is usually found midway between high and low tides
d) deviates by about 0.5 m to 1.0 m from the lowest tide level
e) is determined by averaging the height of the sea's surface for all its tide stages
over a period of one month

E 3. The elevation of a point is the vertical distance

a) below mean sea level
b) above or below the level line
c) measured from the lowest point on the ground
d) above mean sea level or any other selected datum
e) above or below mean sea level or any other selected datum

A 4. Direct leveling is the commonly employed method of determining the elevation

of points some distance apart by a series of setups of a leveling instrument along a
selected route. It is said to be the most precise method of leveling and is used when
a) a higher degree of accuracy is required
b) quick measurements are needed
c) it is necessary to obtain a profile of the existing ground surface
d) vertical angles and three intercepts on a rod can be obtained
e) leveling across a wide river or a deep ravine

E 5. If in a given locality the elevation of points A and B are 247.50 m and 200.00
m, respectively, the value 47.50 m represents their
a) datum difference
b) elevation factor
c) datum correction
d) vertical clearance
e) difference in elevation

E 6. Reciprocal leveling is commonly employed when leveling across a wide river,

a deep ravine, or across canyons and gullies where it would be difficult or impossible to
a) locate a reference bench mark
b) determine the north-south line
 c) set up an advantageous instrument station
d) read vertical angles and differences in elevation
e) maintain a foresight and a backsight distance of nearly equal lengths

D 7. Any surveying instrument may be employed in stadia leveling as long as it can

be used to measure vertical angles and is equipped with the standard cross hairs and
a) an inverting eyepiece
b) a compensator
c) a Roelof's prism
d) stadia hairs
e) an erecting eyepiece

B 8. The dumpy level is very identical to the wye level. The only distinct difference
between these two instruments is in the manner by which
a) theh are used in the field
b) their telescopes are attached to the supporting level bar
c) the image sighted appears on the eyepiece
d) the instruments are set up and leveled
e) their level vials are positioned

B 9. This small device is attached to the leveling rod when extremely long sights
make direct reading of the rod difficult or impossible. It may be moved up or down the
rod under the direction of the instrumentman. The device referred to is called a
a) rod ribbon
b) target
c) rod level
d) hand level
e) laser system

C 10. The cross hairs consists of a pair of lines which are perpendicular to each
other. They are used to
a) determine stadia intercept
b) project the center of the instrument
c) define the instrument's line of sight
d) check for effects of parallax and refraction
e) determine the effect of the earth's curvature

A 11. A backsight reading of 2.73 m is taken on point A and subsequently a

foresight reading of 1.35 m is taken on point B from a level station established midway
between the two points. The difference in elevation between points A and B is
a) 1.38 m
b) 4.08 m
c) 2.73 m
d) 4.11 m
e) 1.35 m
Given: BS = 2.73m and FS = 1.35m
Required:
𝐷𝐸𝐴𝐵 =?

Solution:
𝐷𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝑆 − 𝐹𝑆 = 2.73 − 1.35 = 1.38𝑚

E 12. In Question 11, if the elevation of A is 386.70 m above mean sea level, the
elevation of B should be
a) 389.43 m
b) 388.05 m
c) 390.78 m
d) 390.81 m
e) 388.08 m

Given: el A = 386.70m
Required:
𝐸𝐿. 𝐵 =? (𝑖𝑓 𝐸𝑙. 𝐴 = 386.70𝑚)

Solution:
𝐷𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝑙. 𝐵 − 𝐸𝐿. 𝐴
𝐸𝑙. 𝐵 = 𝐷𝐸𝐴𝐵 + 𝐸𝑙. 𝐴 = 1.38 + 386.70 = 388.08𝑚

C 13. The two-peg test is used to determine if the line of sight of an engineer's level
is in adjustment, and the following rod readings are taken: with instrument setup near A,
backsight on A is 1.623 m, foresight on B is 2.875 m; with instrument setup near B,
backsight on B is 1.622 m, and foresight on A is 0.362 m. The correct rod reading on A
to give a level line of sight with the instrument still setup near B should be
a) 1.256 m
b) 2.878 m
c) 0.366 m
d) 1.614 m
e) 1.630 m

Given: a=1.623, b=2.875, c=1.622 and d=0.362

Required:
𝑑′ =?

