Ope353 Unit I and II

Prepared By Mr.C.
Murugan, AP/CIVIL
BHARATH NIKETAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Department of Civil Engineering
OPE353 - INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
UNIT-I INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
 Safety is very important aspect for any industry as an accident-free work environment
boosts the morale of the team members working in any hazardous situations. Recognizing
these facts industries involving various hazards and risks industries prepare their own
safety policy, safety manual and have a separate department/section for safety so as to
create proper awareness and provide the know-how-about the safety.
 Industrial safety refers to the management of all operations and events within an industry
in order to protect its employees and assets by minimizing hazards, risks, accidents, and
near misses.
 Industrial safety is overseen by federal, state, and local laws and regulations. The
Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) is the primary regulatory body in
the United States dedicated to ensuring industrial safety.
 Industrial safety covers a number of issues and topics affecting safety of personnel and
the integrity of equipment in a particular industry. The following topics are generally
discussed: General Safety – General aspects of safety which are common to all industries
 Occupational Safety and Health – Particularly associated with the occupation
 Process and Production Safety
 Material Safety
 Workplace Safety – Safety issues directly related to the workplace setting
 Fire Safety
 Electrical Safety – Arising from the equipment used
 Building and Structural Safety – Including installations as per existing building code
 Environmental Safety – Concerns the direct and indirect environmental impact of the
industry
Definition:
The importance of industrial safety was realized because of the fact that every year
millions occupational/ industrial accidents occur which result in loss of production time
equivalent to millions of man hours, machine hours etc
Prepared By Mr.C.Murugan, AP/CIVIL
Need for developing Environment, Health and Safety systems in work places:
The following steps may be taken to effectively and efficiently eliminate an unsafe working
environment:
(1) Elimination if possible, of the causes of accidents.
(2) If it is not possible to eliminate the cause of accidents, make arrangements to shield the
hazardous place by guards, enclosures or similar arrangements.
Need for Safety:
 There are some direct costs/ effects of an accident but there are certain indirect costs
involved in it also e.g. machine down time, damage to machine, ideal time of nearby
equipment and horror created among workers, loss of time etc.
 in aid cost compensation, legal implications and allied costs etc. So, safety measures
would not only eliminate/ avoid above cost but would mean performing their moral
responsibility towards workmen/operators also.
 An accident is by virtue of unsafe factor he results of an unsafe condition it may be the

combined effect of two. An unsafe act results in the form of operator/people doing thing
without proper authority, misuse of safety devices, ignoring warnings and precautions
etc.
 An unsafe condition may be present in various forms e.g. faulty or defective electrical
fittings, inadequate maintenance of gang way. Use of defective tools etc. So, to prevent
the occurrence of accidents, unsafe acts have to be avoided/ eliminated or checked.
Unsafe acts: For rectification of the causes because of unsafe acts attention must be paid to
following factors:
(1) Personnel adjustment: If a foreman/supervisor identifies that a worker is unfit either

physically or mentally or a job/ task, he should be quickly taken off the work in consultation with
the personnel department.
(2) Method/technique used: Some techniques requiring change should be replaced by safe
methods.
(3) Operator training: Job method may be safe or unsafe but the operator must be trained to
perform the job.
(4) Publicity and education about accident prevention: The workers/ people are led by the skill,
energy and leadership of foreman/supervisor. So, it is the duty of these people to educate the
workmen about prevention of accidents. The aim is to teach them to become safety conscious so
that they are able to recognize an unsafe act or situation and act in such a manner that accident is
avoided.
The unsafe conditions: To avoid accidents due to unsafe conditions, various provisions have
been discussed in the “Factories Act” these may be concerned with moving parts of prime
movers, electrical generators and transmission machinery: fire protection devices, control of
dangerous fumes, lifting of excessive weights and safe guards over lighting machines, chains and
ropes etc.
Thus, safety in industry helps:
(i) Increasing the production rate.

(ii) Reducing the cost of production.
(iii) Reducing damage to machinery and equipment.
(iv) Preventing unwanted suffering and pain to employees of the organization.
(v) Preventing premature/untimely death of talented workers who may be an asset to the
enterprise and society.
Safety Programmes: A safety programme intends to identify when where and why accidents
occur. On the same lines a safety programme aims at reducing accidents and associated losses. A
safety programme is initiated with the assumption that it is possible to prevent most work
connected accidents. A safety programme is a continuous process and tries to be decrease the
influence of personal and environmental factors which cause accidents. Normally a safety
programme consists of providing safety equipment’s and special training to workmen or
employees. Indian standards Institute has done commendable job in this context and lays down
as follows:
(i) Safety precautions to be taken during manifesting operations.

(ii) Standards for proper lighting, ventilation and proper layout of the industrial unit.
(iii) Standards and specifications of safe industrial operations and practices etc.
(iv) Requirements for effective maintenance of tools and equipment’s.
(v) Guidance on safe cutting and welding processes.
(vi) Guidance on use of powered industrial trucks, belt conveyors and fire protection
equipment’s.
(vii) Safety requirements for personal protective equipment’s.
(viii) Classification of hazardous chemicals and provision of accident provision tags.
(ix) Markings for handling and labeling of dangerous items/ goods.
(x) Standards for safety: (a) In industrial building (b) Safety procedures to be followed in
electrical work (c) in use of electrical appliances in hazardous area and explosive
atmosphere.
(xi) Specifications for protective clothing, safety helmets, face shields and safety equipment
for eyes ears lags hands and feet etc.
1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WORK PLACES
1.1.1 Need of EHS:
 Helped protect the earth from different environmental threat.
 Focused on improving workers rights and safety
 Ensure the safety of workers within the organization.
1.1.2 Benefits of the EHS:
 Employee well-being and safety as a culture
 Sustainability and brand loyalty
 Productivity and transparency gains
 Communicating the need for safety
 Making reporting easy
 Top management involvement is essential to encourage employees to take safety

seriously.
1.1.3 Features of Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) System:
1. Safety Event Reporting: EHS System promote a safety culture to control risks and
hazards at the workplace by ensuring workers have easy access to report injuries,
accidents.
2. CAPA(Corrective AND Preventive action): Assign the right people, monitor the
workflow, if there is any incident find out it will be solved and future preventive measure
should be arranged.
3. Worksite Inspection: Define schedule, checklists and asses the type and level of safe
activity for all the site location in periodically.
4. Safety Observation: Engage the workers in safety culture to report positive or negative
observations. Safety officer should record all the events in the work place safety issues.
5. Compliance Management: Recorded complaints should analyses and bring the solution
to the issues while it’s not repeated in the work site
6. Stakeholder Management: With the compliance quest H&S management solution,

companies can manage all stakeholders
7. Risk Management: Using the compliance quest EHS System’s risk management
module, business will be able to maintain all hazards and risks in a consolidated
document.
1.1.4 Environment, Health and Safety Policy:
 To protect the environment and prevent pollution in manufacturing activities.
 To prevent Injury, Health of all the employees/ Contractors & Visitors
 To eliminate hazards and reduce H&S risks.
 To comply with legal and other requirements
 To recycle and reduce of waste ever possible
 To increase awareness of EHS and seeking consultation on related to EHS

implementation.
1.1.5 Steps for Maintaining Safety in the Workplace:
 Hold regular safety meetings.
 Hire Safety personnel
 Treat all incidents seriously

1.2 ACCIDENTS
Industrial Accidents are caused by chemical, mechanical, civil, electrical, or other process
failures, negligence or incompetence, in an industrial plant which may spill over to the areas
outside the plant causing damage to life and property. These may originate in:
• Manufacturing and formulation installations including during commissioning and process

operations; maintenance and disposal.
• Material handling and storage in manufacturing facilities, and isolated storages; warehouses
and go-downs including tank farms in ports and docks and fuel depots.
• Transportation (road, rail, air, water, and pipelines).
Probable causes of accidents
• Process deviations i.e. pressure, temperature & flow.
• Parameters with regard to the state of the substance i.e., solid, liquid or gas, proximity to other
toxic substances.
• Runaway reaction.
• Hardware failure, resulting in large-scale spills of toxic substances.
• Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) on the chemicals during transportation.
Major Consequences
 Loss of life / injuries
 Impact on livestock
 Damage to Flora/fauna
 Environmental Impact (air, soil, water)
 Financial losses to industry.

