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M Prakash Institute STD IX-2Yrs Chemistry

L5 Elements, Compounds, Mixtures (Part-1)

Chemical Classification of Matter: Chemically matter can be

a pure substance or a mixture of pure substances. Pure substances
are further classified as elements and compounds.
ELEMENTS
Elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed into sim-
pler substances by chemical changes. As per the modern definition,
an element is a simple individual that has a definite atomic num-
ber and has a definite position in the periodic table. It cannot be
decomposed in a chemical change.
There are presently 118 elements known. On 28 November 2016,
the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
approved the name and symbols for four elements: nihonium (Nh),
moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts), and oganesson (Og), respectively
for element 113, 115, 117, and 118. Out of the 118 elements known,
89 have been isolated from natural resources. Others are artifi-
cially prepared. Hydrogen comprises 90 % of the matter in entire
universe. Helium is second most abundant (9 %). All the rest to-
gether make up 1 %. All the elements may be classified as metals,
non-metals and metalloids.
Metals: History: Process Metallurgy is one of the oldest applied
sciences. Its history can be traced back to 6000 BC. Currently there
are 86 known metals. Before the 19th century only 24 of these met-
als had been discovered and, of these 24 metals, 12 were discovered
in the 18th century. Therefore, from the discovery of the first met-
als - gold and copper until the end of the 17th century - some 7700
years - only 12 metals were known. Civilization was based on the
other seven metals, known as the Metals of Antiquity. These seven
metals were:
(1) Gold (Au) 6000BC (2) Copper(Cu) 4200BC
(3) Silver(Ag) 4000BC (4) Lead (Pb) 3500BC
(5) Tin (Sn) 1750BC (6) Iron, (Fe) 1500BC
(7) Mercury (Hg) 750BC
However, some important metals were also discovered eventually,
which led to industrial development and automation. Some of these
were - Platinum(Pt) 1557,Cobalt(Co) 1735 etc
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Physical Properties of Metals:

1. Lustre: Metals reflect light. The reflection is different for each
metal. The shine of light on a metal is called metallic lustre.
2. Physical State: Metals are generally hard, though some are
soft: For example, metals like iron, aluminum, copper etc are hard.
Metals like potassium and sodium are soft and can be cut with a
knife. These metals are highly reactive so stored in oil baths. Met-
als are usually solids: However, Mercury (M.P.=234.3 K), Gallium
(M.P.=302.9 K), and Cesium(M.P.=301.6 K) are the metals in liq-
uid form at room temperature upto 313.15 K. Metals generally have
high melting points. E.g., the melting point of aluminium is 933.5
K, of copper 1,358 K and of Iron 1808 K.
3. Malleability: This means that the metals can be hammered
into sheets. Metals like aluminum, gold, silver are hammered into
sheets and used for making utensils and ornaments. (This is the
reason as to why Rutherford must have used Gold in his alpha
particles’ experiment. Gold is the most malleable of all metals; a
single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter. Gold leaf
can be beaten thin enough to become semi-transparent. The light
transmitted through that sheet appears greenish blue, because gold
strongly reflects yellow and red.)
4. Ductility: Metals can be drawn into wires, i.e. they are ductile.
gold, silver, copper, aluminum and iron and ductile. In a research
article, it has been stated that a platinum rod 10 cm long and 1 cm
in diameter can be drawn into a wire approximately 2777 km long.
Note: A metal need not be both ductile and malleable. e.g. Gold
is both ductile and malleable, lead is only malleable.
5. Conductivity: Metals are good conductors of heat and electric-
ity.
7. Density:Metals have high density. It is due to strong close pack-
ing of the particles.
8. Sonorosity: Metals are sonorous. All metals produce a ringing
sound.
9. Tensile strength: Metals generally have high tensile strength.
Tensile strength means the greatest longitudinal stress a substance
can bear without tearing apart. A piece of paper or plastic will
easily tear and break; but iron, copper or aluminum wire do not
break. It shows that metals are strong.
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Physical Properties of Non- Metal:

1. Lustre: Non-metals are Non-lustrous: Non-metals are generally
non-lustrous and dull. Carbon (graphite) and iodine are exceptions.
They are lustrous, as their surface possesses a shine.
2. Physical State: Non-metals may exist in solid, liquid or gaseous
state at room temperature. 6 non metals carbon, boron, phos-
phorous, sulphur, selenium and iodine are solid at room temper-
ature and normal pressure. Bromine is a liquid. 11 non metals
including hydrogen and oxygen are gases at room temperature. All
non-metals (except graphite) posses low melting and boiling points.
Carbon (graphite diamond) is a non-metal but possesses high melt-
ing point.
3. Strength: Non-metals are Brittle: Non-metals are generally brit-
tle and hence cannot be beaten into sheets or drawn into wires. In
other words, non-metals are non-malleable and non-ductile. Where
stress is applied on non-metals, they shatter into pieces. Non-metals
have low tensile strength. They are not strong and get easily bro-
ken.
4. Conductivity: Non-metals are generally bad conductors of heat
and electricity. Carbon (graphite) is an exception. It is a good
conductor of electricity and is used in making electrodes. Diamond
is a good conductor of heat.
5. Density: Non-metal posses low densities. They are light as com-
pared to the metals. Bromine is the liquid non metal.
6. Softness: Non-metals are generally soft. However, carbon (dia-
mond) is an exception. Diamond is very hard. In fact, diamond is
the hardest natural substance known.
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Differences between metals and non-metals

S.N. PROPERTIES METALS NON-METALS

1 State Solid Solid, liquid
and gaseous
2 Lustre Yes No
3 Malleability Yes No
4 Ductility Yes No
5 Sonorous Yes No
6 Conductivity Yes No
7 Electronic concept Electron Electron
and nature donor acceptor
8 Ion formation Cations Anions

Reactions with:
S.N. PROPERTIES METALS NON-METALS
9 Oxygen Ionic Covalent Non-
Metal oxides metal oxides
10 Hydrogen Ionic Covalent
hydrides compounds
11 Water Oxides and No
hydroxides reaction
12 Acids Salt and hydrogen No reaction
13 Bases Only amphoteric only few of
metals react them react
14 Nature of oxides Basic Acidic
*Amphoteric : Species having capacity to react both as a base and
as an acid.