Solution:
𝐷𝐸𝐴 + (1.623 − 2.875) + (0.362 − 1.622)
𝐷𝐸𝐵 = = −1.256𝑚
𝑇𝐷𝐸 = 2
2
𝑑′ = 𝑐 + 𝑇𝐷𝐸 = 1.622 − 1.256 = 0.366𝑚
B 14. In Question 13, in order to adjust the line of sight, thr horizontal cross hair
should be moved
a) downward by 0.894 m
b) upward by 0.004 m
c) upward by 2.516 m
d) downward by 1.252 m
e) downward by 0.0004 m

Given:
𝑑 = 0.362𝑚
𝑑′ = 0.366𝑚

Required:
𝑒 =?

Solution:
𝑒 = 𝑑 − 𝑑′ = 0.362 − 0.366 = −0.004𝑚
∴ 𝑒 = 0.004𝑚 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑

A 15. In the two-peg test of a dumpy level, the following obersvations are taken:
with level setup at M (midway between A and B), the rod readings on A and B are 1.155
m and 1.770 m, respectively. With level at P, the rod reading on A is 2 423 m and that
on B is 2 999 m. If point P is located 1.67 m from A along the extension of line AB and
76.910 m from B, the correct rod reading (d') on the far rod for a horizontal line of sight
(with the level still setup at P) should be
a) 3.039 m
b) 2.424 m
c) 2.959 m
d) 2.422 m
e) 2.999 m

Given: a=1.155, b= 1.770, c= 2.423, d=2.999, x= 1.67m and x+d=76.910m

Required:
𝑑′ =?

Solution:
𝐼 = 𝐷𝐸𝑚 − 𝐷𝐸𝑝 = (1.155 − 1.770) − (2.423 − 2.999) = −0.039𝑚
𝑃𝐵 76.91
𝑒𝑓 = 𝐼= (−0.039) = −0.040𝑚
𝐴𝐵 75.24
𝑑′ = 𝑑 − 𝑒𝑓 = 2.999 + 0.040 = 3.039𝑚

C 16. In Question 15, the correct rod reading (c') on the near rod for a horizontal
line of sight (with level still setup at P) should be
a) 2.959 m
b) 2.422 m
 c) 2.424 m
d) 3.039 m
e) 2.999 m

Given: a=1.155, b= 1.770, c= 2.423, d=2.999, x= 1.67m and x+d=76.910m

Required:
𝑐′ =?

Solution:
1.67
𝑒𝑛 = (−0.039) = −0.0009𝑚
75.24
𝑐′ = 𝑐 − 𝑒𝑛 = 2.423 + 0.0009 = 2.424𝑚

C 17. In Question 15, the line of sight is

a) horizontal
b) inclined upward
c) inclined downward
d) inclined to the left
e) inclined to the right

E 18. The combined effect of the earth's curvature and refraction on a level sight of
1200 m is
a) 0.972 m
b) 0.081 m
c) 0.054 m
d) 0.005 m
e) 0.097 m

Given: K = 1200m
Required:
ℎ𝑐𝑟 =?

Solution:
ℎ𝑐𝑟 = 0.0675𝑘2 = 0.0675(1.2)2 = 0.097𝑚

A 19. A fishing vessel with a green light on its deck, 7.5 m above the water,
disappears from the sight of a person on shore whose eye level measures 1.30 m
above the water. Neglecting the effect of waves, the distance of the vessel from the
man on shore is
a) 14.93 km
b) 130.37 km
c) 4.39 km
d) 10.54 km
e) 6.15 km
Given: hcr1 = 1.30m and hcr2=7.50m
Required:
𝐾𝑇 =?

Solution:
ℎ𝑐𝑟 = 0.0675𝐾2
ℎ𝑐𝑟1 1.30
𝐾 =√ =√ = 4.389𝑘𝑚
1 0.0675 0.0675

ℎ𝑐𝑟2 7.50 = 10.54𝑘𝑚

𝐾2 = √ =√
0.0675 0.0675
𝐾𝑇 = 𝐾1 + 𝐾2

A 20. A woman on shore standing close to the sea water's edge looks toward the
direction of the sea. If her eyes measure 1.525 m above sea level, her visible horizon,
neglecting the effect of waves, should be about
a) 4.75 km away
b) 0.21 km away
c) 0.04 km away
d) 22.73 km away
e) 1.63 km away