1.3 ACCIDENTS CASE STUDY
1.3.1 Indian Industrial Accidents
1. Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984): The worst industrial disaster ever, a gas leak from a
pesticide plant killed over 3,700 people and injured many more.
 Held :December 2-3,1984 Union carbide India limited, Madhya Pradesh, India.
 Worst industrial disaster in history
 2,000 people died on immediate aftermath (within three days)
 Another 13,000 died in next fifteen years
 10-15 persons dying every month
 520,000 diagnosed chemicals in blood causing different health complications
 120,000 people still suffering from – Cancer – Tuberculosis – Partial or complete
blindness, – Post-traumatic stress disorders, – Menstrual irregularities
 Rise in spontaneous abortion and stillbirth
2. Chasnala Mining Disaster (1975): An explosion in a coal mine caused by methane gas
and a subsequent mine collapse led to the deaths of around 700 people.
The disaster was caused by an explosion at 1:35pm that weakened the wall between the mine
pit and another, abandoned mine above it that was full of water. By one estimate at the time,
around 500,000 m3 of water flooded in, 32,000 m3/minute. The miners were killed by debris,
drowning, and the force of the flood. By the time bodies could be recovered, they were typically
identifiable only by the number on their lamp helmets. The first body was recovered 26 days
after the accident occurred.
3. Jaipur Oil Depot Fire (2009): A fire at an oil storage facility resulted in 12 deaths
and the evacuation of over half a million people. The lack of a proper disaster
management plan was a major issue.
The Jaipur oil depot fire broke out on 29 October 2009 at 7:30 PM (IST) at the Indian Oil
Corporation (IOC) oil depot's giant tank holding 8,000 kilolitres (280,000 cu ft) of petrol,
in Sitapura Industrial Area on the outskirts of Jaipur, Rajasthan, killing 12 people and
injuring over 300. The blaze continued to rage out of control for over a week after it started
and during the period half a million people were evacuated from the area. The oil depot is
about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) south of the city of Jaipur
4. Korba Chimney Collapse (2009): A chimney under construction collapsed due to poor
construction practices, killing 45 workers.The 2009 Korba chimney collapse occurred in
the town of Korba in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh on 23 September 2009. It was under
construction under contract for the Bharat Aluminium Co Ltd (BALCO). Construction had
reached 240 m (790 ft) when the chimney collapsed on top of more than 100 workers who
had been taking shelter from a thunderstorm. At least 45 deaths were recorded.
1.3.2 World Accidents
 Senghenydd Colliery Disaster (1913): This coal mining accident in Wales resulted in the
deaths of 439 miners. The cause of the disaster was a methane gas explosion, which led
to a devastating underground fire. It remains the worst mining disaster in the UK’s
history.
 Benxihu Colliery Disaster (1942): This coal mining accident in China resulted in the
deaths of 1,549 miners. The disaster was caused by a coal dust explosion and an
underground fire, which spread rapidly throughout the mine.
 Piper Alpha Oil Platform Disaster (1988): An explosion on an oil platform in the North
Sea resulted in the deaths of 167 workers. The disaster was caused by a gas leak and a
failure of safety systems, which led to a devastating fire on the platform.
 The Mont Blanc Tunnel Fire (1999): A fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel between France
and Italy resulted in the deaths of 41 people and injured many more. The disaster was
caused by a truck carrying hazardous materials that caught fire in the tunnel, which led to
a devastating fire.
 Upper Big Branch Mine Disaster (2010): An explosion in a coal mine in West Virginia
resulted in the deaths of 29 miners. The disaster was caused by a buildup of methane gas
and a failure to adequately ventilate the mine. It led to significant changes in regulations
for the coal mining industry and resulted in criminal charges against the mine’s owner.
 Rana Plaza Collapse (2013): A building collapse in Bangladesh resulted in the deaths of
1,134 garment workers and injured many more. The disaster was caused by the use of
substandard building materials and a failure to properly maintain the structure.
 Tianjin Explosions (2015): A series of explosions at a warehouse in China storing

hazardous chemicals resulted in the deaths of 173 people and injured many more. The
disaster was caused by a failure to properly store and handle the chemicals, and it led to
widespread damage and destruction in the surrounding area.
1.4 TRADE UNION
1.4.1 Objective of trade union:
Following are the objectives of trade unions:
1. Ensure Security of Workers: This involves continued employment of workers, prevent

retrenchment, lay off or lock-outs. Restrict application of “fire” or dismissal or discharge and
VRS.
2. Obtain Better Economic Returns: This involves wages hike at periodic intervals, bonus at
higher rate, other admissible allowances, subsidized canteen and transport facilities.
3. Secure Power To Influence Management: This involves workers’ participation in

management, decision making, role of union in policy decisions affecting workers, and staff
members.
4. Secure Power To Influence Government: This involves influence on government to pass

labour legislation which improves working conditions, safety, welfare, security and retirement
benefits of workers and their dependents, seek redressal of grievances as and when needed.
Functions of a Trade Union:
The important basic functions of unions listed by National Commission on labour are: (i) To
secure fair wages to workers. (ii) To safeguard security of tenure and improve conditions of
service. (iii) To enlarge opportunities for promotion and training. (iv) To improve working and
living conditions. (v) To provide for educational, cultural and recreational facilities. (vi) To co-
operate in and facilitate technological advance by broadening the understanding of workers on its
underlying issues. (vii) To promote identity of interests of workers with their industry. (viii) To
offer responsive co-operation in improving levels of production and productivity, discipline and
high standards of quality and (ix) To promote individual and collective welfare.
1.4.2 Characteristics of Trade Union:
1. A union normally represents members in many companies throughout the industry or

occupation.
2. A union is fundamentally an employer regulating device. It sharpens management efficiency
and performance while protecting the interests of the members.
3. A union is a part of the working class movement.
4. A union is a pressure organisation originating in the desire on the part of a group with
relatively little power to influence the action of a group with relatively more power.
5. A union is a political institution in its internal structure and procedures.
Need of Trade Union:
(i) The organisation of a trade union on the basis of the craft or industry in which its
members are employed, such as general unions and professional employee’s
organisations.
(ii) Collective bargaining, which is the essence of industrial relations, for it is through
collective bargaining that the terms and conditions of employment are determined and
under which work is performed’ satisfactorily.
(iii) Grievance processing and handling procedures, under which grievances are redressed or
dealt with by a correction of situation or by channelling up of these “up the line”.
(iv) Arbitration, by which unsettled or unresolved disputes can be settled by an outside
agency.
(v) Political pressure exercised through legislators who are capable of bringing about
changes in labour laws; and
(vi) Mutual insurance through common contributions to meet the financial needs of workers
when there are stoppages of work.
1.4.3 Growth and Origin of Trade Union in India:
Trade union movement in our country has a century-long history. The first quarter of the present
century saw the birth of the trade union movement, but the seeds of the movement were sown
much earlier.
In the twenties, soon after the World War I, working class in our country realized the
effectiveness of labour strike as a means of obtaining concessions, higher wages and better
working conditions. Many strikes were declared consequently and most of them were successful.
This success led to the formation of several unions.
The AITUC was set up in 1920 with the objectives of representing worker’s interests, to
coordinate the activities of all labour organisations in the country, and to spread the message
about the need for union movement. Hundreds of unions came into being in big and small
industries. Their number, as well as membership, increased considerably
A landmark in the history of labour movement was the enactment of the Trade Unions Act 1926.
The Act gave a legal status to the registered trade unions and conferred on them and their
members a measure of immunity from civil suits and criminal presentation. Registration of union
gave them respectability before employers and the general public.
Towards the end of 1920s, there was a split in the union movement, the split being caused by the
leader’s ideological differences. The AITUC was captured by the communists. The moderates
formed a new organisation, called All India Trade Union Federation. Ideological differences and
splits had their effect on strikes too. Majority of the strikes failed.
Unlike 1920s, the 1930s were not favourable to the trade union movement. The presentation of
the communists involved in the Meerut conspiracy case and the failure of the Bombay textile
strike of 1929 brought a lull in trade union activities.
Economic depression of the period also added to the dull phase of union movement.
Retrenchments and strikes were common, the latter being mostly ineffective. There were further
splits in the movement, but just before the World War II some unity was achieved.
The unity was shattered during the World War II because of ideological differences and
mounting cost of living. Industrial unrest increased and the Govt, banned strikes and lockouts
invoking the Defence of India Rules. Luckily workers realized the need for an org.
The aftermath of independence was not good for unions. The hopes of workers to secure better
facilities and wages from the national government were not realized. There was large scale
unrest and strikes and lock outs multiplied.
The disunity in the trade union ranks was aggravated by the starting of three central labour
organisations, namely the INTUC in 1947, the Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) in 1948, and the
United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) in 1949.
As years went by, more unions and central organisations came into being the movement became
deeply entrenched as of today, there are 50,000 registered unions and most of them are affiliated
to one or the other central trade union.
1.4.4 The Role and Functions of Trade Union Safety Representatives:
Safety representatives carry out a vital role in their trade union because they are able to:
 draw upon the views of the workforce about hazards at work and how they can best be
controlled
 mobilise the concerns workers feel about hazards
 engage in a shared dialogue with employers and safety professionals about risk
management approaches.
Safety representatives have been given a number of statutory functions under the Safety
Representatives & Safety Committees (SRSC) Regulations 1977 (1979 in Northern Ireland),
but your day-to-day activities will depend upon:
 your workplace
 the hazards in your workplace
 what your members think about health and safety
 the attitude of your management to health and safety.
Some of the tasks include:

 finding out about health and safety problems
 checking that your employer is complying with health and safety requirements
 investigating and tackling hazards
 working closely with your members and other union representatives
 following up problems and making sure that something gets done about them.
The people that you deal with will include:

 members
 other workers (potential members)
 other union representatives
 supervisors
 managers
 health and safety advisers
 union officials
 health and safety inspectors
The Functions of a safety representative
Safety representatives are not restricted to inspections and involvement in the risk assessment
process. Under the SRSC Regulations, safety representatives can investigate:
 potential hazards
 dangerous occurrences
 causes of accidents and occupational ill-health
 complaints from their members.
Once safety representatives have investigated unsafe conditions or hazards to health in

their workplace, the SRSC Regulations give them the right to make representations to:
 the employer about potential hazards or about members’ complaints
 the employer on behalf of all employees as regards general health, safety or welfare
matters at work
 bring to the notice of the employer their findings and complaints after inspections
 represent members in workplace consultations with HSE inspectors.
Investigations: Investigate potential hazards and dangerous occurrence

Examine causes of accidents
Investigate complaints by employees
Employers must permit time off with pay during working hours to carry out functions
Dealing with employers: Make representations on specific and general matters

Attend safety committee meetings
Employers to consult representatives over the establishment of a committee
Inspections
Formal inspections are no substitute for daily observation, but they provide a useful opportunity
to carry out a full-scale examination of all part of the workplace. This includes the inspection of
documents required by health and safety legislation such as certificates concerning the testing of
equipment. During these inspections, safety representatives can network with other
representatives and discuss remedial action with their employers.
During inspections safety representatives are entitled to private discussion with the employer.
Following an inspection, safety representatives should complete an inspection report, recording

the date, time and details of an inspection. One copy of the completed form should be sent to the
employer and one copy should be retained by the safety representative for her/his own records
and for reference during safety committee discussion.
 Formally inspect the workplace every three months (or more frequently if agreed
with management)
 Inspect after a Notifiable Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, or Notifiable Disease
 Inspect after a substantial change in working conditions
 Inspect after new information has become available from the HSE
 Inspect relevant documents
1.4.5 Conditions for Success of Trade Union:

 Are independent: Trade unions should be able to make their own decisions, even while
working with employers.
 Are accountable: Trade unions should be transparent and consult with their members.
 Are democratic: Trade unions should be led through democratic elections.
 Have a strong financial base: Trade unions need to be able to manage their finances well.
 Have a plan for the future: Trade unions should plan for the long term.
 Have strong negotiating skills: Trade unions should be able to negotiate with employers
on behalf of their members.
 Have a solid foundation: Trade unions should have a strong foundation.
 Have unity among members: Trade unions should be united.
 Have efficient leadership: Trade unions should have efficient leadership.
 Have welfare programs: Trade unions should have programs to support their members.
 Are independent from political interference: Trade unions should be independent from
political interference.
 Have education initiatives: Trade unions should have education initiatives.
Trade unions can also use collective bargaining to negotiate with employers over terms
and conditions.
1.5 ERGONOMICS AND WORK PLACE
Ergonomics : Ergonomics is designing a job to fit the worker so the work is safer and more
efficient. Implementing ergonomic solutions can make employees more comfortable and
increase productivity.
Importance of ergonomics : Ergonomics is important because when you’re doing a job and
your body is stressed by an awkward posture, extreme temperature, or repeated movement your
musculoskeletal system is affected.
1.5.1 Factors and Advantage of Ergonomics:
Advantages
1. Increased savings
• Fewer injuries
• More productive and sustainable employees
• Fewer workers’ compensation
2. Fewer employees experiencing pain, implementing ergonomic improvements can reduce
the risk factors that lead to discomfort.
3. Increased productivity, Ergonomic improvements can reduce the primary risk factors for
MSDs, so workers are more efficient, productive, and have greater job satisfaction.
4. Increased morale, Attention to ergonomics can make employees feel valued because they
know their employer is making their workplace safer.
5. Reduced absenteeism , Ergonomics leads to healthy and pain-free workers who are more
likely to be engaged and productive.
Factors of Ergonomics:
According to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), human factors (or ergonomic factors)
generally consist of three interconnected aspects—the job, the individual and the organisation.
THE JOB
To be thought of as ergonomic, a job (and the tasks it involves) should be designed to

acknowledge the physical and mental limitations and strengths of the person doing it. This
includes things such as:
 what the role entails
 the workload
 how equipment is designed (size, shape, suitability for tasks etc.)
 the working environment (temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, vibration etc.)
 how information is used and accessed
THE INDIVIDUAL
An ergonomic approach to the individual employee means designing jobs and working
equipment that will help make best use of the person’s capabilities, while at the same time
protecting their health and safety and increasing the organisation’s overall productivity.
This covers aspects such as the person’s:

 physical characteristics (body size and shape)
 fitness, strength and posture
 vision, hearing and touch
 skills and competence
 knowledge and experience
 personality and attitude

 training
THE ORGANISATION
How employees behave at work can’t usually help but be influenced by the characteristics of the
organization employing them. Assessing an organization from an ergonomic, human factors
perspective means looking at how business-level considerations affect people’s behavior and
actions.
This includes aspects such as:

 organizational culture
 management, supervision and leadership
 teamwork
 working patterns and hours
 communications
 resources
1.6 STATUS AND RELATIONSHIP OF ACTS

The main objectives of OHS related legislation are:
 Providing a statutory framework including the enactment of a general enabling
 legislation on OHS in respect of all sectors of economic activities, and designing suitable
control systems of compliance, enforcement and incentives for better compliance.
Providing administrative and technical support services.
 Providing a system of incentives to employers and employees so that they achieve
 higher health and safety standards. Establishing and developing research and
development capabilities in emerging
 areas of risk and effective control measures. Reducing the incidence of work related
injuries, fatalities and diseases.
 Reducing the cost of workplace injuries and diseases.
 Increasing community awareness regarding areas related to OHS.
The Factories Act
This is an Act to consolidate and amend the law regulating abour in factories. It came
into force on the 1st day of April, 1949 as the Factories Act, 1948 and extends to the
whole of India (Government of India, 1948).
The legislation for labour welfare, known as the Factories Act, 1948, was enacted with
the prime objective of protecting workmen employed in factories against industrial and
occupational hazards. With that intent it imposes upon owners and occupiers certain
obligations to protect unwary as well as negligent workers and to secure employment
for them which is conducive and safe. The Act’s objective is to protect human beings
from being subjected to unduly long hours of bodily strain and manual labour. It
provides that employees should work in healthy and sanitary conditions as far as the
manufacturing process will allow and that precautions be taken for their safety and for
the prevention of accidents. In order to ensure that the objectives are carried out, local
governmentsareempoweredtoappointinspectorstocallforreturnsandtoensurethat the
prescribed registers are duly maintained.
The Act provides for the health, safety, welfare and other aspects of OHS for workers in
factories. It is enforced by the state governments through their factory inspectorates. It
also empowers the state governments to frame rules, so that local conditions prevailing
in the state are appropriately reflected in the enforcement, to make the punishments
provided in the Act stricter and that opportunities are taken advantage of to make
certain other amendments found necessary in the implementation of the Act.
It should not be forgotten that the Act sanctions interference with the ordinary rights
of the citizen and that the inquisitorial powers that are given should be used with act
and circumspection.
The Mines Act
This is an Act to amend and consolidate the law relating to the regulation o f labour and
safety in mines and extends to the whole of India.
The Indian Mines Act which is related to the regulation and inspection of mines was
passed in 1923. Although it has since been amended in certain respects, the general
framework has remained unchanged. Experience of the Act’s working revealed a
number of defects and deficiencies which hampered its effective administration. Some
of these necessitated new forms of control, while others required the tightening of
existing legal provisions. Therefore, it was considered necessary to thoroughly overhaul
the existing Act to amend and consolidate the laws relating to the regulation of labour
and safety in mines, which resulted in the enactment of the Mines Act, 1952
(Government of India, 1952).
The significant obligations under the Mines Act and the Mines Rules, 1955 include the
formation of safety committees in every mine where more than 100 persons are
employed; providing a notification of accidents and the appointment of workmen’s
inspectors by the manager (one inspectorforevery500 miners) (Government of India,
1952; Government of India, 1955). According to this Act the owner, agent or manager
has to remove any dangerous or defective situation, as per the directions of the
inspector. Further, the Act states that adolescents (not completed 15 years) are
prohibited from any mining operation; the initial and periodical examination of miners
is to be conducted and notice has to be provided for any notifiable diseases.
The Workmen’s Compensation Act

The objective of the Workmen’s Compensation Act is to make provision for the
payment of compensation to a workman only, i.e., to the concerned employee himself in
case of his surviving the injury in question and to his dependants in the case of his death
(Government of India, 1923).
An additional advantage of this type of legislation is that by increasing the importance

of adequate safety devices, it reduces the number of accidents that workmen have in a
manner that cannot be achieved by official inspection. Further, the encouragement
given to employers to provide adequate medical treatment for their workmen should
mitigate the effect of those accidents which occur very often. The benefit so conferred
on the workmen, added to the increased sense of security which they will enjoy, should
render industrial life more attractive and thus increase the available supply of labour. At
the same time, a corresponding increase in the efficiency of the average workman may
beexpected.Asystemofinsurancewouldpreventtheburdenfrompressingtooheavily on any
particular employer (Government of India, 1923).
TheActprovidesforcheaperandquickerdisposalofdisputesrelatingtocompensation through
special tribunals are possible under the civil law. The passage of time has widened the
courts’ approach and their approach has become more liberal, leaning towards the
workman.
1.7 AIM AND EFFECTS OF SAFETY REGULATIONS
Safety regulations are intended to ensure that employees are protected from workplace hazards
and that employers maintain safe working environments. The effects of safety regulations
include:
 Improved workplace safety
Safety regulations help to prevent injuries and accidents by ensuring that employers properly
maintain equipment, protect employees from dangerous parts of machinery, and provide safe
working environments.
 Increased regulatory compliance

Regulatory compliance can help to protect a company from penalties and reputational damage,
and can prevent products and services from being used for unlawful purposes.
 Fostering a safety culture
A safety culture is when everyone feels responsible for safety and works to identify and correct
hazards and at-risk behaviors.
2 Mark Question and Answer

1. What is industrial safety?
Industrial safety refers to the safety management practices that apply to the industrial sector.
Those processes aim to protect industrial workers, machinery, facilities, structures, and the
environment.
2. What is EHS? [Environment Health and Safety]

From the time of the industrial revolution to the 1980s, the single-minded focus on industrial and
economic growth has cost the environment severely. Pollution and depletion of resources at a
fast pace forced governments to wake up and realize the importance of the environment, health,
and safety. Frameworks guide businesses on how to continue to grow while implementing
sustainable business processes as well as making the workplace safe
3. What is Industrial accident?

An industrial accident is a serious event that involves hazardous materials and that can have
consequences for the surrounding population and environment. Depending on the nature of the
products involved, the accident can take the form of a fire, an explosion or the emission of toxic
or radioactive material.
4. What is Regulations?
A common factor in whether regulation is used is the seriousness of the outcome being addressed
in terms of human health. For this reason, regulation is more common in transportation and the
workplace, where the potential for fatal injury is perceived to be relatively great and less
common in the home and in sports environments, where the potential for fatal injury is perceived
to the less.
5. What is Code of practice?

A code of practice is a written guideline issued by a professional association that lays out ethical
standards for a profession, trade, occupation, organization, or union. Codes of practice do not
usually carry the same force as legislation. Often, they consist of rules crafted in response to
actual or potential dangers observed on the job.
6. What is trade union?

Trade Unions can negotiate improved health and safety standards in the workplace and ensure
these standards are enforced. This can help prevent workplace injuries and illnesses. Trade
Unionism had made its headway owing to growth of industrialization and capitalism. The Indian
trade union movement is now over fifty years old.
7. What is an international initiative?