Metalloids: There are some elements which have some proper-

ties of metals and some of non metals. Such elements are called
as ‘semi metals’ or ‘metalloids’., e.g: Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic,
Antimony and Tellurium.
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COMPOUNDS
Compounds are also pure substances that are composed of two or
more different elements in a fixed proprtion by mass.
The properties of compounds are different than the properties of
the constituent elements.
e.g.:
(1) Iron (Fe) is attracted by magnet. Sulphur (S) dissovles in car-
bon disulphide (CS2 ).
But the compound formed of Iron and Sulphur FeS (Iron sulfide)
is neither attracted to magnet nor dissolves in CS2 .
(2) Hydrogen burns with an explosion, Oxygen supports combus-
tion, but H2 O neither burns nor supports combustion. On the
contrary it extinguishes fire.
Why does this happen?
The chemical properties of elements are due to the specific num-
ber of electrons and its distribution in the electronic shells of the
atoms. When a compound is formed, atoms either lose or gain or
share electrons. As they do not retain their original atomic struc-
ture,their original properties also are lost. They gain new properties
in alignment with their new atomic and molecular structure.
A compound has fixed physical and chemical properties like molec-
ular weight, reactivites with other compounds. The elements form-
ing the compounds may be separated etc.
There are mainly two types of compounds -
1) Inorganic compounds: The compounds obtained from non
living sources such as rocks and minerals are called as inorganic
compounds. These compounds may contain any existing elements
of nature in varied compositions and bonding pattern.
2) Organic Compounds: These are the compounds principally
found in living organisms. They essentially have carbon as one of
their constituent elements. Some typical other elements found in
organic compounds as H, S, N, O, Cl, Br, I etc. These days many
artificial organic compounds are also obtained.
Some specific properties shown by substances:
(1) Allotropy: Existence of an element into two or more different
structural forms (due to the arrangement of particles in their crys-
tal lattice) which are similar in their chemical properties but differ
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in physical properties.
e.g. carbon exists in two allotropic forms:
a. Crystalline form: diamond and graphite.
b. Amorphous or microcrystalline form: coal, charcoal,lamp black.
Differences between diamond and graphite
S.N. Diamond Graphite
1. hardest natural substance Soft
2. Transparent Dark, grayish colored
crystalline solid
3. Density 3.51 gm/ml Density 2.266 gm/ml
4. Bad conductor Good conductor
of electricity of electricity
5. Chemically inert Chemically
more reactive
6. Leaves no mark on paper Leaves a black mark
on paper
7. Three dimensional Two dimensional
polygonal structure sheet structure
8. M. P. 4200K (pressure dependent) M. P. 3800K
(pressure dependent)

(2) Deliquescence: Certain compounds take up the moisture in

the atmosphere and become wet on exposure. This property is
called deliquiscence and the compounds are called deliquiscent. Eg:
Hydroxides of Sodium, Potssium; anhydrous chlorides of calcium,
magnesium ,iron . NaCl is not deliquiscent. But as our table salt
contains magnesium chloride, it becomes wet.
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(3) Hygroscopicity: Certain compounds combine with the mois-

ture of atmosphere and are converted into hydroxides or hydrates.
Such substances are called hygroscopic. Eg: Anhydrous copper sul-
phate, quick lime (CaO); anhydrous sodium carbonate; etc.
(4) Efflorescence: Some crystalline substances lose their water
of crystallisation on exposure to air and become powdery on sur-
face.This property is called efflorescence and the compounds are
called efflorescent.e.g: Ferrous sulphate(Green Vitriol)(F eSO4.7H2 O)
; Sodium carbonate (Washing Soda) (Sodium Carbonate Decahy-
drate (N a2 CO3 .10H2 O); Sodium sulphate (N a2 SO4 .10H2 O); Potash
alum (Potassium aluminum sulfate) (K2 SO4 .Al2 (SO4 )3 .24H2 O); etc.

Assignment:
Q 1. Classify the following:
(i) elements as metals, non metals and metalloids: aluminium, oxy-
gen, silicon, nitrogen, bromine, mercury, zinc, iron, arsenic, anti-
mony,sulphur, tellurium.
(ii) compounds as deliquescent,hygroscopic and efflorescent. Fer-
rous sulphate ; Magnesium chloride; Sodium carbonate ; Sodium
hydroxide, Sodium sulphate ; Anhydrous copper sulphate, quick
lime ;Potash alum; anhydrous sodium carbonate.
Q 2. Differentiate between (Give 3 points of distinction each)
(i) Metals and non metals
(ii) Diamond and graphite
Q 3. Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity .
Q 4. Distinguish between isotopes and allotropes. Apart from car-
bon, find two other elements that exist in allotropic forms. Write
their names and allotropic forms.
Q 5. “The properties of compounds are different than the proper-
ties of constituent elements”. Explain with examples.
Q 6. Give the exceptions to the following statements:
(i) Metals are solids at room temperature.
(ii) Non metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity.
(iii) Non metals are non-lustrous
Q 7. What happens when:
(i) A spoon made of Gallium is dipped in a cup of hot tea.
(ii) A reactive metal is reacted with an acid.