The International Labour Organization estimates that, globally, around three million deaths each
year are directly attributed to inadequate safety measures and hazardous work environments,
with according to UNIDO [United Nations Industrial Development Organization] a loss of 3.9%
of worldwide GDP.
"Industrial safety gaps can cause significant hazards, both on a human and financial level, and in
the ever-changing landscape in which operate, there is an essential need for
the policy solutions proposed by the Industrial Safety Manifesto,"
8. What is Ergonomics?
Ergonomics is designing a job to fit the worker so the work is safer and more efficient.
Implementing ergonomic solutions can make employees more comfortable and increase
productivity.
13 Mark Question :
1. Explain the Importance and Objectives of Industrial Safety? (Ans: 1.0)

2. What are the need and Benefits of EHS? (Ans:1.11 and 1.12)
3. What are the features of EHS System? (Ans: 1.13, 1.14 and 1.15)
4. Explain the status and relationship of Acts? (Ans: 1.6)
5. Explain the aim and effects of safety regulations? (Ans: 1.7)
6. What are the objectives and need of Trade Union? (Ans: 1.41, 1.42)
7. Explain the growth and origin of Trade Union of India? (Ans:1.43)
8. What is the essential condition for the success of Trade Unions? (Ans:1.4.5)
9. Explain the role of trade union safety representatives? (Ans:1.4.4)
10. Explain the is the nature of Ergonomics and work place? Or Explain the factors and
advantages of ergonomics? (Ans:1.5)
UNIT-II OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Occupational health or industrial hygiene has been defined as that “science and art
devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of those environmental factors or
stresses arising in or from the work place, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-
being, or significant discomfort among workers or among the citizens of the community”.
Occupational hygiene is the discipline of protecting worker health by controlling

workplace hazards that can cause harm. It also helps in maintaining worker well being and safe
guarding community at large.
Occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety at the workplace with
special emphasis on primary prevention of hazards .
Scope of occupational health safety and hygiene
The scope of occupational health safety and hygiene includes prevention and control of hazards,
curative and rehabilitative programs. These are: -
1. Establishment of sound sanitary condition within the work place such as Water supply, waste
disposal, canteen, cloak room, shower and hand washing facilities, sanitary and safe storage of
chemicals.
2. Organization of health services including first aid
3. Health promotion in the work environment
4. Rehabilitation of those that have been injured 5. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of
occupational related diseases and accidents
2.1.1 SOCIAL ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGINE
 Protecting workers: Occupational hygiene programs can improve worker health

and quality of life, and reduce the number of workers who leave their jobs early
due to illness or injury.
 Reducing social costs: Occupational hygiene can help reduce healthcare and social
costs.
 Managing exposure risks: Occupational hygienists research, collect data, and develop
methods to control exposure risks to workers and consumers. For example, they may
use environmental controls to reduce toxic concentrations in the workplace, or personal
protection to prevent exposure
 Improving working processes: Occupational hygiene can lead to more efficient
working processes, increased productivity, and technological improvements.
2.1.2 GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENIST

Occupational hygienists, also known as industrial hygienists, perform a variety of
activities to prevent and control workplace health risks
1. Identify and evaluate risks: Occupational hygienists use science and engineering to
identify and evaluate health risks in the workplace. This includes taking air samples,
measuring sound levels, and checking for microbiological contamination.
2. Advise on compliance: Occupational hygienists advise on compliance with workplace
legislation and rules.
3. Develop solutions: Occupational hygienists use science and engineering to develop cost-
effective solutions to control health risks.
4. Confirm control measures: Occupational hygienists assess the performance of hazard
control measures and worker exposures. They also investigate existing or potential issues
and apply corrective actions.
5. Use engineering controls: Occupational hygienists recognize that engineering controls
are a primary means of reducing employee exposure to occupational
hazards. Engineering controls can reduce or remove the hazard at the source or isolate the
worker from the hazard.
2.1.3 MAIN STEPS FOR ASSESSING AND MANAGING OCCUPATIONAL

EXPOSURE
 Basic Characterization
 Exposure Assessment
 Exposure Controls
 Further Information Gathering
 Hazards Communications
 Reassesment/ Management of Change
2.2 BASIC CHARACTERIZATION, HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND WALK

THROUGH SURVEY
Basic characterization, hazard identification, and walk-through surveys are all part of the process
of identifying and assessing potential hazards in a workplace.
 Basic characterization: Involves collecting existing information about workplace

hazards
 Hazard identification: Involves inspecting the workplace for safety hazards, identifying
health hazards, and identifying hazards associated with emergency and nonroutine
situations
 Walk-through survey: Involves examining the workplace to identify potential health
hazards, assess control measures, and gather detailed data on work processes, hazards,
and risk assessment efforts
A walk-through survey can include the following:
 Examining industrial processes and their sequence
 Examining the work environment, including neighboring areas
 Examining raw materials, end products, intermediates, and by-products
 Examining workers' activities, work practices and methods, and the degree of physical
effort involved in each activity
2.2.1 HAZARD CATEGORY
There are multiple types of hazard categories, including physical, health, and environmental
hazards:
1. Physical hazards : These hazards can damage the body, such as skin corrosion. Some
examples of physical hazards include flammable liquids, gases, solids, and aerosols.
The five main classes of physical hazards are:

 Explosives: These chemicals can release pressure, gas, and heat suddenly when exposed to
high temperatures, pressure, or shock.
 Flammable: These substances can pose a fire or explosion hazard. Flammable gases are
classified as Hazmat Class 2, and are often labeled with a red diamond and flame icon.
 Oxidizing: These substances can cause or intensify a fire, or cause a fire or explosion.
 Gases under pressure: These compressed gases can be dangerous if a container is broken,
dropped, crushed, or punctured.
 Corrosive to metals: These substances can hurt people and metal materials.
2. Health hazards: These hazards can be dangerous to human health, such as breathing or
vision.
There are many types of health hazards, including:
 Chemical hazards: These can include the use of pesticides or chlorine, which can cause
skin irritation or corrosion.
 Compressed gases: These can have inherent pressure hazards, and can also be toxic,
flammable, or corrosive.
 Oxidizing gases: These are a type of hazardous waste that produce oxygen, which is a
key ingredient in fire.
 Aerosols: These can be a fire or explosion hazard, and there is also a category for non-
flammable aerosols.
 Organic peroxides: These are among the most hazardous substances handled in a lab,
and are highly flammable and sensitive to shock, heat, and more.
 Other types of health hazards include: Physical hazards, Biological hazards, Ergonomic
hazards, Psychological hazards, Corrosive hazards, Toxic hazards, and Harmful hazards
3. Environmental hazards
These hazards can be environmental in nature. Physical hazards are classified based on the
chemical's intrinsic properties. The main classes of physical hazards are:
 Flammable gases: These gases are classified as flammable when they can cause a fire or
explosion. For example, acetylene is a flammable gas that is classified as a Hazmat Class 2.
 Flammable liquids: These liquids can emit flammable gases when they come into
contact with water. They can also be corrosive to metals.
 Flammable solids: These solids are highly combustible and can cause severe
conflagrations. They can also cause fire through friction.
 Corrosive to metals: These substances can hurt people and metal materials.
 Gases under pressure: These gases are dangerous because they are under pressure. If a
container of compressed gas is broken, it can cause a safety hazard.
 Explosives: These chemicals release pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to sudden
shock, pressure, or high temperature.
 Oxidizing gases, liquids, and solids: These oxidizers can cause or intensify a fire or
cause a fire or explosion.
 Pyrophoric liquids: These liquids and solids can ignite spontaneously when exposed to
oxygen and water.
4. Respiratory or skin sensitization

These hazards can cause allergic skin reactions or breathing difficulties when inhaled.
2.3 TOXICITY
Toxicity refers to the ability of a chemical to cause harmful effects to the body.
There are a number of factors that influence the toxic effects of chemicals on the body. These
include, but are not limited to:
 The quantity and concentration of the chemical.

 The length of time and the frequency of the exposure.
 The route of the exposure.
 If mixtures of chemicals are involved.
Toxic Effects:
Toxic effects are generally classified as acute toxicity or chronic toxicity.

 Acute toxicity is generally thought of as a single, short-term exposure where effects

appear immediately and are often reversible. An example of acute toxicity relates to the
over consumption of alcohol and “hangovers”.
 Chronic toxicity is generally thought of as frequent exposures where effects may be
delayed (even for years) and are generally irreversible. Chronic toxicity can also result
in acute exposures, with long term chronic effects. An example of chronic toxicity
relates to cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
 Evaluating Toxicity Data
 SDSs and other chemical resources generally refer to the toxicity of a chemical
numerically using the term Lethal Dose 50 (LD50). The LD50 describes the amount of
chemical ingested or absorbed by the skin in test animals that causes death in 50% of
test animals used during a toxicity test study. Another common term is Lethal
Concentration 50 (LC50), which describes the amount of chemical inhaled by test
animals that causes death in 50% of test animals used during a toxicity test study. The
LD50 and LC50 values are then used to infer what dose is required to show a toxic
effect on humans.
 As a general rule of thumb, the lower the LD50 or LC50 number, the more toxic the
chemical. Note there are other factors (concentration of the chemical, frequency of
exposure, etc.) that contribute to the toxicity of a chemical, including other hazards the
chemical may possess.
Chemicals affect Health:

There are 3 ways to be exposed to chemicals and pollutants:
 inhaling (breathing in)

 absorption (skin and eye contact)
 ingesting (eating or drinking)
Inhaling (breathing in)

You are exposed to chemicals and pollutants when you inhale (breathe in). You take over 20,000
breaths a day. This number can be much higher for infants and children. The chemicals and
pollutants you inhale can end up in your lungs and blood stream. Sometimes, you can smell or
taste harmful chemicals, but it isn't always so easy. Some chemicals, like radon or carbon
monoxide, are odourless, tasteless and invisible.
Absorption (skin and eye contact)

You can be exposed to chemicals and pollutants by coming into contact with them through your
skin and eyes. These organs can be more sensitive to chemicals and may react more quickly than
the rest of your body.
Ingesting (eating or drinking)

You’re exposed to chemicals and pollutants when you eat and drink. Chemicals and pollutants
are found in both our food and water sources.
Potential health effects

Accidents or incorrect use of household chemical products may cause immediate health effects,
such as skin or eye irritation or burns, or poisoning.
There can also be longer-term health effects from chemicals. When these occur, they’re usually
the result of exposure to certain chemicals over a long period.
Depending on the chemical, longer-term health effects might include:
 cancer
 organ damage
 weakening of the immune system
 development of allergies or asthma
 reproductive problems and birth defects
 effects on the mental, intellectual or physical development of children
2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
The main objective of environmental monitoring is to manage and minimize the impact
an organization's activities have on an environment, either to ensure compliance with laws and
regulations or to mitigate risks of harmful effects on the natural environment and protect the
health of human beings.
Importance of Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring can detect harmful substances and pollutants in the

environment such as air, water and soil. Timely detection and treatment of pollution problems
can prevent and reduce the impact of environmental pollution on human health.
Advantages of an environmental Environmental Monitoring
 Better regulatory compliance - running an EMS will help ensure your environmental
legal responsibilities are met and more easily managed on a day-to-day basis.
 More effective use of resources - you will have policies and procedures in place that help
you manage waste and resources more effectively and reduce costs.
 Marketing - you can highlight your business' credentials as an environmentally aware

operation that has made a commitment to continual environmental improvement
through advertising or annual reporting.
 Finance - you may find it easier to raise investment from banks and other financial
institutions, which are increasingly keen to see businesses controlling their environmental
impact.
 Increased sales opportunities - large businesses and government departments may only
deal with businesses that have an EMS.
 Lighter regulation - even if an EMS is not a regulatory requirement, by showing your
commitment to environmental management, you may benefit through less frequent site
visits or reduced fees from environmental regulators.
Types of Environmental Monitoring

Air Monitoring: Environmental data gathered using specialized observation tools, such
as sensor networks and Geographic Information System (GIS) models, from multiple different
environmental networks and institutes is integrated into air dispersion models, which combine
emissions, meteorological, and topographic data to detect and predict concentration of air
pollutants.
Soil Monitoring: Grab sampling (individual samples) and composite sampling (multiple
samples) are used to monitor soil, set baselines, and detect threats such as acidification,
biodiversity loss, compaction, contamination, erosion, organic material loss, salinization, and
slope instability.
- Salinity Monitoring: Remote sensing, GIS, and electromagnetic induction are used to monitor
soil salinity, which, if imbalanced, can cause detrimental effects on water quality, infrastructure,
and plant yield.
- Contamination Monitoring: Chemical techniques such as chromatography and spectrometry

are used to measure toxic elements, such as nuclear waste, coal ash, microplastics,
petrochemicals, and acid rain, which can lead to the development of pollution-related diseases if
consumed by humans or animals.
- Erosion Monitoring: Monitoring and modeling soil erosion is a complex process in which
accurate predictions are nearly impossible for large areas. The Universal Soil Loss Equation
(USLE) is most commonly used to try to predict soil loss due to water erosion. Erosion may be
due to factors such as rainfall, surface runoff, rivers, streams, floods, wind, mass movement,
climate, soil composition and structure, topography, and lack of vegetation management.
-Water Monitoring: Environmental sampling techniques include judgmental, simple random,

stratified, systematic and grid, adaptive cluster, grab, and passive; semi-continuous and
continuous environmental monitoring; remote sensing and environmental monitoring; and bio-
monitoring are used to measure and monitor ranges for biological, chemical, radiological,
microbiological, and population parameters.
Limitations:
 Expensive
 Requires regular calibration
 Difficult to analyze statistics and examine long-term
 Precludes use of data in computational tools.
2.5 OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE/EXPOSURE LIMITS
An occupational exposure limit (OEL) is the maximum amount of a hazardous substance

that is considered safe for workers to be exposed to in the workplace over a period of time. OELs
are set by national authorities and enforced by legislation to protect workers' health and safety.
In general, the occupational exposure limit (OEL) indicates the level of admissible
exposure, for a length of time (usually 8 hours), to a
The occupational hygiene is the branch of occupational health and safety which focuses
on the prevention of the occupational diseases.
The exposure to health hazards can lead to diseases and illnesses that can manifest either
immediately or after a long period of time after the exposure has stopped.
Since these diseases are a consequence of exposure to hazards present in the workplace,
they are known as occupational diseases. Occupational hygiene uses the techniques of
anticipation, identification, evaluation, and control to identify and evaluate exposure.
The goal is to identify solutions for eliminating or reducing the hazard, and monitoring to
ensure no further harm occurs. Occupational exposure limits are one tool or method used in this
process.
What are occupational exposure limits?
In general, the occupational exposure limit (OEL) indicates the level of admissible
exposure, for a length of time (usually & hours), to a chemical or physical hazard that is not
likely to affect the health of a worker.
These limits are set out by many professional organizations around the world, such as the
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the United States. The OELs for chemical
substances are established based on the chemical properties of the
substance, experimental studies on animals and humans, toxicological and

epidemiological
data. Different organizations may use different terminology for the OEL.
For example, the ACGIH term for OEL is "Threshold Limit Value" (TLV)®, while the
NIOSH term is "recommended exposure limits" (REL).
The OELs for physical hazards are based on industrial experience and experimental
human and animal studies.
2.4.1. ADVANTAGES OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS
The OEL serves as a point of comparison when the concentration of the hazardous
substance in the working atmosphere is measured. If the measured concentration is higher than
the limit, measures must be taken to reduce the risks and improve worker protection.
Occupational exposure limits (OELs) are important tools for assessing and monitoring
workers' exposure to hazardous substances. They have been used for decades in all industrialised
countries to help prevent adverse effects on the health of people exposed to hazardous chemical
agents in their workplace.
An OEL can be defined as the concentration of a substance, most often in the working
atmosphere, to which workers may be exposed repeatedly (throughout their working life) or
acutely (for a short time) without any adverse effects on their health or that of their descendants
at any time.
occupational exposure limit can help to assess the risks for exposed workers and to select
appropriate measures to manage such risks. QELs can also be used to check and improve the
effectiveness of implemented risk management measures.
(1) Occupational Exposure - Laboratories
Hazardous chemicals in laboratories include irritants, sensitizers, carcinogens, toxins,
corrosives, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, and neurotoxins. There are substances that will
harm the skin, eyes, lungs, mucous membranes, and
hematopoietic systems. How are workers protected against occupational exposure to this
wide range of hazards?
(11) Occupational Exposure - OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)
OSHA has established mandatory Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for over 500
substances. Employees must be protected from occupation exposures that exceed these limits.
However, OSHA recognizes that their exposure standards are out-of-date and do not provide
adequate protection. This has happened because the legal hurdles for updating OSHA PELs are
significant.
OSHA will continue to enforce the mandatory PELs, however, for employees to be safe,
occupational exposures should be kept below the limits established by organizations such as
NIOSH and ACGIH. To help employers protect their workers from harmful occupational
exposures to chemicals, OSHA has created two resources:
OSHA Toolkit Helps Employers Identify Safer, Substitute Chemicals
OSHA has created an online toolkit that helps employers replace hazardous chemical
with safer chemicals. The toolkit uses a step-by-step approach to walk employers through the
information, methods, and tools they need to make an informed chemical substitution
decision.
(iii) Occupational Exposure - Monitoring Exposures
If there are any indications that an occupational exposure to harmful substances might be
above the action level, employers must periodically measure worker exposures. The exposure
action level is the threshold that triggers increased monitoring measures such as air monitoring
and medical examinations.
Monitoring must continue until employee exposures are consistently below the action
level.
The plan must include the following:
Appropriate hazardous chemical safety and health procedures.
Hazardous chemical hygiene practices.
Criteria for reducing exposure to hazardous chemicals.
Criteria for use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
Procedures that ensure protective equipment, such as fume hoods, are functioning
properly.
Identification of when employer approval is required for an operation, procedures, or
activity that involves hazardous material.
A description of the required employee training (see below).
Descriptions of when medical consultation is required.
Identification of the measures to be taken to protect employees from particularly
hazardous substances.
Assignment of a Chemical Hygiene Officer.
(iv) Occupational Exposure - Worker Training
Workers must be provided with training that provides information about the chemical
hazards in their workplace. They must be trained before starting to work in an area where
hazardous chemicals are present, and prior to any work that may result in a potential exposure to
hazardous materials.
Employers must inform employees about:

The contents of the OSHA occupational exposure standard.
Where they can read the chemical hygiene plan.
The OSHA PELs for any hazardous substances they may be exposed to.
Symptoms and signs of exposures to the hazardous chemicals being used.
The location of Safety Data Sheets
The location of other reference material about the chemical hazards, and the safe
handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials.
Employees must be trained in the following:
Methods for detecting the presence of a hazardous chemical.
The physical and health hazards of chemicals in their work area.
Protective measures that must be taken.
Specific procedures used to when working near or with hazardous substances in general.
Work practices used when working with specific hazardous materials.
Emergency procedures related to hazardous materials.
The use and care of personal protective equipment (PPE).
The employer's written chemical hygiene plan.
(v) Occupational Exposure - Biological Hazards in Health Care
Biological hazards are living organisms, or products of living organisms, that have the
ability to cause illness, disease, or death in humans. They include pathogenic micro- organisms
and viruses such as HIV, Hepatitis, avian flu, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
They include toxins, spores, fungi, parasitic worms, and bio-active substances. Biological
hazards also include the transmitters of disease, also known as "biological vectors."
Examples of these include mosquitoes, ticks, and agricultural animals.
In the general public the most common route for biological agents to enter the body is
when inhaled. Other potential routes include being ingested (eaten), absorbed, or through cuts of
punctures of the skin. Once inside the body they can quickly multiply and be passed to other
people.
Common ways for biological agents to be directly transmitted include:

Physical contact between an infected person or animal, and a non-infected person.
When droplets are projected into the mucous membranes of the nose, eyes or mouth, as a result
of another person's cough or sneeze.
When the skin is accidentally cut or punctured by an infected object (sharps), such as a needle.
Other infectious agents are transmitted indirectly:

In water or attached to food, or cooking and eating utensils.
◊ By insect bites.
Through the air, and then inhaled.
(vi) Occupational Exposure - Body Fluids
Contact with body fluids is a common way for biological agents to infect someone in the
workplace. All body fluids, including blood, secretions (except sweat), and excretions have the
potential to contain infectious agents. Blood has the greatest potential for transmitting an
infection. Even if blood is not visible,
saliva and other secretions may contain small quantities of blood and may transmit an
infection.
Preventing occupational exposures to blood, and other body fluids, is the primary way of
preventing transmission of an infection in the workplace.
In general, when there is a potential for biological hazards, employers must have an
occupational exposure control plan that describes the employee protection measures that are
being used.
The plan must:

Describe engineering and administrative controls.
Ensure the use of personal protective clothing and equipment.
Describe the training that will be provided.
Describe the medical surveillance plan.

Ensure the use of hepatitis B vaccinations.
Ensure that appropriate signs and labels are used.
2.6 HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
The hierarchy of control is a system for controlling risks in the workplace. The
hierarchy of control is a step-by-step approach to eliminating or reducing risks and it ranks
risk controls from the highest level of protection and reliability through to the lowest and
least reliable protection.
The hierarchy of control structure

1. Eliminate hazards and risks: Highest level of protection and most effective control.
Eliminating the hazard and the risk it creates is the most effective control measure.
2. Reduce the risk: Reduce the risk with one or more of the following controls:
 Substitution: Substitute the risks with lesser risks

 Isolation: Isolate people from the risks
 Engineering: Reduce the risks through engineering changes or changes to
systems of work.
3. Administrative controls: Low level of protection and less reliable control.

Use administrative actions to minimise exposure to hazards and to reduce the level of harm.
4. Personal protective equipment: Lowest level of protection and least reliable control.
Use personal protective equipment to protect people from harm.
2.6.1 Employer duties:

As an employer you have a duty under the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (OHS Act)
to eliminate risks to health and safety, so far as is reasonably practicable. If it is not reasonably
practicable to eliminate risks to health and safety, you must reduce those risks, so far as is
reasonably practicable.
The hierarchy of controls helps employers fulfill their OHS Act responsibilities. In line with the
OHS Act, the hierarchy of control first instructs employers to eliminate hazards and risks. If
employers cannot eliminate hazards and risks, then they must work through the hierarchy and
select controls that most effectively reduce the risk.
2.6.2 Using the hierarchy of control:

1. Eliminate the risk
The most effective control measure involves eliminating the hazard and its associated risk. The
best way to eliminate a hazard is to not introduce the hazard in the first place. For example, you
can eliminate the risk of a fall from height by doing the work at ground level.
2. Reduce the risk through substitution, isolation or engineering controls, If it is not

reasonably practicable toeliminate the hazards and associated risks, minimise the risks by:
Substitution
Substitute the hazard with something safer. For example:
 use a scourer, mild detergent and hot water instead of caustic cleaners for cleaning
 use a cordless drill instead of an electric drill if the power cord is in danger of being cut
 water-based paints instead of solvent-based paints
Isolation
Isolate the hazard. For example:
 use concrete barriers to separate pedestrians and employees from powered mobile plant
 use remote controls to operate machines
 install guard rails around holes

Engineering controls
An engineering control is a control measure that is physical in nature, including a mechanical
device or process. Examples of engineering controls include:
 mechanical devices such as trolleys or hoists to move heavy loads
 guards around moving parts of machinery
 pedestrian-sensing systems
 speed-governing mechanisms
3. Reduce the risk using administrative controls

Administrative controls are work methods or procedures designed to minimise exposure to a
hazard. In most cases, administrative controls use systems of work to control the risk. For
example:
 developing procedures on how to operate machinery safely
 limiting exposure time to a hazardous task
 using signs to warn people of a hazard
4. Reduce the risk using personal protective equipment (PPE)

PPE refers to anything employees use or wear to minimise risks to their health and safety. PPE
includes but is not limited to the following:
 Ear muffs and earplugs
 Goggles
 Respirators
 Face masks
 Hard hats
 Safety harnesses
 Gloves
 Aprons
 High-visibility clothing
 Protective eyewear
 body suits
 safety footwear
 sunscreen
2.7 ROLE OF PPE

 Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to
minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses.
 These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical, radiological, physical,
electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards.
 Personal protective equipment may include items such as gloves, safety glasses and
shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or coveralls, vests and full body suits.
 All personal protective equipment should be safely designed and constructed, and should
be maintained in a clean and reliable fashion. It should fit comfortably, encouraging
worker use. If the personal protective equipment does not fit properly, it can make the
difference between being safely covered or dangerously exposed.
 When engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are not feasible or do not
provide sufficient protection, employers must provide personal protective equipment to
their workers and ensure its proper use.
2.7.1 PPE SELECTION CRITERIA
1. Industry Standards
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) states that PPE is required for
safety and should be provided in several workplace situations (across multiple industries),
including the following:
 Construction workers must wear hardhats and earplugs
 Healthcare professionals who could be exposed to COVID-19 should wear respirators
and facial covering.
 Employees working with lasers and other eye hazards should wear safety goggles
 Molten metal workers must have protective leg guards
 Those working in wet or slippery environments should wear non-slip shoes
 People working with corrosive chemicals must have protective gloves
 Airport grounds crews should wear earmuffs
 People working at pools or on boats must have flotation devices
2. Climate
Companies should remember that climate-related issues, mainly working in high
temperatures or areas with high humidity, can contribute to PPE problems and employees
choosing to forego them. If these kinds of issues are occurring in an organization, it is possible to
find more breathable, temperature-regulating options.
3. Threat Level
Some jobs are inherently more dangerous than others. The threat level employees face will,
naturally, influence the amount and type of PPE they wear. For example, in a construction
company, employees may regularly risk electrical shock while on the job. In that case, they will
need either Class A (which protects against mild shocks) or Class B (which protects against
stronger shocks) hard hats for maximum safety.
4. Workplace Hazards
The specific types of hazards employees face in the workplace must also be considered. Whether
they are exposed to electricity, dangerous chemicals, or radioactive hazards, they must have
equipment specifically designed to protect against these things. It is important to always look for
PPE specific to the employees’ field, remembering that there are no one-size-fits-all solutions.
5. Functionality
Choosing personal protective equipment for a specific industry and the type of work employees
do will keep everyone safer on the job. The same goes for selecting the most functional products.
For example, purchasing safety glasses that have the incorrect coating for an area’s specific
humidity and temperature ranges could lead to the glasses fogging up and interfering with
employees’ vision, hindering focus, and contributing to accidents, errors, and reduced
productivity.
6. Comfort
If employees’ masks are constantly digging into their faces or their hard hat does not fit properly,
they might be more inclined to skip putting on PPE altogether. To avoid these issues (and the
safety risks that accompany them), organizations should take comfort into account. Choosing
materials that are designed for a specific climate to prevent overheating or getting too cold or
considering factors like breathability when selecting items such as back braces are both examples
of this.
7. Fit
Another way to improve employee comfort regarding PPE is to find flexible options that they
can customize to their bodies. Items like masks with adjustable straps can be altered to work for
different employees, increasing their comfort and providing a greater level of protection. After
all, how effective is a mask with gaps on the sides because it is too large for the particular
wearer’s face?
8. Sustainability
In some circles, a common argument against PPE is a lack of sustainability. Luckily, there are
ways to select sustainable options and protect workers. For example, there are PPE products
made from recyclable materials. If a company is concerned about environmental impacts, there is
also the possibility of translating that concern into more robust energy and waste management
protocols.
9. Visibility
In addition to needing to see clearly, employees should be highly visible while wearing PPE. If
an employee cannot see their coworker coming or does not know where they are, it could cause
an accident, serious injuries, or production issues. One example of prioritizing visibility would
be airport workers on the job at night. They are typically required to cover their PPE in reflective
tape to increase visibility and reduce their chances of being hit or hurt.
10. Price
Of course, PPE prices also matter. It might be tempting for organizations to cut corners to save
money. However, quality should never be compromised for the sake of a reduced price.
Decreasing costs while increasing employees’ risk of being injured or getting infected on the job,
can result in a greater loss of money in the long run.
2.8 NOISE
Sound can be produced by vibration or as a result of aerodynamic systems.

Vibration-induced noises are produced by:
 Mechanical shocks and friction between parts (e.g., hammering, pressing, running gears,
bearings, cutting tools, chutes, hoppers, etc.)
 Out-of-balance moving parts (e.g., unbalanced rigid rotors)
 Vibration of large structures (e.g., ventilation ducts, guards on machines, equipment

supporting structures, etc.)
2.8.1 Steps to control the Noise in Work Place
The steps that must be taken in order to effectively and efficiently control the noise in the
workplace are:
 Identify the sound sources: vibrating sources and aerodynamic flow.
 Identify the path of the noise from the source to the worker.
 Determine the sound level of each source.
 Determine the relative contribution to the excessive noise of each source and rank the
source accordingly. To obtain significant noise attenuation, the dominant source should
be controlled first.
 Know the acceptable exposure limits identified in the health and safety legislation and
quantify the necessary sound reduction.
 Identify controls by taking into consideration the degree of sound attenuation, operation,
and productivity restraints and cost.
 Create a hearing conservation program that includes noise measurement, assessment, and
control. For more information, see Noise - Hearing Conservation Program.
2.8.2 Reduce the Noise in Work Place

The exposure to noise can be reduced by eliminating the source of noise (if possible),
substituting the source with a quieter one, applying engineering modifications, using
administrative controls, and by using protective equipment.
Engineering modifications include changes that affect the source or the path of the
sound. Engineering controls are the preferred method of noise control in already established
workplaces where noise protection was not factored in at the design stage. It is generally agreed
that controlling the source is more cost-effective than those controlling noise along the path. See
the engineering controls section below for examples.
Administrative controls are measures that control the noise at the worker. These controls
should be used in addition to engineering controls, and they may include:
 Scheduling noisy processes during off-peak hours when fewer workers are present
 Implementing a hearing conservation program
 Providing job rotation to reduce the length of time a worker is required to work in a noisy
area
 Developing safe work practices
 Training
 Regular audiometric testing
 Monitoring workplace exposure
 Implementing a preventive maintenance program and frequent inspections of noise-
generating or vibrating equipment
Depending on the type and level of noise, the number of workers exposed, and the type of
work, engineering controls might not always be possible. A combination of administrative
control (e.g., limiting exposure length) and personal protection equipment such as ear muffs or
ear plugs may be considered. However, we must keep in mind that the administrative measures
and the use of PPE may not be effective in protecting the workers (e.g., PPE may be used
incorrectly or may not be used at all; administrative controls may not be followed, etc.). The use
of PPE should be the last resort for controlling the exposure to noise.
2.9 RADIATION
Radiation is energy. It travels in the form of energy waves or high-speed particles. Radiation can
occur naturally or be man-made. There are two types:
 Non-ionizing radiation, which includes radio waves, cell phones, microwaves, infrared
radiation and visible light
 Ionizing radiation, which includes ultraviolet radiation, radon, x-rays, and gamma rays
Sources Of Radiation Exposure
Background radiation is all around us all the time. Most of it forms naturally from minerals.
These radioactive minerals are in the ground, soil, water, and even our bodies. Background
radiation can also come from outer space and the sun. Other sources are man-made, such as x-
rays, radiation therapy to treat cancer, and electrical power lines.
2.9.1 Radiation Protection Program
Developing and implementing a radiation protection program is a best practice for protecting
workers from ionizing radiation. A radiation protection program is usually managed by a
qualified expert (e.g., health physicist), who is often called a radiation safety officer (RSO).
Another best practice is designating a radiation safety committee, which includes the RSO, a
management representative, and workers who work with radiation-producing equipment,
radiation sources, or radioactive materials (or who are otherwise at risk of exposure on the job).
A radiation protection program should include, at a minimum:
 Qualified staff (e.g., RSO, health physicist) to provide oversight and responsibility for
radiation protection policies and procedures.
 ALARA stands for As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).
 A dosimetry program (personal exposure monitoring)
 Surveys and area monitoring Radiological controls
 Worker training
 Emergency procedures also provides information about this topic.)
 Record keeping and reporting programs .
 Internal audit procedures
2.9.2 Equipment Registration/Licensing

Federal and state regulatory agencies require some types of radiation-producing equipment or
radiation sources to be registered or licensed by manufacturers and/or users.
Registration or licensing requirements apply to many specific radiation sources and occupational
settings. Equipment registration or licensing helps ensure that radiation sources emitting ionizing
radiation do not pose radiation hazards for workers (and the public).
Some radiation sources, such as most X-ray equipment andome accelerators, must be registered
with a state agency (or local agency (e.g., health department) and different registration
requirements may apply, depending on the agency. Registrants may be required to perform
equipment tests or allow state or local inspectors to perform equipment tests. In some states,
equipment registration requirements may include regular inspections, shielding, or signage.
2.9.3 Preventive measures
The guiding principle of radiation safety is "ALARA." ALARA stands for "as low as reasonably
achievable."
If there is no direct benefit from receiving a dose, even a small one, it should be avoided. To do
this, you can use three basic protective measures in radiation safety: time, distance, and
shielding.
Time
 Time refers to the amount of time you spend near a radiation source.
 Minimize your time near a radiation source to only as long as it takes to accomplish a
task.
 First responders can use alarming dosimeters to help them minimize the amount of time
they are in an area with elevated radiation levels.
Distance
 Distance refers to how close you are to a radiation source.
 Maximize your distance from a radioactive source as much as possible.
 If you increase your distance from a radiation source, you will decrease your dose.
Shielding
 In a radiation emergency you may be asked to get inside a building and take shelter for a
period of time.
 To shield yourself from a radiation source, put something between you and the source.
 In a radiation emergency, officials may instruct you to get inside and put as many walls
between you and the outside as possible. This is another way to use shielding.
 Protective clothing can shield first responders from alpha and beta particles but will not
protect them from gamma rays. Standing behind a wall or a fire truck can also serve as a
shield.
2.10 EXCESSIVE STRESS
Workplace stress is a growing problem that affects employees’ health and well-being, as
well as organizational productivity. In this article, we will explore the causes of workplace stress,
its negative effects, and effective strategies for preventing and managing it.
2.10.1 Main Causes of Workplace Stress

1. Work Overload: Requiring employees to handle more tasks than they can reasonably
manage can lead to high levels of stress.
2. Lack of Control: The inability to influence decisions and a lack of autonomy in the job
can cause frustration and stress.
3. Hostile Work Environment: Conflicts, workplace bullying, and negative interpersonal
relationships significantly contribute to stress.
4. Tight Deadlines: Constant pressure to meet strict deadlines can lead to high anxiety
levels and burnout.
5. Lack of Support: The absence of support from supervisors and colleagues can leave
employees feeling isolated and overwhelmed.
2.10.2 Effects of Workplace Stress
Workplace stress not only affects employees’ mental and physical health but also has
negative consequences for organizations. Some common effects include:
Mental Health Issues: Anxiety, depression, and burnout.
Physical Health Problems: Headaches, digestive issues, and cardiovascular diseases.
Reduced Productivity: Decreased concentration, increased errors, and lower efficiency.
Increased Absenteeism: Higher rates of sick leave and staff turnover.
2.10.3 Strategies to Prevent and Manage Workplace Stress

1. Psychosocial Risk Assessment: Conduct regular assessments to identify stress factors
in the workplace and take corrective measures.
2. Promote a Positive Work Environment: Encourage open communication,
collaboration, and mutual respect among employees.
3. Training and Education: Offer training programs on stress management and coping
techniques.
4. Flexible Work Arrangements: Implement flexible working hours and telecommuting
options to help employees balance their work and personal responsibilities.
5. Support and Resources: Provide access to support resources such as counseling
services and wellness programs.
2 MARKS
1. Define the term occupational health and hygiene.
Occupational health or industrial hygiene has been defined as that "science and art devoted to the
anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of those environmental factors or stresses
arising in or from the work place, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being.
2. What is industrial hygiene? (IH))
It is the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control, and confirmation (ARECC) of protection

from risks associated with exposures to hazards in, or arising from, the workplace that may result
in injury, illness, impairment, or affect the well-being of workers and members of the
community.
3. How human responses to hazardous?
Hazardous response means a response to an incident involving the presonce, spillage,

containment or other involvement in the response of hazardous materials as defined by the
Federal government or State Department of Health and Environmental Control, including but not
limited to gasoline, kerosene, diesel
4. What is Toxic substance?
A toxic substance is a substance that can be poisonous or cause health effects. People are
generally concerned about chemicals like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxin which
can be found at some hazardous waste sites.
5. What is the Purpose of OEL?
Setting limits on the exposure of a specific substance helps employers to protect workers' health
from possible risks when using chemicals at work and to limit workers' exposure to hazardous
chemicals.
6. What is Hierarchy of control measures for occupational health risks?
The hierarchy of controls is a method of identifying and ranking safeguards to protect workers
from hazards. They are arranged from the most to least effective and include elimination,
substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment.
7. What is Human noise?

The most common health problem it causes is Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). Exposure to
loud noise can also cause high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep disturbances, and stress. These
health problems can affect all age groups, especially children. Noise pollution is an invisible
danger. It cannot be seen, but it is present nonetheless, both on land and under the sea. Noise
pollution is considered to be any unwanted or disturbing sound that affects the health and well-
being of humans and other organisms.
8. What is Radiation?
Radiation may be defined as energy traveling through space. Non-ionizing radiation is essential
to life, but excessive exposures will cause tissue damage.
All forms of ionizing radiation have sufficient energy to ionize atoms that may destabilize
molecules within cells and lead to tissue.
9. What is called radiation?
Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light. This
energy has an electric field and a magnetic field associated with it, and has
wave-like properties.
10. What is Excessive stress?
Excessive stress is a growing problem around the world that affects not only the health and
wellbeing of employees, but also the productivity of organisations. Work- related stress arises
where work demands of various types and combinations exceed the person's capacity and
capability to cope.
13 Marks
1. What are the general activities and Social role of occupational hygiene? ( Ans: 2.1.1, 2.1.3)
2. Explain the characteristics and steps for assessing and managing occupational exposures.
(Ans: 2.1, 2.1.4)
3. Explain the hazard class and its description. (Ans: 2.2)
4. What is toxicity? Explain its effects.(Ans: 2.3)
5. Explain advantages and limitations of environmental monitoring. ( Ans:2.4)
6. Explain advantages and limitations of occupational exposure limits. (Ans: 2.5 )
7. Describe clearly about Hierarchy of Controls. (Ans: 2.6, 2.6.1 )
8. What are the benefits of using the Hierarchy of Controls? (Ans:2.6.2)
9. Explain the role of personal protective equipment and the selection criteria. ( Ans: 2.7)
10. What are the Causes of human noise? Explain. (Ans:2.8)

11. Explain Reduction strategies for noise? (Ans: 2.8)

12. Describe clearly about control & prevention of radiation. (Ans: 2.9 )
13. What are the Symptoms related to stress? Explain. (Ans: 2.10)
14. What are the causes of Excessive stress? How will control Excessive stress? (Ans:2.10)
UNIT-III WORK PLACE SAFETY AND SAFETY SYSTEMS

3.1 WORK PLACE SAFETY
3.1.1 Need of Workplace Safety
It is not possible to measure the effects of human casualties. They can have grave consequences
for employees and their families and friends as well.
This is why workplace safety and health measures are necessary. They are essential for the well-
being of employers and employees alike. The feeling of assurance that one has, knowing that he
will return safely from work, is more significant than anything else.
There are occupational safety and health risks in every company. Factors affecting workplace
safety include unsafe working conditions, environmental hazards, substance abuse, and
workplace violence.
For example, employees working in an IT company may have to work with faulty wires or
electronics. Whereas in a construction company, employees may be exposed to the dangers of
operating heavy equipment.
To combat these risks, employers should create strategies that ensure and promote safety in their
workplaces.
Employers should also learn the desired aspects of their employees in terms of safety and
protection. This will help increase productivity and the quality of the products and services.
3.1.2 Benefits of a safe and healthy work place safety
 The safer the work environment, the more productive it is. Productive employees are an
asset to all companies. For instance, productive employees can produce more output in
less time, reducing operational costs.
 Workplace safety promotes the wellness of employees and employers alike. Better safety
equates to better health. Healthier employees do tasks more efficiently, and they are
happier in general.
 There are very few accidents in a safe working environment. This results in less
downtime for safety investigations and reduces costs for worker’s compensation. This
also reduces the time needed for employees to heal from injuries.
 Damage to industrial equipment creates costs for replacement and repair. Avoiding
workplace injuries and damage to industrial equipment will incur fewer expenses and
increase profit.
 If employers are concerned about the safety of their employees, the employees are more
confident and comfortable in general. Also, absenteeism rates drop, and employees are
more focused on doing their tasks.
3.1.2 Steps to create a Safe Working Environment

1. Being Aware and Identifying workplace Hazards
This is the first step to create a safe working environment. Employers need to identify workplace
hazards and safety issues first. Then they must take measures to address them accordingly.
Workplace safety hazards can include mechanical issues, dangerous chemicals, hazardous
electrical equipment, etc.
Mechanical problems can occur at any time while operating machinery in the workplace. Also,
working with heavy equipment is very risky and can cause accidents.
If employees need to work with chemicals, they have to be very cautious. Dangerous chemicals
can burn or poison employees. Inhaling or ingesting them can even cause death.
Also, working with electronic equipment can have risks as well. Faulty electrical equipment can
electrocute employees, causing severe problems.
To tackle all these hazards, employees should be aware of the types of equipment and know the
hazards in their workplace. For example, metal detectors can be instrumental in detecting
hidden metal hazards in a food packaging plant.
This enables them to stay clear of such dangers and unfortunate situations. Also, employers
should train employees in the proper operation and maintenance of machinery and equipment.
2. Implementing Workplace Safety Programs
The first step in building a safety program is to get all employees to commit to workplace safety.
One way to do this is to include workplace safety in the company’s mission statement. It should
be the duty of every employee to carry out the safety policies.
Employers should investigate all accidents in the workplace. They should encourage employees
to follow all safety procedures.
Moreover, employers should clearly state the hazards of not following them in writing. This
reduces the chances of mistakes.
3. Providing Proper Safety Training to Employees
Training is an important part of every company’s safety program to protect employees from
accidents. Research shows that new employees have a higher risk of workplace accidents. It
is the lack of knowledge of workplace hazards and proper work techniques that cause this greater
risk.
Employers should provide employees with the necessary training to reduce workplace accidents.
Employees should operate all equipment and machinery safely and adequately.
For instance, employers should adequately teach the operation of heavy machinery to employees.
Only trained or certified employees should operate such types of equipment. This is why it is
essential to provide safety training to employees by experts.
4. Using Protective Safety Equipment
The usage of equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause workplace injuries is
significant. Not doing so can cause injury or even death.
Employees may have to work with chemicals, machines, electronics, and other potential work
hazards. Employers must provide such employees with personal protective equipment (P.P.E.).
P.P.E. should be safely designed, constructed, and fit comfortably. Examples of P.P.E. are
gloves, protective eyewear, clothing, earplugs, hard hats, etc.
5. Reporting Unsafe Working Conditions
Employees must inform any safety hazards or work risks to the management. Employers are
legally obligated to ensure safe working environments for their employees. They must end
workplace safety hazards and promote safety in the workplace.
6. Practicing Correct Posture
Bad posture is one of the main reasons for back pain. It is imperative to practice good and correct
posture to reduce the risk of getting hurt.
For example, if you have to sit for long hours, use specially designed chairs. Also, always sit
upright.
7. Reducing Workplace Stress
Workplace stress can cause many health problems like anxiety, depression, etc.
Job insecurity, workplace bullying, high workload, etc., cause workplace stress.
Learn how to combat workplace stress and avoid its adverse effects. Workplace stress can have
drastic effects on workplace productivity and employee health.
8. Promoting Regular Breaks
Employers should encourage employees to take regular breaks. Taking frequent breaks will
prevent tiredness and fatigue. This will further prevent injuries or illnesses. Breaks help
employees stay fresh and focused.
9. Staying Sober and Alert
One of the major reasons for workplace fatalities is substance abuse. Substance abuse causes
around 40% of all industrial workplace fatalities.
Individuals under the influence of alcohol or drugs are less alert. Their decision-making ability,
coordination, concentration, and motor control get compromised. This creates risks for
workplace injury and fatalities.
10. Easy Access to Exits in Case of Emergencies
If there is an emergency, it is important to have easy access to emergency exits. Easy access to
emergency exits will reduce injuries and casualties.
Also, it is important to have quick ways to shut down equipment in case of emergencies.
11. Using Mechanical Aids
An industrial job may need employees to work with heavy equipment. There are many injury
risks involved in trying to lift and move heavy objects. Employees can use a conveyor belt,
forklift, or wheelbarrow instead of lifting manually.
3.2 WORKPLACE SAFETY SYSTEM

A workplace safety system is a set of policies, procedures, and plans that help to manage
health and safety in the workplace. These systems can help to reduce the risk of injury and
illness.
3.2.1 WSS Guideline differ from industry and Organisational Needs.

However, these are the general steps in creating them
1. Analyze all tasks:
Before anything, need to clearly define what exactly necessary and unnecessary tasks and
the risks that come with them. Look at all their aspects to identify and understand where risks
could manifest themselves and what could be done to manage or avoid them.
Then, ask employees what they think of their tasks. There may be risks that management
may have missed, so it is always best to consult employees directly to better understand the jobs
that they do
In case some tasks are deemed unnecessary to the job and pose too great a risk to
employees safety, immediately eliminate them fan processes or losses their frequency. Instead,
focus on essential tasks and what could be improved upon regarding overall workplace safety.
2. Define the hazards

The next step in creating a WSS is to identify the hazards involved in each task. A hazard
is anything that could potentially cause damage to something or someone and there are many
kinds of hazards involved in various jobs,
Some of the most common hazards are: someone, and there are
Unchecked equipment:
Different jobs call for different equipment.
However, poorly-maintained equipment is likely to cause more damage than good. It can result
in injury such as burns and cuts and expose employees to harmful emissions
Weather:
The weather is not something we can control, which is why it could be a potential hazard. While
it is true that some jobs are more easily done in sunny weather and are harder to do when there is
rain or snow, while some jobs are the opposite, there should still be precautions in place in case
the weather takes a drastic turn.
Excess heat can cause heat stroke and excess cold can result in the land other illnesses usually
associated with cold weather. Organisations should also prepare for storms, especially if they
have employees working in open areas or out in the field.
Chemicals:
Chemicals can cause burns, fires, and even severe allergic reactions in employees. They can also
contribute to environmental damage.
Electricity sources:
Electrical wiring is a common hazard in many workplaces. If neglected, they may cause severe
incidents in the work place.
Heights:
When tasks are performed at elevated heights, there is a higher risk of employees dropping
objects or falling down themselves from the elevated arch
Repetitive movements:
A common but overlooked hazard in the workplace is the hazard of repetitive movements. To
much repetitive movement. Create tension in the joints and muscles, loading to soreness and
injury.
3. Identify safety precautions
Now that hazards have been defined, mast identifies what safety precautions can be taken und
how. Some precautions may work but may not be as effective as others
This is a step that requires constant communication with employees and other stakeholders to
fully understand which precautions would work well with certain job types and are most
effective at keeping employees safe.
4. Communicate with the company
Once safety precautions have been identified, start developing WSS
A typical WSS includes the following:
the steps required for each task

The risk and hazards employees are expected to face;
What should be done when risks emerge,

who to call in case of an emergency, and on analysis of how the event happens
5. Implement and monitor
There are formal and informal ways to implement WSS. A simple way to implement WSS is to
crest Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). These procedures can be made for a variety of
purposes, but a common goal is to promote safety in the workplace, hence why they are counted
as part of WSS
SOPs and other kinds of WSS guidelines may be documented on paper or through checklists,
announcements, and word of mouth. However, it's important to remember that implementation
continuants even long after WSS
Guidelines have been set. Monitoring is also crucial as things nay change over time different
circumstance may require a change in W55 guidelines

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Prepared By Mr.C.

BHARATH NIKETAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

OPE353 - INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

(1) Elimination if possible, of the causes of accidents.

Need for Safety:

 An accident is by virtue of unsafe factor he results of an unsafe condition it may be the

(1) Personnel adjustment: If a foreman/supervisor identifies that a worker is unfit either

Thus, safety in industry helps:

(i) Increasing the production rate.

(i) Safety precautions to be taken during manifesting operations.

1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WORK PLACES

1.1.1 Need of EHS:

 Helped protect the earth from different environmental threat.

 Focused on improving workers rights and safety

 Ensure the safety of workers within the organization.

1.1.2 Benefits of the EHS:

 Employee well-being and safety as a culture

 Sustainability and brand loyalty

 Productivity and transparency gains

 Communicating the need for safety

 Making reporting easy

 Top management involvement is essential to encourage employees to take safety

1.1.3 Features of Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) System:

6. Stakeholder Management: With the compliance quest H&S management solution,

1.1.4 Environment, Health and Safety Policy:

 To protect the environment and prevent pollution in manufacturing activities.

 To prevent Injury, Health of all the employees/ Contractors & Visitors

 To eliminate hazards and reduce H&S risks.

 To comply with legal and other requirements

 To recycle and reduce of waste ever possible

 To increase awareness of EHS and seeking consultation on related to EHS

1.1.5 Steps for Maintaining Safety in the Workplace:

 Hold regular safety meetings.

 Hire Safety personnel

 Treat all incidents seriously

• Manufacturing and formulation installations including during commissioning and process

• Transportation (road, rail, air, water, and pipelines).

Probable causes of accidents

• Process deviations i.e. pressure, temperature & flow.

• Hardware failure, resulting in large-scale spills of toxic substances.

 Loss of life / injuries

 Environmental Impact (air, soil, water)

 Financial losses to industry.

1.3 ACCIDENTS CASE STUDY

1.3.1 Indian Industrial Accidents

1.3.2 World Accidents

 Tianjin Explosions (2015): A series of explosions at a warehouse in China storing

1.4 TRADE UNION

1.4.1 Objective of trade union:

Following are the objectives of trade unions:

1. Ensure Security of Workers: This involves continued employment of workers, prevent

3. Secure Power To Influence Management: This involves workers’ participation in

4. Secure Power To Influence Government: This involves influence on government to pass

Functions of a Trade Union:

1.4.2 Characteristics of Trade Union:

1. A union normally represents members in many companies throughout the industry or

Need of Trade Union:

1.4.3 Growth and Origin of Trade Union in India:

1.4.4 The Role and Functions of Trade Union Safety Representatives: